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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Unmask temporal trade-offs in climate policy debates
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2017
    In:  Science Vol. 356, No. 6337 ( 2017-05-05), p. 492-493
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 356, No. 6337 ( 2017-05-05), p. 492-493
    Abstract: Global warming potentials (GWPs) have become an essential element of climate policy and are built into legal structures that regulate greenhouse gas emissions. This is in spite of a well-known shortcoming: GWP hides trade-offs between short- and long-term policy objectives inside a single time scale of 100 or 20 years ( 1 ). The most common form, GWP 100 , focuses on the climate impact of a pulse emission over 100 years, diluting near-term effects and misleadingly implying that short-lived climate pollutants exert forcings in the long-term, long after they are removed from the atmosphere ( 2 ). Meanwhile, GWP 20 ignores climate effects after 20 years. We propose that these time scales be ubiquitously reported as an inseparable pair, much like systolic-diastolic blood pressure and city-highway vehicle fuel economy, to make the climate effect of using one or the other time scale explicit. Policy-makers often treat a GWP as a value-neutral measure, but the time-scale choice is central to achieving specific objectives ( 2 – 4 ).
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.aaj2350
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2017
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  • 2
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    Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2004
    In:  Science Vol. 305, No. 5683 ( 2004-07-23), p. 506-509
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 305, No. 5683 ( 2004-07-23), p. 506-509
    Abstract: High-resolution carbon isotope measurements of multiple stratigraphic sections in south China demonstrate that the pronounced carbon isotopic excursion at the Permian-Triassic boundary was not an isolated event but the first in a series of large fluctuations that continued throughout the Early Triassic before ending abruptly early in the Middle Triassic. The unusual behavior of the carbon cycle coincides with the delayed recovery from end-Permian extinction recorded by fossils, suggesting a direct relationship between Earth system function and biological rediversification in the aftermath of Earth's most devastating mass extinction.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1097023
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
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  • 3
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    Abrupt Shift in Subsurface Temperatures in the Tropical Pacific Associated with Changes in El Niño
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1998
    In:  Science Vol. 281, No. 5374 ( 1998-07-10), p. 240-243
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 281, No. 5374 ( 1998-07-10), p. 240-243
    Abstract: Radiocarbon ( 14 C) content of surface waters inferred from a coral record from the Galápagos Islands increased abruptly during the upwelling season (July through September) after the El Niño event of 1976. Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with the upwelling season also shifted after 1976. The synchroneity of the shift in both 14 C and SST implies that the vertical thermal structure of the eastern tropical Pacific changed in 1976. This change may be responsible for the increase in frequency and intensity of El Niño events since 1976.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5374.240
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
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  • 4
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    A Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1998
    In:  Science Vol. 281, No. 5381 ( 1998-08-28), p. 1342-1346
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 281, No. 5381 ( 1998-08-28), p. 1342-1346
    Abstract: Negative carbon isotope anomalies in carbonate rocks bracketing Neoproterozoic glacial deposits in Namibia, combined with estimates of thermal subsidence history, suggest that biological productivity in the surface ocean collapsed for millions of years. This collapse can be explained by a global glaciation (that is, a snowball Earth), which ended abruptly when subaerial volcanic outgassing raised atmospheric carbon dioxide to about 350 times the modern level. The rapid termination would have resulted in a warming of the snowball Earth to extreme greenhouse conditions. The transfer of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the ocean would result in the rapid precipitation of calcium carbonate in warm surface waters, producing the cap carbonate rocks observed globally.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.281.5381.1342
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1998
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  • 5
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    Pore Fluid Constraints on the Temperature and Oxygen Isotopic Composition of the Glacial Ocean
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 1996
    In:  Science Vol. 272, No. 5270 ( 1996-06-28), p. 1930-1932
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 272, No. 5270 ( 1996-06-28), p. 1930-1932
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.272.5270.1930
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 1996
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  • 6
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    A Sulfur Dioxide Climate Feedback on Early Mars
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2007
    In:  Science Vol. 318, No. 5858 ( 2007-12-21), p. 1903-1907
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 318, No. 5858 ( 2007-12-21), p. 1903-1907
    Abstract: Ancient Mars had liquid water on its surface and a CO 2 -rich atmosphere. Despite the implication that massive carbonate deposits should have formed, these have not been detected. On the basis of fundamental chemical and physical principles, we propose that climatic conditions enabling the existence of liquid water were maintained by appreciable atmospheric concentrations of volcanically degassed SO 2 and H 2 S. The geochemistry resulting from equilibration of this atmosphere with the hydrological cycle is shown to inhibit the formation of carbonates. We propose an early martian climate feedback involving SO 2 , much like that maintained by CO 2 on Earth.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1147039
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2007
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  • 7
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    Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Offshore Sediments
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2009
    In:  Science Vol. 325, No. 5948 ( 2009-09-25), p. 1658-1659
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 325, No. 5948 ( 2009-09-25), p. 1658-1659
    Abstract: The battle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent the most dangerous consequences of climate change will be waged across multiple fronts, including efforts to increase energy efficiency; efforts to deploy nonfossil fuel sources, including renewable and nuclear energy; and investment in adaptation to reduce the impacts of the climate change that will occur regardless of the actions we take. But with more than 80% of the world’s energy coming from fossil fuel, winning the battle also requires capturing CO 2 from large stationary sources and storing that CO 2 in geologic repositories. Offshore geological repositories have received relatively little attention as potential CO 2 storage sites, despite their having a number of important advantages over onshore sites, and should be considered more closely.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1175750
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 8
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    Calibrating the Cryogenian
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2010
    In:  Science Vol. 327, No. 5970 ( 2010-03-05), p. 1241-1243
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 327, No. 5970 ( 2010-03-05), p. 1241-1243
    Abstract: The Neoproterozoic was an era of great environmental and biological change, but a paucity of direct and precise age constraints on strata from this time has prevented the complete integration of these records. We present four high-precision U-Pb ages for Neoproterozoic rocks in northwestern Canada that constrain large perturbations in the carbon cycle, a major diversification and depletion in the microfossil record, and the onset of the Sturtian glaciation. A volcanic tuff interbedded with Sturtian glacial deposits, dated at 716.5 million years ago, is synchronous with the age of the Franklin large igneous province and paleomagnetic poles that pin Laurentia to an equatorial position. Ice was therefore grounded below sea level at very low paleolatitudes, which implies that the Sturtian glaciation was global in extent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1183325
    RVK:
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 9
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    A small marine biosphere in the Proterozoic
    Wiley ; 2019
    In:  Geobiology Vol. 17, No. 2 ( 2019-03), p. 161-171
    Details
    In: Geobiology, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. 2 ( 2019-03), p. 161-171
    Abstract: The riverine supply of the globally limiting nutrient, phosphorus, to the ocean accounts for only a few percent of nutrient supply to photosynthetic organisms in surface waters. Recycling of marine organic matter by heterotrophic organisms provides almost all of the phosphorus that drives net primary production in the modern ocean. In the low‐oxygen environments of the Proterozoic, the lack of free oxygen would have limited rates of oxic respiration, slowing the recycling of nutrients and thus limiting global rates of photosynthesis. A series of steady‐state mass balance calculations suggest that the rate of net primary production in the ocean was no more than 10% of its modern value during the Proterozoic eon, and possibly less than 1%. The supply of nutrients in such a world would be dominated by river input, rather than recycling within the water column, leading to a small marine biosphere found primarily within estuarine environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1472-4677 , 1472-4669
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gbi.2019.17.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12323
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
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  • 10
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    Isotopically anomalous organic carbon in the aftermath of the Marinoan snowball Earth
    Wiley ; 2020
    In:  Geobiology Vol. 18, No. 4 ( 2020-07), p. 476-485
    Details
    In: Geobiology, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. 4 ( 2020-07), p. 476-485
    Abstract: Throughout most of the sedimentary record, the marine carbon cycle is interpreted as being in isotopic steady state. This is most commonly inferred via isotopic reconstructions, where two export fluxes (organic carbon and carbonate) are offset by a constant isotopic fractionation of ~25 (termed ). Sedimentary deposits immediately overlying the Marinoan snowball Earth diamictites, however, stray from this prediction. In stratigraphic sections from the Ol Formation (Mongolia) and Sheepbed Formation (Canada), we observe a temporary excursion where the organic matter has anomalously heavy C and is grossly decoupled from the carbonate C. This signal may reflect the unique biogeochemical conditions that persisted in the aftermath of snowball Earth. For example, physical oceanographic modeling suggests that a strong density gradient caused the ocean to remain stratified for about 50,000 years after termination of the Marinoan snowball event, during which time the surface ocean and continental weathering consumed the large atmospheric CO 2 reservoir. Further, we now better understand how C records of carbonate can be post‐depostionally altered and thus be misleading. In an attempt to explain the observed carbon isotope record, we developed a model that tracks the fluxes and isotopic values of carbon between the surface ocean, deep ocean, and atmosphere. By comparing the model output to the sedimentary data, stratification alone cannot generate the anomalous observed isotopic signal. Reproducing the heavy C in organic matter requires the progressively diminishing contribution of an additional anomalous source of organic matter. The exact source of this organic matter is unclear.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1472-4677 , 1472-4669
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gbi.v18.4
    DOI: 10.1111/gbi.12383
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2113509-5
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