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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Productivity Is a Poor Predictor of Plant Species Richness
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2011
    In:  Science Vol. 333, No. 6050 ( 2011-09-23), p. 1750-1753
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 333, No. 6050 ( 2011-09-23), p. 1750-1753
    Abstract: For more than 30 years, the relationship between net primary productivity and species richness has generated intense debate in ecology about the processes regulating local diversity. The original view, which is still widely accepted, holds that the relationship is hump-shaped, with richness first rising and then declining with increasing productivity. Although recent meta-analyses questioned the generality of hump-shaped patterns, these syntheses have been criticized for failing to account for methodological differences among studies. We addressed such concerns by conducting standardized sampling in 48 herbaceous-dominated plant communities on five continents. We found no clear relationship between productivity and fine-scale (meters −2 ) richness within sites, within regions, or across the globe. Ecologists should focus on fresh, mechanistic approaches to understanding the multivariate links between productivity and richness.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1204498
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Rainfall Variability, Carbon Cycling, and Plant Species Diversity in a Mesic Grassland
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2002
    In:  Science Vol. 298, No. 5601 ( 2002-12-13), p. 2202-2205
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 298, No. 5601 ( 2002-12-13), p. 2202-2205
    Abstract: Ecosystem responses to increased variability in rainfall, a prediction of general circulation models, were assessed in native grassland by reducing storm frequency and increasing rainfall quantity per storm during a 4-year experiment. More extreme rainfall patterns, without concurrent changes in total rainfall quantity, increased temporal variability in soil moisture and plant species diversity. However, carbon cycling processes such as soil CO 2 flux, CO 2 uptake by the dominant grasses, and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) were reduced, and ANPP was more responsive to soil moisture variability than to mean soil water content. Our results show that projected increases in rainfall variability can rapidly alter key carbon cycling processes and plant community composition, independent of changes in total precipitation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1076347
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    Global change effects on plant communities are magnified by time and the number of global change factors imposed
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2019
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 116, No. 36 ( 2019-09-03), p. 17867-17873
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 36 ( 2019-09-03), p. 17867-17873
    Abstract: Global change drivers (GCDs) are expected to alter community structure and consequently, the services that ecosystems provide. Yet, few experimental investigations have examined effects of GCDs on plant community structure across multiple ecosystem types, and those that do exist present conflicting patterns. In an unprecedented global synthesis of over 100 experiments that manipulated factors linked to GCDs, we show that herbaceous plant community responses depend on experimental manipulation length and number of factors manipulated. We found that plant communities are fairly resistant to experimentally manipulated GCDs in the short term ( 〈 10 y). In contrast, long-term (≥10 y) experiments show increasing community divergence of treatments from control conditions. Surprisingly, these community responses occurred with similar frequency across the GCD types manipulated in our database. However, community responses were more common when 3 or more GCDs were simultaneously manipulated, suggesting the emergence of additive or synergistic effects of multiple drivers, particularly over long time periods. In half of the cases, GCD manipulations caused a difference in community composition without a corresponding species richness difference, indicating that species reordering or replacement is an important mechanism of community responses to GCDs and should be given greater consideration when examining consequences of GCDs for the biodiversity–ecosystem function relationship. Human activities are currently driving unparalleled global changes worldwide. Our analyses provide the most comprehensive evidence to date that these human activities may have widespread impacts on plant community composition globally, which will increase in frequency over time and be greater in areas where communities face multiple GCDs simultaneously.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819027116
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Resolving the Dust Bowl paradox of grassland responses to extreme drought
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2020
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 117, No. 36 ( 2020-09-08), p. 22249-22255
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 117, No. 36 ( 2020-09-08), p. 22249-22255
    Abstract: During the 1930s Dust Bowl drought in the central United States, species with the C 3 photosynthetic pathway expanded throughout C 4 -dominated grasslands. This widespread increase in C 3 grasses during a decade of low rainfall and high temperatures is inconsistent with well-known traits of C 3 vs. C 4 pathways. Indeed, water use efficiency is generally lower, and photosynthesis is more sensitive to high temperatures in C 3 than C 4 species, consistent with the predominant distribution of C 3 grasslands in cooler environments and at higher latitudes globally. We experimentally imposed extreme drought for 4 y in mixed C 3 /C 4 grasslands in Kansas and Wyoming and, similar to Dust Bowl observations, also documented three- to fivefold increases in C 3 /C 4 biomass ratios. To explain these paradoxical responses, we first analyzed long-term climate records to show that under nominal conditions in the central United States, C 4 grasses dominate where precipitation and air temperature are strongly related (warmest months are wettest months). In contrast, C 3 grasses flourish where precipitation inputs are less strongly coupled to warm temperatures. We then show that during extreme drought years, precipitation–temperature relationships weaken, and the proportion of precipitation falling during cooler months increases. This shift in precipitation seasonality provides a mechanism for C 3 grasses to respond positively to multiyear drought, resolving the Dust Bowl paradox. Grasslands are globally important biomes and increasingly vulnerable to direct effects of climate extremes. Our findings highlight how extreme drought can indirectly alter precipitation seasonality and shift ecosystem phenology, affecting function in ways not predictable from key traits of C 3 and C 4 species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922030117
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 5
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    Online Resource
    Different clades and traits yield similar grassland functional responses
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2017
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 114, No. 4 ( 2017-01-24), p. 705-710
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, No. 4 ( 2017-01-24), p. 705-710
    Abstract: Plant functional traits are viewed as key to predicting important ecosystem and community properties across resource gradients within and among biogeographic regions. Vegetation dynamics and ecosystem processes, such as aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), are increasingly being modeled as a function of the quantitative traits of species, which are used as proxies for photosynthetic rates and nutrient and water-use efficiency. These approaches rely on an assumption that a certain trait value consistently confers a specific function or response under given environmental conditions. Here, we provide a critical test of this idea and evaluate whether the functional traits that drive the well-known relationship between precipitation and ANPP differ between systems with distinct biogeographic histories and species assemblages. Specifically, we compared grasslands spanning a broad precipitation gradient (∼200–1,000 mm/y) in North America and South Africa that differ in the relative representation and abundance of grass phylogenetic lineages. We found no significant difference between the regions in the positive relationship between annual precipitation and ANPP, yet the trait values underlying this relationship differed dramatically. Our results challenge the trait-based approach to predicting ecosystem function by demonstrating that different combinations of functional traits can act to maximize ANPP in a given environmental setting. Further, we show the importance of incorporating biogeographic and phylogenetic history in predicting community and ecosystem properties using traits.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612909114
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 6
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    Reintroducing bison results in long-running and resilient increases in grassland diversity
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2022
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 119, No. 36 ( 2022-09-06)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 119, No. 36 ( 2022-09-06)
    Abstract: The widespread extirpation of megafauna may have destabilized ecosystems and altered biodiversity globally. Most megafauna extinctions occurred before the modern record, leaving it unclear how their loss impacts current biodiversity. We report the long-term effects of reintroducing plains bison ( Bison bison ) in a tallgrass prairie versus two land uses that commonly occur in many North American grasslands: 1) no grazing and 2) intensive growing-season grazing by domesticated cattle ( Bos taurus ). Compared to ungrazed areas, reintroducing bison increased native plant species richness by 103% at local scales (10 m 2 ) and 86% at the catchment scale. Gains in richness continued for 29 y and were resilient to the most extreme drought in four decades. These gains are now among the largest recorded increases in species richness due to grazing in grasslands globally. Grazing by domestic cattle also increased native plant species richness, but by less than half as much as bison. This study indicates that some ecosystems maintain a latent potential for increased native plant species richness following the reintroduction of native herbivores, which was unmatched by domesticated grazers. Native-grazer gains in richness were resilient to an extreme drought, a pressure likely to become more common under future global environmental change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210433119
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2022
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Variation Among Biomes in Temporal Dynamics of Aboveground Primary Production
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2001
    In:  Science Vol. 291, No. 5503 ( 2001-01-19), p. 481-484
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 291, No. 5503 ( 2001-01-19), p. 481-484
    Abstract: Interannual variability in aboveground net primary production (ANPP) was assessed with long-term (mean = 12 years) data from 11 Long Term Ecological Research sites across North America. The greatest interannual variability in ANPP occurred in grasslands and old fields, with forests the least variable. At a continental scale, ANPP was strongly correlated with annual precipitation. However, interannual variability in ANPP was not related to variability in precipitation. Instead, maximum variability in ANPP occurred in biomes where high potential growth rates of herbaceous vegetation were combined with moderate variability in precipitation. In the most dynamic biomes, ANPP responded more strongly to wet than to dry years. Recognition of the fourfold range in ANPP dynamics across biomes and of the factors that constrain this variability is critical for detecting the biotic impacts of global change phenomena.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.291.5503.481
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2001
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  • 8
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    A Habitable Fluvio-Lacustrine Environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014
    In:  Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Abstract: The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1242777
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014
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  • 9
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    Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2013
    In:  Science Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 341, No. 6153 ( 2013-09-27)
    Abstract: The ChemCam instrument, which provides insight into martian soil chemistry at the submillimeter scale, identified two principal soil types along the Curiosity rover traverse: a fine-grained mafic type and a locally derived, coarse-grained felsic type. The mafic soil component is representative of widespread martian soils and is similar in composition to the martian dust. It possesses a ubiquitous hydrogen signature in ChemCam spectra, corresponding to the hydration of the amorphous phases found in the soil by the CheMin instrument. This hydration likely accounts for an important fraction of the global hydration of the surface seen by previous orbital measurements. ChemCam analyses did not reveal any significant exchange of water vapor between the regolith and the atmosphere. These observations provide constraints on the nature of the amorphous phases and their hydration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1238670
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 10
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    Mineralogy of a Mudstone at Yellowknife Bay, Gale Crater, Mars
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2014
    In:  Science Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 343, No. 6169 ( 2014-01-24)
    Abstract: Sedimentary rocks at Yellowknife Bay (Gale crater) on Mars include mudstone sampled by the Curiosity rover. The samples, John Klein and Cumberland, contain detrital basaltic minerals, calcium sulfates, iron oxide or hydroxides, iron sulfides, amorphous material, and trioctahedral smectites. The John Klein smectite has basal spacing of ~10 angstroms, indicating little interlayer hydration. The Cumberland smectite has basal spacing at both ~13.2 and ~10 angstroms. The larger spacing suggests a partially chloritized interlayer or interlayer magnesium or calcium facilitating H 2 O retention. Basaltic minerals in the mudstone are similar to those in nearby eolian deposits. However, the mudstone has far less Fe-forsterite, possibly lost with formation of smectite plus magnetite. Late Noachian/Early Hesperian or younger age indicates that clay mineral formation on Mars extended beyond Noachian time.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1243480
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2014
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