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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Role of Marine Biology in Glacial-Interglacial CO 2 Cycles
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2005
    In:  Science Vol. 308, No. 5718 ( 2005-04), p. 74-78
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 308, No. 5718 ( 2005-04), p. 74-78
    Abstract: It has been hypothesized that changes in the marine biological pump caused a major portion of the glacial reduction of atmospheric carbon dioxide by 80 to 100 parts per million through increased iron fertilization of marine plankton, increased ocean nutrient content or utilization, or shifts in dominant plankton types. We analyze sedimentary records of marine productivity at the peak and the middle of the last glacial cycle and show that neither changes in nutrient utilization in the Southern Ocean nor shifts in plankton dominance explain the CO 2 drawdown. Iron fertilization and associated mechanisms can be responsible for no more than half the observed drawdown.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1105375
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Climate change and biospheric output
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2022
    In:  Science Vol. 375, No. 6585 ( 2022-03-11), p. 1091-1092
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 375, No. 6585 ( 2022-03-11), p. 1091-1092
    Abstract: The response of terrestrial and marine ecosystems to rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentrations has serious implications for projections of climate change in the coming decades. Ecosystems store vast amounts of carbon, which, if destabilized, could amplify climate change ( 1 ). They also provide multiple services to society, from food and shelter to recreation and well-being. Changes in ecosystems and their productivity at the global scale could have fundamental implications for society’s future. On page 1145 of this issue, Yang et al. ( 2 ) reconstruct changes in global biosphere productivity during the past eight glaciations over about 800,000 years and provide insights into the sensitivity of global ecosystems to CO 2 concentrations and climate change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.abo1262
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oceanic Carbon Dioxide Uptake in a Model of Century-Scale Global Warming
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1996
    In:  Science Vol. 274, No. 5291 ( 1996-11-22), p. 1346-1350
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 274, No. 5291 ( 1996-11-22), p. 1346-1350
    Abstract: In a model of ocean-atmosphere interaction that excluded biological processes, the oceanic uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) was substantially reduced in scenarios involving global warming relative to control scenarios. The primary reason for the reduced uptake was the weakening or collapse of the ocean thermohaline circulation. Such a large reduction in this ocean uptake would have a major impact on the future growth rate of atmospheric CO 2 . Model simulations that include a simple representation of biological processes show a potentially large offsetting effect resulting from the downward flux of biogenic carbon. However, the magnitude of the offset is difficult to quantify with present knowledge.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.274.5291.1346
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1996
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO 2 emissions
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2007
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 104, No. 24 ( 2007-06-12), p. 10288-10293
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 24 ( 2007-06-12), p. 10288-10293
    Abstract: CO 2 emissions from fossil-fuel burning and industrial processes have been accelerating at a global scale, with their growth rate increasing from 1.1% y −1 for 1990–1999 to 〉 3% y −1 for 2000–2004. The emissions growth rate since 2000 was greater than for the most fossil-fuel intensive of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change emissions scenarios developed in the late 1990s. Global emissions growth since 2000 was driven by a cessation or reversal of earlier declining trends in the energy intensity of gross domestic product (GDP) (energy/GDP) and the carbon intensity of energy (emissions/energy), coupled with continuing increases in population and per-capita GDP. Nearly constant or slightly increasing trends in the carbon intensity of energy have been recently observed in both developed and developing regions. No region is decarbonizing its energy supply. The growth rate in emissions is strongest in rapidly developing economies, particularly China. Together, the developing and least-developed economies (forming 80% of the world's population) accounted for 73% of global emissions growth in 2004 but only 41% of global emissions and only 23% of global cumulative emissions since the mid-18th century. The results have implications for global equity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700609104
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Decadal trends in the ocean carbon sink
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2019
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 116, No. 24 ( 2019-06-11), p. 11646-11651
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 116, No. 24 ( 2019-06-11), p. 11646-11651
    Abstract: Measurements show large decadal variability in the rate of C O 2 accumulation in the atmosphere that is not driven by C O 2 emissions. The decade of the 1990s experienced enhanced carbon accumulation in the atmosphere relative to emissions, while in the 2000s, the atmospheric growth rate slowed, even though emissions grew rapidly. These variations are driven by natural sources and sinks of C O 2 due to the ocean and the terrestrial biosphere. In this study, we compare three independent methods for estimating oceanic C O 2 uptake and find that the ocean carbon sink could be responsible for up to 40% of the observed decadal variability in atmospheric C O 2 accumulation. Data-based estimates of the ocean carbon sink from p C O 2 mapping methods and decadal ocean inverse models generally agree on the magnitude and sign of decadal variability in the ocean C O 2 sink at both global and regional scales. Simulations with ocean biogeochemical models confirm that climate variability drove the observed decadal trends in ocean C O 2 uptake, but also demonstrate that the sensitivity of ocean C O 2 uptake to climate variability may be too weak in models. Furthermore, all estimates point toward coherent decadal variability in the oceanic and terrestrial C O 2 sinks, and this variability is not well-matched by current global vegetation models. Reconciling these differences will help to constrain the sensitivity of oceanic and terrestrial C O 2 uptake to climate variability and lead to improved climate projections and decadal climate predictions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1900371116
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 6
    Online Resource
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    Regional Changes in Carbon Dioxide Fluxes of Land and Oceans Since 1980
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2000
    In:  Science Vol. 290, No. 5495 ( 2000-11-17), p. 1342-1346
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 290, No. 5495 ( 2000-11-17), p. 1342-1346
    Abstract: We have applied an inverse model to 20 years of atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements to infer yearly changes in the regional carbon balance of oceans and continents. The model indicates that global terrestrial carbon fluxes were approximately twice as variable as ocean fluxes between 1980 and 1998. Tropical land ecosystems contributed most of the interannual changes in Earth's carbon balance over the 1980s, whereas northern mid- and high-latitude land ecosystems dominated from 1990 to 1995. Strongly enhanced uptake of carbon was found over North America during the 1992–1993 period compared to 1989–1990.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.290.5495.1342
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2000
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 7
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    Response to Comments on "Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO 2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change"
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2008
    In:  Science Vol. 319, No. 5863 ( 2008-02), p. 570-570
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 319, No. 5863 ( 2008-02), p. 570-570
    Abstract: We estimated a weakening of the Southern Ocean carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) sink since 1981 relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO 2 . We agree with Law et al . that network choice increases the uncertainty of trend estimates but argue that their network of five locations is too small to be reliable. A future reversal of Southern Ocean CO 2 saturation as suggested by Zickfeld et al . is possible, but only at high atmospheric CO 2 concentrations, and the effect would be temporary.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1147315
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2008
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Saturation of the Southern Ocean CO 2 Sink Due to Recent Climate Change
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2007
    In:  Science Vol. 316, No. 5832 ( 2007-06-22), p. 1735-1738
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 316, No. 5832 ( 2007-06-22), p. 1735-1738
    Abstract: Based on observed atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) concentration and an inverse method, we estimate that the Southern Ocean sink of CO 2 has weakened between 1981 and 2004 by 0.08 petagrams of carbon per year per decade relative to the trend expected from the large increase in atmospheric CO 2 . We attribute this weakening to the observed increase in Southern Ocean winds resulting from human activities, which is projected to continue in the future. Consequences include a reduction of the efficiency of the Southern Ocean sink of CO 2 in the short term (about 25 years) and possibly a higher level of stabilization of atmospheric CO 2 on a multicentury time scale.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1136188
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reducing uncertainties in decadal variability of the global carbon budget with multiple datasets
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2016
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 113, No. 46 ( 2016-11-15), p. 13104-13108
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, No. 46 ( 2016-11-15), p. 13104-13108
    Abstract: Conventional calculations of the global carbon budget infer the land sink as a residual between emissions, atmospheric accumulation, and the ocean sink. Thus, the land sink accumulates the errors from the other flux terms and bears the largest uncertainty. Here, we present a Bayesian fusion approach that combines multiple observations in different carbon reservoirs to optimize the land (B) and ocean (O) carbon sinks, land use change emissions (L), and indirectly fossil fuel emissions (F) from 1980 to 2014. Compared with the conventional approach, Bayesian optimization decreases the uncertainties in B by 41% and in O by 46%. The L uncertainty decreases by 47%, whereas F uncertainty is marginally improved through the knowledge of natural fluxes. Both ocean and net land uptake (B + L) rates have positive trends of 29 ± 8 and 37 ± 17 Tg C⋅y −2 since 1980, respectively. Our Bayesian fusion of multiple observations reduces uncertainties, thereby allowing us to isolate important variability in global carbon cycle processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1603956113
    RVK:
    TA 1000
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2016
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 10
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    Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO 2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2007
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 104, No. 47 ( 2007-11-20), p. 18866-18870
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 104, No. 47 ( 2007-11-20), p. 18866-18870
    Abstract: The growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), the largest human contributor to human-induced climate change, is increasing rapidly. Three processes contribute to this rapid increase. Two of these processes concern emissions. Recent growth of the world economy combined with an increase in its carbon intensity have led to rapid growth in fossil fuel CO 2 emissions since 2000: comparing the 1990s with 2000–2006, the emissions growth rate increased from 1.3% to 3.3% y −1 . The third process is indicated by increasing evidence ( P = 0.89) for a long-term (50-year) increase in the airborne fraction (AF) of CO 2 emissions, implying a decline in the efficiency of CO 2 sinks on land and oceans in absorbing anthropogenic emissions. Since 2000, the contributions of these three factors to the increase in the atmospheric CO 2 growth rate have been ≈65 ± 16% from increasing global economic activity, 17 ± 6% from the increasing carbon intensity of the global economy, and 18 ± 15% from the increase in AF. An increasing AF is consistent with results of climate–carbon cycle models, but the magnitude of the observed signal appears larger than that estimated by models. All of these changes characterize a carbon cycle that is generating stronger-than-expected and sooner-than-expected climate forcing.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702737104
    RVK:
    TA 1000
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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