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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent kinase II mediates simultaneous enhancement of gap-junctional conductance and glutamatergic transmission
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 1998
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 95, No. 22 ( 1998-10-27), p. 13272-13277
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 95, No. 22 ( 1998-10-27), p. 13272-13277
    Abstract: While chemical synapses are very plastic and modifiable by defined activity patterns, gap junctions, which mediate electrical transmission, have been classically perceived as passive intercellular channels. Excitatory transmission between auditory afferents and the goldfish Mauthner cell is mediated by coexisting gap junctions and glutamatergic synapses. Although an increased intracellular Ca 2+ concentration is expected to reduce gap junctional conductance, both components of the synaptic response were instead enhanced by postsynaptic increases in Ca 2+ concentration, produced by patterned synaptic activity or intradendritic Ca 2+ injections. The synaptically induced potentiations were blocked by intradendritic injection of KN-93, a Ca 2+ /calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaM-K) inhibitor, or CaM-KIINtide, a potent and specific peptide inhibitor of CaM-KII, whereas the responses were potentiated by injection of an activated form of CaM-KII. The striking similarities of the mechanisms reported here with those proposed for long-term potentiation of mammalian glutamatergic synapses suggest that gap junctions are also similarly regulated and indicate a primary role for CaM-KII in shaping and regulating interneuronal communication, regardless of its modality.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.22.13272
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oral stereognosis: Three experiments with children
    Informa UK Limited ; 1976
    In:  Western Speech Communication Vol. 40, No. 1 ( 1976-04), p. 40-52
    Details
    In: Western Speech Communication, Informa UK Limited, Vol. 40, No. 1 ( 1976-04), p. 40-52
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0147-2216
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1080/10570317609373884
    Language: English
    Publisher: Informa UK Limited
    Publication Date: 1976
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2069833-1
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  • 3
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    Online Resource
    The Impact of Conservation on the Status of the World’s Vertebrates
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2010
    In:  Science Vol. 330, No. 6010 ( 2010-12-10), p. 1503-1509
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 330, No. 6010 ( 2010-12-10), p. 1503-1509
    Abstract: Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world’s vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer to extinction each year. However, this overall pattern conceals the impact of conservation successes, and we show that the rate of deterioration would have been at least one-fifth again as much in the absence of these. Nonetheless, current conservation efforts remain insufficient to offset the main drivers of biodiversity loss in these groups: agricultural expansion, logging, overexploitation, and invasive alien species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1194442
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
    SSG: 11
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Frequency-Importance Functions for Words in High- and Low-Context Sentences
    American Speech Language Hearing Association ; 1992
    In:  Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 1992-08), p. 950-959
    Details
    In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, American Speech Language Hearing Association, Vol. 35, No. 4 ( 1992-08), p. 950-959
    Abstract: The relative importance and absolute contributions of various spectral regions to speech intelligibility under conditions of either neutral or predictable sentential context were examined. Specifically, the frequency-importance functions for a set of monosyllabic words embedded in a highly predictive sentence context versus a sentence with little predictive information were developed using Articulation Index (Al) methods. Forty-two young normal-hearing adults heard sentences presented at signal-to-noise ratios from –8 to +14 dB in a noise shaped to conform to the peak spectrum of the speech. Results indicated only slight differences in ⅓-octave importance functions due to differences in semantic context, although the crossovers differed by a constant 180 Hz. Methodological and theoretical aspects of parameter estimation in the Al model are discussed. The results suggest that semantic context, as defined by these conditions, may alter frequency-importance relationships in addition to the dynamic range over which intelligibility rises.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-4388 , 1558-9102
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3504.950
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070420-3
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    On the use of masking to simulate the effects of sensorineural hearing loss on speech recognition
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1985
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 77, No. S1 ( 1985-04-01), p. S68-S68
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 77, No. S1 ( 1985-04-01), p. S68-S68
    Abstract: In the present experiment, broadband noise, shaped to match the hearing loss of four listeners with moderate sensorineural hearing loss with selected configurations, was presented to 12 normal-hearing subjects (four groups of three listeners each, one group for each impaired listener). Pure-tone thresholds for all subjects were measured from 125–8000 Hz at 1/3-oct intervals. The spectrum of the broadband noise presented to the normal hearers was adjusted so that masked pure-tone threshold was typically within 5 dB of that measured in the impaired listeners. A nonsense-syllable recognition test was then presented to all listeners, the levels being selected so as to cover the linear portion of the performance-intensity functions for the impaired listeners. The same sound pressure levels were then used for presentation to the normal listeners who listened to the nonsense syllables in the background of shaped noise. Comparisons are made between the performance-intensity functions and the consonant-confusion patterns for the actual and simulated hearing loss. In addition, the accuracy of the articulation index for predicting the performance of both groups of subjects (actual and simulated hearing loss) is evaluated. [Work supported by NINCDS.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2022466
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1985
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Closed-Set Effects in Consonant Confusion Patterns
    American Speech Language Hearing Association ; 1989
    In:  Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 1989-12), p. 944-948
    Details
    In: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, American Speech Language Hearing Association, Vol. 32, No. 4 ( 1989-12), p. 944-948
    Abstract: Invariance of error patterns in confusion matrices of varying dimensions were examined. Normal-hearing young adults were presented closed-set arrangements of digitized syllable tokens, spoken by 1 male and 1 female talker, and selected from a set of 14 consonants (stops and fricatives). Each consonant was paired with the vowel /a/ in a vowel-consonant format and presented at three intensity levels. Patterns of errors among voiceless stops and among voiced fricatives were dependent on the set of alternatives. Voiceless fricatives and voiced stops were not significantly affected by the number of response alternatives. Speaker differences, individual differences among listeners, and implications relating to the generalization of confusion data collected in small closed-set arrangements arc discussed.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1092-4388 , 1558-9102
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1044/jshr.3204.944
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Speech Language Hearing Association
    Publication Date: 1989
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2070420-3
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 7,11
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Log-linear modeling of consonant confusion data
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1986
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 79, No. 2 ( 1986-02-01), p. 518-525
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 79, No. 2 ( 1986-02-01), p. 518-525
    Abstract: Log-linear models, in conjunction with the G2 statistic, were developed and applied to several existing sets of consonant confusion data. Significant interactions of consonant error patterns were found with signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), presentation level, vowel context, and low-pass and high-pass filtering. These variables also showed significant interactions with error patterns when categorized on the basis of feature classifications. Patterns of errors were significantly altered by S/N for place of articulation (front, middle, back), voicing, frication, and nasality. Low-pass filtering significantly affected error patterns when categorized by place of articulation, duration, or nasality; whereas, high-pass filtering only affected voicing and frication error patterns. This paper also demonstrates the utility of log-linear modeling techniques in applications to confusion matrix analysis: specific effects can be tested; variant cells in a matrix can be isolated with respect to a particular model of interest; diagonal cells can be eliminated from the analysis; and the matrix can be collapsed across levels of variables, with no violation of independence. Finally, log-linear techniques are suggested for development of parsimonious and predictive models of speech perception.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.393539
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Articulation index predictions of contextually dependent words
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1986
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 80, No. 1 ( 1986-07-01), p. 82-92
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 80, No. 1 ( 1986-07-01), p. 82-92
    Abstract: Three investigations were conducted to determine the application of the articulation index (AI) to the prediction of speech performance of hearing-impaired subjects as well as of normal-hearing listeners. Speech performance was measured in quite and in the presence of two interfering signals for items from the Speech Perception in Noise test in which target words are either highly predictable from contextual cues in the sentence or essentially contextually neutral. As expected, transfer functions relating the AI to speech performance were different depending on the type of contextual speech material. The AI transfer function for probability-high items rises steeply, much as for sentence materials, while the function for probability-low items rises more slowly, as for monosyllabic words. Different transfer functions were also found for tests conducted in quiet or white noise rather than in a babble background. A majority of the AI predictions for ten individuals with moderate sensorineural loss fell within ±2 standard deviations of normal listener performance for both quiet and babble conditions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.394086
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A log-linear approach to consonant confusion analysis
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1986
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 80, No. S1 ( 1986-12-01), p. S13-S13
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 80, No. S1 ( 1986-12-01), p. S13-S13
    Abstract: Log-linear modeling techniques, along with the likelihood-ratio chi-square (G2) statistic, were used to assess the effects of high-frequency filtering, background noise (shaped to shift thresholds 20 dB), and presentation level on consonant confusion patterns. Specific log-linear parameters were tested to determine the significance of each of the variables and their associated interactions. Low-pass filtering changed the pattern of errors relative to unfiltered conditions as presentation level increased. This effect was evidenced by a significant interaction between stimulus, response, level, and filtering. Patterns of errors were also affected by the presence of an external noise. Signal-to-noise ratios were selected to produce equivalent performance scores relative to quiet conditions. Thus, even though the same number of errors occurred in the quiet and noise conditions, the relationship between them was significantly different. Interestingly, presentation level was also a significant variable affecting error patterns. Obviously, as presentation level increased, the number of errors decreased. However, these data indicated that the pattern of errors did not remain constant as level changed, and this effect was not similar across filtered or noise conditions. [Work supported by NINCDS.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.2023662
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1986
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Intelligibility of speech sounds in amplitude-modulated noise.
    Acoustical Society of America (ASA) ; 1992
    In:  The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America Vol. 91, No. 4_Supplement ( 1992-04-01), p. 2361-2362
    Details
    In: The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Acoustical Society of America (ASA), Vol. 91, No. 4_Supplement ( 1992-04-01), p. 2361-2362
    Abstract: Two experiments describe the effect of amplitude-modulated (AM) noise on consonant recognition in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. The paradigm made direct estimates of release from masking due to fluctuating noise by comparing performance from steady-state and AM conditions while controlling signal level differences. In the first experiment, ten young audiologically normal adults identified nonsense syllables varying in vowel context (a, i, u), order (CV, VC), and speaker (male, female) at −2 dB S/N in a shaped noise. The noise was either at a constant level or amplitude modulated by a sinusoid varying in frequency (10, 31.5, and 100 Hz) and depth of modulation (50% and 90%). Depth of modulation produced a significant improvement in intelligibility over steady-state performance, with the 90% modulation depth showing greater release than 50% modulation. The greatest improvement (14.9%) occurred with the 31.5-Hz modulation rate. Frequency effects varied significantly by speaker, and the interaction between frequency and depth of modulation was also significant. Depth of modulation interacted in complex ways with vowel, order, and speaker. Experiment 2 compared normal and hearing-impaired listeners with 90% AM noise at 31.5 Hz. The hearing-impaired individuals displayed significant release from masking, although less than the control subjects. The amount of release varied by audiometric configuration. Overall, these results indicate that release from masking is evident in some hearing-impaired listeners and absent in others; audibility and temporal factors will be discussed. [Work supported by NIH.]
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0001-4966 , 1520-8524
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1121/1.403397
    RVK:
    EQ 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Acoustical Society of America (ASA)
    Publication Date: 1992
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461063-2
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