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  • 1
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    Semen collection, characterisation and artificial insemination in the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) using liquid-stored spermatozoa
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2008
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2008), p. 770-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 20, No. 7 ( 2008), p. 770-
    Abstract: Ejaculates were collected from a beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) to gain an understanding of sperm biology and develop a short-term sperm preservation method for use in artificial insemination (AI). Ejaculate parameters and biochemistry, semen production and serum testosterone concentrations of an adult male were characterised for 21 months. Sperm viability, acrosome integrity and morphology did not change (P 〉 0.05) but ejaculate volume, sperm concentration and total spermatozoa per ejaculate were higher (P 〈 0.05) from January to June than from July to December. Peak testosterone concentrations (P 〈 0.05) were observed from October to April (8.0 ± 1.6 ng mL–1). The effects of hyaluronic acid (HA), antioxidants, storage temperature and time on in vitro sperm characteristics were examined. Motility parameters and viability were improved (P 〈 0.05) when semen was stored at 5°C compared with 21°C. During the first 24 h of storage sperm agglutination was absent only at 5°C in the presence of HA. A nulliparous 28-year-old female was inseminated endoscopically with liquid-stored semen. A pregnancy and birth of a calf was achieved following AI for the first time in this species, thereby validating both the AI technique and the fertility of beluga spermatozoa after chilled storage in a specialised diluent.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RD08031
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2008
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  • 2
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    116 FACTORS IMPACTING THE SUCCESS OF POSTMORTEM SPERM RECOVERY AND CRYOPRESERVATION IN THE RHINOCEROS
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2016
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2016), p. 188-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 28, No. 2 ( 2016), p. 188-
    Abstract: Given the increasing anthropogenic pressures on wildlife around the globe coupled with the challenges of climate change, cryopreservation of genetic resources from extant species should be prioritized while the opportunity still exists. Arguably, the rhinoceros stands out as a primary candidate for concerted gene banking efforts given its historical brush with extinction and today’s escalating poaching crisis. The goal of this study was to identify factors that influenced the ability to successfully recover and cryopreserve sperm postmortem from rhinos maintained in North American zoos. Factors considered included procedural technicalities, individual rhino characteristics, and timing. A total of 23 mature male rhinos ranging in age from 8 to 43 years, representing 4 species and maintained at 13 different zoos, were opportunistically included in this study over a 16-year period (1998–2014). The majority of the males were African black rhinoceros (n = 14), followed by Indian rhinoceros (n = 5), African white rhinoceros (n = 3), and a single Sumatran rhinoceros. All zoos received a protocol requesting that reproductive tissues (testes, epididymides, and vas deferens) be removed from the rhino as soon as possible after death, kept moist, cooled slowly, and shipped cool (5°C) overnight to the lab for processing. Samples of adequate quality (≥30% motility with ≥2.0 forward progressive status) were cryopreserved according to a previously published protocol (O’Brien and Roth 2000 J. Reprod. Fertil. 118, 263–271). Gross testicular pathology was noted in 17.4% of males (4/23) but did not impact sperm recovery except in one case of azoospermia (4.3%). Sixty-two percent of the males (13/21) in which sperm recovery was attempted yielded quality samples adequate for cryopreservation (black rhino, n = 7; white rhino, n = 3; Indian rhino, n = 2; Sumatran rhino, n = 1). A high percentage of males (70.6%; 12/17) from which reproductive tissue was removed and cooled ≤4 h after death yielded quality sperm samples, whereas only 25% (1/4) of males from which tissue was removed 〉 4 h after death yielded quality samples. Quality samples were recovered up to 51 h postmortem from rhinos ranging in age from 8 to 35 years. Neither type of illness (prolonged or acute) or method of death (euthanasia or natural) affected the ability to harvest quality samples (P  〉  0.05). The Indian rhino yielded significantly more sperm on average (40 × 109) than the African black rhino (3.6 × 109; P  〈  0.01) and the African white rhino (3.2 × 109; P  〈  0.05). Mean pre- and post-thaw percent sperm motility for black (n = 6; 53 and 38%), white (n = 2; 80 and 63%), Indian (n = 2; 50 and 45%), and Sumatran (n = 1; 50 and 38%) rhino samples assessed indicated a reduction of just 5 to 17% post-thaw. In conclusion, rhino sperm recovery postmortem is relatively successful across a wide range of variables, especially when tissues are removed and cooled promptly after death, and should become standard practice in zoos.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RDv28n2Ab116
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 3
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    Topographic Variations in Mobilization of Blubber in Relation to Changes in Body Mass in Short-Finned Pilot Whales ( Globicephala macrorhynchus )
    University of Chicago Press ; 2021
    In:  Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Vol. 94, No. 4 ( 2021-07-01), p. 228-240
    Details
    In: Physiological and Biochemical Zoology, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 94, No. 4 ( 2021-07-01), p. 228-240
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1522-2152 , 1537-5293
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/714637
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473845-4
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  • 4
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    Characteristics of high-quality Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) ejaculates and in vitro sperm quality after prolonged chilled storage and directional freezing
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2013
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2013), p. 790-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 25, No. 5 ( 2013), p. 790-
    Abstract: The in vitro quality of spermatozoa from one elephant (Elephas maximus) was examined after chilled storage and directional freezing (DF). High-quality, non-contaminated ejaculates (77.6 ± 6.0% progressive motility, 3.9 ± 1.5 µg creatinine mL–1 raw semen, 2.7 ± 0.6% detached heads) were cryopreserved after 0 (0hStor), 12 (12hStor) and 24 h (24hStor) of chilled storage. At 0 h and 6 h post-thawing, total motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial activity and normal morphology were similar (P  〉  0.05) across treatments. In contrast, progressive motility, rapid velocity and several kinematic parameters were lower (P  〈  0.05) for 24Stor compared with 0hStor at 0 h post-thaw. By 6 h post-thaw, amplitude of lateral head displacement and velocity parameters (average pathway, straight-line and curvilinear velocity) were lower (P  〈  0.05) for 24hStor compared with 0hStor and 12hStor. DNA integrity was high and remained unchanged (P  〉  0.05) across all groups and processing stages (1.6 ± 0.6% of cells contained fragmented DNA). Results indicate that DF after up to 12 h of chilled storage results in a post-thaw sperm population of acceptable quality for artificial insemination. These findings have implications for the cryopreservation of sex-sorted spermatozoa, which typically undergo more than 12 h of chilled storage prior to sorting and preservation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RD12129
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 5
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    Analysis of urinary immunoreactive steroid metabolites and gonadotropins for characterization of the estrous cycle, breeding period, and seasonal estrous activity of captive killer whales ( Orcinus orca )
    Wiley ; 1993
    In:  Zoo Biology Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 1993-01), p. 173-187
    Details
    In: Zoo Biology, Wiley, Vol. 12, No. 2 ( 1993-01), p. 173-187
    Abstract: To increase the basic understanding of killer whale ( Orcinus orca ) reproductive physiology necessary for the development of artificial breeding programs, we utilized radioimmunoassays (RIA) to detect urinary immunoreactive steroid metabolites (pregnanediol‐3α‐glucuronide [PdG] and estrone‐conjugates [EC] ) and gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone [LH] and follicle‐stimulating hormone [FSH] ) in urine samples from six female killer whales. Urine samples were collected from the whales by voluntary presentation behavior over a 2‐ to 4‐year period. All urinary hormone values were corrected for intersample urine concentration variations by indexing with creatinine. Daily urine samples from four whales were collected during two conceptions and 18 complete estrous cycles. LH, FSH, EC, and PdG immunoreactive levels were determined and combined with observed copulatory activity in five cycles, including two conceptive cycles from two whales. Mean luteal phase lengths ranged from 9.7 to 19.2 days. Mean follicular phase lengths ranged from 6.5 to 16.8 days. Mean estrous cycle lengths based on the first detectable PdG levels were 41.6 ± 6.72 S.E.M. days. After PdG nadir, immunoreactive FSH levels showed a bimodal pattern with the first peak being greater in size, and both preceding a follicular phase EC increase. LH levels 〉 the 95% confidence interval of the mean were considered significant. Combined LH immunoreactive values from whales 2 and 6 during two and three estrous cycles, respectively, had significant LH peak concentrations on day minus 2. These significant LH peaks were assumed to represent the preovulatory LH surge. Eight copulations during two conceptive cycles were observed between whales 2 and 6 and a breeding male. Six of these copulations (3 with each female whale) occurred within 72 hours of the beginning or the end of the presumptive preovulatory LH surge. Estrous activity was seen throughout the year for the herd. However, individuals had varying periods of anestrus that could not be linked to environmental, social, or nutritional influences. The whales that were reproductively successful had anestrus intervals that were usually influenced by gestation, postparturient period, or lactation. The information obtained during this research enhances the foundation for future artificial reproductive management techniques. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0733-3188 , 1098-2361
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/zoo.v12:2
    DOI: 10.1002/zoo.1430120204
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 1993
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499116-0
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  • 6
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    284 IN VITRO FUNCTION OF FROZEN - THAWED BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS) SPERM UNDERGOING SORTING AND RECRYOPRESERVATION
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2011
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2011), p. 240-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 23, No. 1 ( 2011), p. 240-
    Abstract: Artificial insemination (AI) using sex-selected sperm of bottlenose dolphins is currently used for the reproductive and social management of captive populations, but distance of males to the sorting facility represents a limitation of the procedure. Sorting and recryopreservation of previously frozen–thawed (FSF) sperm would facilitate the global application of this technology. Although a calf has been produced using FSF sperm (O’Brien et al. 2009 Theriogenology 71, 98–107), a comprehensive examination of the in vitro quality of such samples is needed. The objective was to compare the in vitro quality of nonsorted (CNTR) and sorted (FSF) dolphin sperm before and after recryopreservation using straw (STR) and directional freezing (DF) methods. At all assessment intervals, sperm were evaluated for 1) motility parameters with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA); 2) plasma membrane integrity (viability) and acrosome integrity using propidium iodide/fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled peanut agglutinin (PI/FITC-PNA) staining and 3) DNA denaturation using the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA). Semen from 3 ejaculates × 3 males was cryopreserved by DF. After thawing, samples were divided into CNTR and FSF. The CNTR sperm were recryopreserved using STR and DF methods with assessments performed after the first thaw (PT1) and before recryopreservation (PF2). The FSF sperm were prepared for sorting using a density gradient centrifugation (DGC) method, stained with Hoechst 33342, sorted (SX MoFlo®, Dako, Fort Collins, CO, USA), then recryopreserved using STR and DF methods. The FSF sperm were assessed post-PT1, post-DGC, post-stain, post-sort, and at PF2. After the second thaw (PT2), CNTR and FSF samples were diluted (1:0.1, vol/vol) with Androhep Enduraguard™ (AE; Minitube of America, Verona, WI, USA), incubated at room temperature, and assessed at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h PT2. The PT1 samples retained high proportions of their PF1 total motility (TM) and progressive motility (PM) (mean ± SD; 87.9 ± 7.3% and 92.2 ± 5.9%, respectively). The FSF sperm had improved (ANOVA; P  〈  0.05) motility (TM, PM, VAP, VCL, VSL) and viability at PF2 compared with PF1. The FSF sperm recryopreserved using DF had higher (P  〈  0.05) motility over the 24-h post-thaw incubation period compared with STR. The CNTR sperm DNA fragmentation remained unchanged throughout the process. The DNA fragmentation of FSF samples increased after staining (P  〈  0.05), then decreased during the PT2 incubation period, stabilising at lower values (P  〈  0.05) than CNTR from 6 to 24 h PT2. This unusual pattern indicates a possible interaction between Hoechst 33342 and acridine orange. After recryopreservation, the viability of FSF sperm was higher (P  〈  0.05) than that of CNTR sperm. Results indicate that bottlenose dolphin sperm undergoing cryopreservation, sorting, and recryopreservation are of adequate quality for use in AI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RDv23n1Ab284
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 7
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    Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2006
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2006), p. 319-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 18, No. 3 ( 2006), p. 319-
    Abstract: Research was conducted to develop sperm sorting and novel sperm preservation methodologies for sex predetermination in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) using artificial insemination. In Study 1, the effect of seminal plasma (SP), sperm concentration and freezing rate (FR) on in vitro sperm quality of liquid-stored, non-sorted spermatozoa was examined. There was no effect (P 〉 0.05) of prefreeze SP addition on post-thaw quality (progressive motility, kinetic rating, sperm motility index (SMI), viability and acrosome integrity). Post-thaw motility parameters and viability were higher (P 〈 0.05) for slow FR than fast FR samples. In Study 2 investigating the effects of liquid storage and sorting on sperm quality, motility and SMI after sorting and centrifugation were lower (P 〈 0.05) than those of the initial ejaculate. The sort rate for enrichment (91 ± 4% purity) of X- and Y-bearing spermatozoa was 3400 ± 850 spermatozoa sex−1 s−1. In Study 3, compared with a modified straw method, directional freezing resulted in enhanced in vitro quality of sorted and non-sorted spermatozoa derived from liquid-stored semen (P 〈 0.05). In Study 4, endoscopic insemination of three dolphins with sorted, frozen–thawed X-bearing spermatozoa resulted in one conception and the birth of a female calf. High-purity sorting of dolphin spermatozoa, derived from liquid-stored semen, can be achieved with minimal loss of in vitro sperm quality and samples are functional in vivo.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RD05108
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 8
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    Preservation of beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) spermatozoa using a trehalose-based cryodiluent and directional freezing technology
    CSIRO Publishing ; 2010
    In:  Reproduction, Fertility and Development Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2010), p. 653-
    Details
    In: Reproduction, Fertility and Development, CSIRO Publishing, Vol. 22, No. 4 ( 2010), p. 653-
    Abstract: A beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) sperm preservation method was developed for use in genome banking and AI. In Study 1, glycerol-based cryodiluents (modified BF5F and modified Platz Diluent Variant (PDV)) were unable to maintain adequate progressive motility using straws (fast and slow freezing rate (FR)) or pellets (slow FR). Neither freezing method nor FR affected in vitro sperm characteristics (P 〉 0.05), but retention of prefreeze progressive motility following thawing was greater (P 〈 0.05) for BF5F (21%) than PDV (15%). In Study 2, examining the effects of straw freeze–thawing using BF5F with glycerol (1 and 3%, v/v) or trehalose (46 and 91 mM) on sperm characteristics, samples cryopreserved in trehalose exhibited superior (P 〈 0.05) in vitro parameters compared with their glycerol-treated counterparts. In Study 3, compared with a straw method, directional freezing using 91 mM trehalose enhanced (P 〈 0.05) sperm characteristics, with samples retaining 38%, 75% and 61% of their prefreeze progressive motility, curvilinear velocity and viability, respectively. A higher (P 〈 0.05) proportion of motile spermatozoa displayed rapid velocity after directional (21 ± 1%) compared with straw (12 ± 3%) freezing. Systematic development of a cryodiluent and the use of directional freezing resulted in beluga spermatozoa exhibiting adequate post-thaw quality for genome banking and use in AI.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1031-3613
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1071/RD09176
    Language: English
    Publisher: CSIRO Publishing
    Publication Date: 2010
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  • 9
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    DNA methylation networks underlying mammalian traits
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2023
    In:  Science Vol. 381, No. 6658 ( 2023-08-11)
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 381, No. 6658 ( 2023-08-11)
    Abstract: Comparative epigenomics is an emerging field that combines epigenetic signatures with phylogenetic relationships to elucidate species characteristics such as maximum life span. For this study, we generated cytosine DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles ( n = 15,456) from 348 mammalian species using a methylation array platform that targets highly conserved cytosines. RATIONALE Nature has evolved mammalian species of greatly differing life spans. To resolve the relationship of DNAm with maximum life span and phylogeny, we performed a large-scale cross-species unsupervised analysis. Comparative studies in many species enables the identification of epigenetic correlates of maximum life span and other traits. RESULTS We first tested whether DNAm levels in highly conserved cytosines captured phylogenetic relationships among species. We constructed phyloepigenetic trees that paralleled the traditional phylogeny. To avoid potential confounding by different tissue types, we generated tissue-specific phyloepigenetic trees. The high phyloepigenetic-phylogenetic congruence is due to differences in methylation levels and is not confounded by sequence conservation. We then interrogated the extent to which DNA methylation associates with specific biological traits. We used an unsupervised weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to identify clusters of highly correlated CpGs (comethylation modules). WGCNA identified 55 distinct comethylation modules, of which 30 were significantly associated with traits including maximum life span, adult weight, age, sex, human mortality risk, or perturbations that modulate murine life span. Both the epigenome-wide association analysis (EWAS) and eigengene-based analysis identified methylation signatures of maximum life span, and most of these were independent of aging, presumably set at birth, and could be stable predictors of life span at any point in life. Several CpGs that are more highly methylated in long-lived species are located near HOXL subclass homeoboxes and other genes that play a role in morphogenesis and development. Some of these life span–related CpGs are located next to genes that are also implicated in our analysis of upstream regulators (e.g., ASCL1 and SMAD6 ). CpGs with methylation levels that are inversely related to life span are enriched in transcriptional start site (TSS1) and promoter flanking (PromF4, PromF5) associated chromatin states. Genes located in chromatin state TSS1 are constitutively active and enriched for nucleic acid metabolic processes. This suggests that long-living species evolved mechanisms that maintain low methylation levels in these chromatin states that would favor higher expression levels of genes essential for an organism’s survival. The upstream regulator analysis of the EWAS of life span identified the pluripotency transcription factors OCT4 , SOX2 , and NANOG. Other factors, such as POLII , CTCF , RAD21 , YY1 , and TAF1 , showed the strongest enrichment for negatively life span–related CpGs. CONCLUSION The phyloepigenetic trees indicate that divergence of DNA methylation profiles closely parallels that of genetics through evolution. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation is subjected to evolutionary pressures and selection. The publicly available data from our Mammalian Methylation Consortium are a rich source of information for different fields such as evolutionary biology, developmental biology, and aging. DNAm network relates to mammalian phylogeny and traits. ( A ) Phyloepigenetic tree from the DNAm data generated from blood samples. ( B ) Unsupervised WGCNA networks identified 55 comethylation modules. ( C ) EWAS of log-transformed maximum life span. Each dot corresponds to the methylation levels of a highly conserved CpG. Shown is the log (base 10)–transformed P value ( y axis) versus the human genome coordinate Hg19 ( x axis). ( D ) Comethylation module correlated with maximum life span of mammals. Eigengene (first principal component of scaled CpGs in the midnightblue module) versus log (base e) transformed maximum life span. Each dot corresponds to a different species.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.abq5693
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
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  • 10
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    Reproduction, Growth and Development in Captive Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas)
    Wiley ; 2005
    In:  Zoo Biology Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2005-02), p. 29-49
    Details
    In: Zoo Biology, Wiley, Vol. 24, No. 1 ( 2005-02), p. 29-49
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0733-3188 , 1098-2361
    URL: Issue
    URL: Journal
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/zoo.v24:1
    DOI: 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2361
    DOI: 10.1002/zoo.20037
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1499116-0
    SSG: 12
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