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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biodiversity response to natural gradients of multiple stressors on continental margins
    The Royal Society ; 2016
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 283, No. 1829 ( 2016-04-27), p. 20160637-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 283, No. 1829 ( 2016-04-27), p. 20160637-
    Abstract: Sharp increases in atmospheric CO 2 are resulting in ocean warming, acidification and deoxygenation that threaten marine organisms on continental margins and their ecological functions and resulting ecosystem services. The relative influence of these stressors on biodiversity remains unclear, as well as the threshold levels for change and when secondary stressors become important. One strategy to interpret adaptation potential and predict future faunal change is to examine ecological shifts along natural gradients in the modern ocean. Here, we assess the explanatory power of temperature, oxygen and the carbonate system for macrofaunal diversity and evenness along continental upwelling margins using variance partitioning techniques. Oxygen levels have the strongest explanatory capacity for variation in species diversity. Sharp drops in diversity are seen as O 2 levels decline through the 0.5–0.15 ml l −1 (approx. 22–6 µM; approx. 21–5 matm) range, and as temperature increases through the 7–10°C range. p CO 2 is the best explanatory variable in the Arabian Sea, but explains little of the variance in diversity in the eastern Pacific Ocean. By contrast, very little variation in evenness is explained by these three global change variables. The identification of sharp thresholds in ecological response are used here to predict areas of the seafloor where diversity is most at risk to future marine global change, noting that the existence of clear regional differences cautions against applying global thresholds.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0637
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2016
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Oxygen, ecology, and the Cambrian radiation of animals
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2013
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 110, No. 33 ( 2013-08-13), p. 13446-13451
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 110, No. 33 ( 2013-08-13), p. 13446-13451
    Abstract: The Proterozoic-Cambrian transition records the appearance of essentially all animal body plans (phyla), yet to date no single hypothesis adequately explains both the timing of the event and the evident increase in diversity and disparity. Ecological triggers focused on escalatory predator–prey “arms races” can explain the evolutionary pattern but not its timing, whereas environmental triggers, particularly ocean/atmosphere oxygenation, do the reverse. Using modern oxygen minimum zones as an analog for Proterozoic oceans, we explore the effect of low oxygen levels on the feeding ecology of polychaetes, the dominant macrofaunal animals in deep-sea sediments. Here we show that low oxygen is clearly linked to low proportions of carnivores in a community and low diversity of carnivorous taxa, whereas higher oxygen levels support more complex food webs. The recognition of a physiological control on carnivory therefore links environmental triggers and ecological drivers, providing an integrated explanation for both the pattern and timing of Cambrian animal radiation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312778110
    RVK:
    TA 1000
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2013
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    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Methane seep ecosystem functions and services from a recently discovered southern California seep
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Marine Ecology Vol. 36, No. S1 ( 2015-08), p. 91-108
    Details
    In: Marine Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. S1 ( 2015-08), p. 91-108
    Abstract: The recent discovery of a methane seep with diverse microhabitats and abundant groundfish in the San Diego Trough (1020 m) off the coast of Del Mar, California raised questions about the role of seep ecosystem functions and services in relation to continental margins. We used multicorer and ROV grab samples and an ROV survey to characterize macrofaunal structure, diversity, and trophic patterns in soft sediments and authigenic carbonates; seep microhabitats and taxa observed; and the abundance and spatial patterns of fishery‐relevant species. Biogenic microhabitats near the Del Mar Seep included microbially precipitated carbonate boulders, bacterial mats, vesicomyid clam beds, frenulate and ampharetid beds, vestimentiferan tubeworm clumps, and fields of Bathysiphon filiformis tubes. Macrofaunal abundance increased and mean faunal δ 13 C signatures decreased in multicorer samples nearer the seep, suggesting that chemosynthetic production enhanced animal densities outside the seep center. Polychaetes dominated sediments, and ampharetids became especially abundant near microbial mats, while gastropods, hydroids, and sponges dominated carbonate rocks. A wide range of stable isotopic signatures reflected the diversity of microhabitats, and methane‐derived carbon was the most prevalent source of nutrition for several taxa, especially those associated with carbonates. Megafaunal species living near the seep included longspine thornyhead ( Sebastolobus altivelis ), Pacific dover sole ( Microstomus pacificus ), and lithodid crabs ( Paralomis verrilli ), which represent targets for demersal fisheries. Sebastolobus altivelis was especially abundant (6.5–8.2 fish·100 m −2 ) and appeared to aggregate near the most active seep microhabitats. The Del Mar Methane Seep, like many others along the world's continental margins, exhibits diverse ecosystem functions and enhances regional diversity. Seeps such as this one may also contribute ecosystem services if they provide habitat for fishery species, export production to support margin food webs, and serve as sinks for methane‐derived carbon.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0173-9565 , 1439-0485
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/maec.2015.36.issue-S1
    DOI: 10.1111/maec.12243
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 4
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    Online Resource
    Can variable pH and low oxygen moderate ocean acidification outcomes for mussel larvae?
    Wiley ; 2014
    In:  Global Change Biology Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2014-03), p. 754-764
    Details
    In: Global Change Biology, Wiley, Vol. 20, No. 3 ( 2014-03), p. 754-764
    Abstract: Natural variation and changing climate in coastal oceans subject meroplanktonic organisms to broad ranges of pH and oxygen ([O 2 ]) levels. In controlled‐laboratory experiments we explored the interactive effects of pH , [O 2 ], and semidiurnal pH fluctuations on the survivorship, development, and size of early life stages of two mytilid mussels, Mytilus californianus and M. galloprovincialis . Survivorship of larvae was unaffected by low pH , low [O 2 ], or semidiurnal fluctuations for both mytilid species. Low pH ( 〈 7.6) resulted in delayed transition from the trochophore to veliger stage, but this effect of low pH was absent when incorporating semidiurnal fluctuations in both species. Also at low pH , larval shells were smaller and had greater variance; this effect was absent when semidiurnal fluctuations of 0.3 units were incorporated at low pH for M. galloprovincialis but not for M. californianus . Low [O 2 ] in combination with low pH had no effect on larval development and size, indicating that early life stages of mytilid mussels are largely tolerant to a broad range of [O 2 ] reflective of their environment (80–260  μ mol kg −1 ). The role of pH variability should be recognized as an important feature in coastal oceans that has the capacity to modulate the effects of ocean acidification on biological responses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1354-1013 , 1365-2486
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.2014.20.issue-3
    DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12485
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2014
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020313-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Shifting Balance of Protein Synthesis and Degradation Sets a Threshold for Larval Growth Under Environmental Stress
    University of Chicago Press ; 2018
    In:  The Biological Bulletin Vol. 234, No. 1 ( 2018-02), p. 45-57
    Details
    In: The Biological Bulletin, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 234, No. 1 ( 2018-02), p. 45-57
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-3185 , 1939-8697
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/696830
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 2018
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3022817-7
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1268-3
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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  • 6
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    Metabolic cost of calcification in bivalve larvae under experimental ocean acidification
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2017
    In:  ICES Journal of Marine Science Vol. 74, No. 4 ( 2017-05-01), p. 941-954
    Details
    In: ICES Journal of Marine Science, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 74, No. 4 ( 2017-05-01), p. 941-954
    Abstract: Physiological increases in energy expenditure frequently occur in response to environmental stress. Although energy limitation is often invoked as a basis for decreased calcification under ocean acidification, energy-relevant measurements related to this process are scant. In this study we focus on first-shell (prodissoconch I) formation in larvae of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. The energy cost of calcification was empirically derived to be ≤ 1.1 µJ (ng CaCO3)−1. Regardless of the saturation state of aragonite (2.77 vs. 0.77), larvae utilize the same amount of total energy to complete first-shell formation. Even though there was a 56% reduction of shell mass and an increase in dissolution at aragonite undersaturation, first-shell formation is not energy limited because sufficient endogenous reserves are available to meet metabolic demand. Further studies were undertaken on larvae from genetic crosses of pedigreed lines to test for variance in response to aragonite undersaturation. Larval families show variation in response to ocean acidification, with loss of shell size ranging from no effect to 28%. These differences show that resilience to ocean acidification may exist among genotypes. Combined studies of bioenergetics and genetics are promising approaches for understanding climate change impacts on marine organisms that undergo calcification.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1054-3139 , 1095-9289
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icesjms/fsw213
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2017
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1468003-8
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    SSG: 21,3
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Biochemical bases of growth variation during development: A study of protein turnover in pedigreed families of bivalve larvae ( Crassostrea gigas )
    The Company of Biologists ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Animal size is a highly variable trait regulated by complex interactions between biological and environmental processes. Despite the importance of understanding the mechanistic bases of growth, the ability to predict size variation in early stages of development remains challenging. Pedigreed lines of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) were crossed to produce contrasting growth phenotypes to analyze the metabolic bases of growth variation in larval stages. Under controlled environmental conditions substantial growth variation of up to 430% in shell length occurred among 12 larval families. Protein was the major biochemical constituent in larvae, with an average protein-to-lipid content ratio of 2.8. On average, rates of protein turnover were high at 86% and showed a regulatory shift in depositional efficiency that resulted in increased protein accretion during later larval growth. Variation in protein depositional efficiency among families did not explain the range in larval growth rates. Instead, changes in protein synthesis rates predicted 72% of growth variation. High rates of protein synthesis to support faster growth, in turn, necessitated greater allocation of the total ATP pool to protein synthesis. An ATP allocation model is presented for larvae of C. gigas that includes the major components (82%) of energy demand: protein synthesis (45%), ion pump activity (20%), shell formation (14%), and protein degradation (3%). The metabolic trade-offs between faster growth and the need for higher ATP allocation to protein synthesis could be a major determinant of fitness for larvae of different genotypes responding to the stress of environmental change.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.171967
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 8
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    Online Resource
    Oxygen-dependence of upper thermal limits in crustaceans from different thermal habitats
    Elsevier BV ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Thermal Biology Vol. 93 ( 2020-10), p. 102732-
    Details
    In: Journal of Thermal Biology, Elsevier BV, Vol. 93 ( 2020-10), p. 102732-
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0306-4565
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2020.102732
    Language: English
    Publisher: Elsevier BV
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498364-3
    SSG: 12
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  • 9
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    Online Resource
    Present-Day Nearshore pH Differentially Depresses Fertilization in Congeneric Sea Urchins
    University of Chicago Press ; 2014
    In:  The Biological Bulletin Vol. 226, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: The Biological Bulletin, University of Chicago Press, Vol. 226, No. 1 ( 2014-02), p. 1-7
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0006-3185 , 1939-8697
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1086/BBLv226n1p1
    Language: English
    Publisher: University of Chicago Press
    Publication Date: 2014
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1268-3
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 21,3
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