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  • Williams, Wendy M.  (10)
  • Linguistics  (10)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.
    American Psychological Association (APA) ; 2009
    In:  Psychological Bulletin Vol. 135, No. 2 ( 2009), p. 218-261
    Details
    In: Psychological Bulletin, American Psychological Association (APA), Vol. 135, No. 2 ( 2009), p. 218-261
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1939-1455 , 0033-2909
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1037/a0014412
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066928-8
    SSG: 5,2
    SSG: 5,21
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The psychology of psychology: A thought experiment
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol. 38 ( 2015)
    Details
    In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 38 ( 2015)
    Abstract: In the target article, Duarte et al. allege that the lack of political diversity reduces research efficacy. We pose a thought experiment that could provide an empirical test by examining whether institutional review board (IRB) members, granting agencies, and journal reviewers filter scientific products based on political values, invoking scientific criteria (rigor, etc.) as their justification. When these same products are cast in terms highlighting opposite values, do these people shift their decisions?
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-525X , 1469-1825
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X14001150
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481789-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 423721-3
    SSG: 7,11
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    Online Resource
  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Tenure and academic freedom: Prospects and constraints
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 586-592
    Details
    In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 586-592
    Abstract: In our target article, we took the position that tenure conveys many important benefits but that its original justification – fostering academic freedom – is not one of them. Here we respond to various criticisms of our study as well as to proposals to remedy the current state of affairs. Undoubtedly, more research is needed to confirm and extend our findings, but the most reasonable conclusion remains the one we offered – that the original rationale for tenure is poorly served by the current system as practiced at top-ranked colleges and universities.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-525X , 1469-1825
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X06009320
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481789-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 423721-3
    SSG: 7,11
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    Online Resource
  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Representational constraints on the development of memory and metamemory: A developmental–representational theory.
    American Psychological Association (APA) ; 2010
    In:  Psychological Review Vol. 117, No. 2 ( 2010), p. 464-495
    Details
    In: Psychological Review, American Psychological Association (APA), Vol. 117, No. 2 ( 2010), p. 464-495
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1939-1471 , 0033-295X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1037/a0019067
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
    Publication Date: 2010
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209907-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066931-8
    SSG: 5,2
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    Online Resource
  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Are Americans becoming more or less alike? Trends in race, class, and ability differences in intelligence.
    American Psychological Association (APA) ; 1997
    In:  American Psychologist Vol. 52, No. 11 ( 1997-11), p. 1226-1235
    Details
    In: American Psychologist, American Psychological Association (APA), Vol. 52, No. 11 ( 1997-11), p. 1226-1235
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1935-990X , 0003-066X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.11.1226
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209464-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2065890-4
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Schooling, intelligence, and income.
    American Psychological Association (APA) ; 1997
    In:  American Psychologist Vol. 52, No. 10 ( 1997-10), p. 1051-1058
    Details
    In: American Psychologist, American Psychological Association (APA), Vol. 52, No. 10 ( 1997-10), p. 1051-1058
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1935-990X , 0003-066X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.52.10.1051
    RVK:
    CL 1000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
    Publication Date: 1997
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209464-2
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2065890-4
    SSG: 5,2
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Reply to Drago: Culture and history are important in understanding the low number of women
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2011
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 108, No. 21 ( 2011-05-24)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, No. 21 ( 2011-05-24)
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103900108
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    National hiring experiments reveal 2:1 faculty preference for women on STEM tenure track
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2015
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 112, No. 17 ( 2015-04-28), p. 5360-5365
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 112, No. 17 ( 2015-04-28), p. 5360-5365
    Abstract: National randomized experiments and validation studies were conducted on 873 tenure-track faculty (439 male, 434 female) from biology, engineering, economics, and psychology at 371 universities/colleges from 50 US states and the District of Columbia. In the main experiment, 363 faculty members evaluated narrative summaries describing hypothetical female and male applicants for tenure-track assistant professorships who shared the same lifestyle (e.g., single without children, married with children). Applicants' profiles were systematically varied to disguise identically rated scholarship; profiles were counterbalanced by gender across faculty to enable between-faculty comparisons of hiring preferences for identically qualified women versus men. Results revealed a 2:1 preference for women by faculty of both genders across both math-intensive and non–math-intensive fields, with the single exception of male economists, who showed no gender preference. Results were replicated using weighted analyses to control for national sample characteristics. In follow-up experiments, 144 faculty evaluated competing applicants with differing lifestyles (e.g., divorced mother vs. married father), and 204 faculty compared same-gender candidates with children, but differing in whether they took 1-y-parental leaves in graduate school. Women preferred divorced mothers to married fathers; men preferred mothers who took leaves to mothers who did not. In two validation studies, 35 engineering faculty provided rankings using full curricula vitae instead of narratives, and 127 faculty rated one applicant rather than choosing from a mixed-gender group; the same preference for women was shown by faculty of both genders. These results suggest it is a propitious time for women launching careers in academic science. Messages to the contrary may discourage women from applying for STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) tenure-track assistant professorships.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418878112
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2015
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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    Online Resource
  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Is tenure justified? An experimental study of faculty beliefs about tenure, promotion, and academic freedom
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  Behavioral and Brain Sciences Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 553-569
    Details
    In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 29, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 553-569
    Abstract: The behavioral sciences have come under attack for writings and speech that affront sensitivities. At such times, academic freedom and tenure are invoked to forestall efforts to censure and terminate jobs. We review the history and controversy surrounding academic freedom and tenure, and explore their meaning across different fields, at different institutions, and at different ranks. In a multifactoral experimental survey, 1,004 randomly selected faculty members from top-ranked institutions were asked how colleagues would typically respond when confronted with dilemmas concerning teaching, research, and wrong-doing. Full professors were perceived as being more likely to insist on having the academic freedom to teach unpopular courses, research controversial topics, and whistle-blow wrong-doing than were lower-ranked professors (even associate professors with tenure). Everyone thought that others were more likely to exercise academic freedom than they themselves were, and that promotion to full professor was a better predictor of who would exercise academic freedom than was the awarding of tenure. Few differences emerged related either to gender or type of institution, and behavioral scientists' beliefs were similar to scholars from other fields. In addition, no support was found for glib celebrations of tenure's sanctification of broadly defined academic freedoms. These findings challenge the assumption that tenure can be justified on the basis of fostering academic freedom, suggesting the need for a re-examination of the philosophical foundation and practical implications of tenure in today's academy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0140-525X , 1469-1825
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X06009125
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481789-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 423721-3
    SSG: 7,11
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Understanding current causes of women's underrepresentation in science
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2011
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 108, No. 8 ( 2011-02-22), p. 3157-3162
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, No. 8 ( 2011-02-22), p. 3157-3162
    Abstract: Explanations for women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields of science often focus on sex discrimination in grant and manuscript reviewing, interviewing, and hiring. Claims that women scientists suffer discrimination in these arenas rest on a set of studies undergirding policies and programs aimed at remediation. More recent and robust empiricism, however, fails to support assertions of discrimination in these domains. To better understand women's underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and its causes, we reprise claims of discrimination and their evidentiary bases. Based on a review of the past 20 y of data, we suggest that some of these claims are no longer valid and, if uncritically accepted as current causes of women's lack of progress, can delay or prevent understanding of contemporary determinants of women's underrepresentation. We conclude that differential gendered outcomes in the real world result from differences in resources attributable to choices, whether free or constrained, and that such choices could be influenced and better informed through education if resources were so directed. Thus, the ongoing focus on sex discrimination in reviewing, interviewing, and hiring represents costly, misplaced effort: Society is engaged in the present in solving problems of the past, rather than in addressing meaningful limitations deterring women's participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics careers today. Addressing today's causes of underrepresentation requires focusing on education and policy changes that will make institutions responsive to differing biological realities of the sexes. Finally, we suggest potential avenues of intervention to increase gender fairness that accord with current, as opposed to historical, findings.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014871108
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2011
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    Online Resource
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