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  • 1
    In: Functional Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2022-09), p. 2188-2199
    Abstract: Ansammlungen von Tiefseeschwämmen (sog. Schwammböden) sind Hotspots der Biodiversität und Biomasse in der Tiefsee, ähnlich wie Oasen in der Wüste. Es bleibt weitgehend ungeklärt, wie Schwammböden in diesem nahrungsarmen Ökosystem überleben können. Hier entschlüsseln wir, wie Schwämme und deren zugehörige Fauna dort überleben können, indem wir ihre Nahrungsquellen und Wechselwirkungen innerhalb des Nahrungsnetzes identifizieren. Dafür haben wir die Isotopenzusammensetzung der Fauna und potentiellen Nahrungsquellen analysiert, was Rückschlüsse auf die Zusammensetzung ihrer Nahrung zulässt. Schwämme zeigten eine andere Isotopenzusammensetzung als von Filtrieren erwartet, abhängig von der Anzahl an Mikroben in ihrem Gewebe. Unsere Studie zeigt, dass Schwämme mit einer hohen Anzahl an Mikroorganismen, bei denen Mikroben bis zu 60 % der Schwammbiomasse ausmachen können, am Fuß des Nahrungsnetzes stehen. Dies deutet darauf hin, dass sie in der Lage sind, im Wasser gelöste Nährstoffe zu nutzen, die für Tiere im Allgemeinen unzugänglich sind. Im Kontrast dazu hatten Schwämme deren Anzahl an Mikroben zwei bis vier Größenordnungen niedriger sind, eine Isotopenzusammensetzung, die einem Raubtier an der Spitze des Nahrungsnetzes ähnelt. Dies scheint das Ergebnis sehr effizienter Recyclingwege zu sein, welche weiterhin unbekannt sind. Zusätzliche spezifische Isotopenanalysen, bei denen wir die Isotopenzusammensetzung der einzelnen Aminosäuren analysierten, zeigte eine realistischere Position von Schwämmen im Nahrungsnetz und ordneten Schwämme mit geringer Anzahl an Mikroben den Filtrierern zu, was ihrer zu erwartenden Ernährungsweise entspricht. Darüber hinaus konnten wir zeigen, dass die zugehörige Fauna sich auch von Schwämmen ernährte. Dies zeigt, dass Tiefseeschwammböden nicht dem klassischen Tiefseenahrungsnetz entsprechen und Schwämme eine zusätzliche Basis durch das Einbringen von Ressourcen in das Nahrungsnetz darstellen. Dadurch sind Schwämme der Schlüssel zur Erhaltung von lebendigen Tiefseeökosystemen wie Schwammböden und wahrscheinlich auch in vielen anderen Ökosystemen in denen sie vorkommen (z. B. Kaltwasserkorallenriffe), und könnten so Auswirkungen auf das globale Meeresökosystem sowie biogeochemische Kreisläufe haben.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0269-8463 , 1365-2435
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2020307-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 619313-4
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    In: New Phytologist, Wiley, Vol. 217, No. 1 ( 2018-01), p. 453-466
    Abstract: Dinitrogen fixation by Nostoc azollae residing in specialized leaf pockets supports prolific growth of the floating fern Azolla filiculoides . To evaluate contributions by further microorganisms, the A. filiculoides microbiome and nitrogen metabolism in bacteria persistently associated with Azolla ferns were characterized. A metagenomic approach was taken complemented by detection of N 2 O released and nitrogen isotope determinations of fern biomass. Ribosomal RNA genes in sequenced DNA of natural ferns, their enriched leaf pockets and water filtrate from the surrounding ditch established that bacteria of A. filiculoides differed entirely from surrounding water and revealed species of the order Rhizobiales. Analyses of seven cultivated Azolla species confirmed persistent association with Rhizobiales. Two distinct nearly full‐length Rhizobiales genomes were identified in leaf‐pocket‐enriched samples from ditch grown A .  filiculoides . Their annotation revealed genes for denitrification but not N 2 ‐fixation. 15 N 2 incorporation was active in ferns with N. azollae but not in ferns without. N 2 O was not detectably released from surface‐sterilized ferns with the Rhizobiales. N 2 ‐fixing N. azollae , we conclude, dominated the microbiome of Azolla ferns. The persistent but less abundant heterotrophic Rhizobiales bacteria possibly contributed to lowering O 2 levels in leaf pockets but did not release detectable amounts of the strong greenhouse gas N 2 O.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0028-646X , 1469-8137
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 208885-X
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1472194-6
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  • 3
    In: Geobiology, Wiley, Vol. 17, No. 1 ( 2019-01), p. 91-109
    Abstract: Archaea are important players in marine biogeochemical cycles, and their membrane lipids are useful biomarkers in environmental and geobiological studies. However, many archaeal groups remain uncultured and their lipid composition unknown. Here, we aim to expand the knowledge on archaeal lipid biomarkers and determine the potential sources of those lipids in the water column of the euxinic Black Sea. The archaeal community was evaluated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and by quantitative PCR . The archaeal intact polar lipids ( IPL s) were investigated by ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Our study revealed both a complex archaeal community and large changes with water depth in the IPL assemblages. In the oxic/upper suboxic waters ( 〈 105 m), the archaeal community was dominated by marine group ( MG ) I Thaumarchaeota, coinciding with a higher relative abundance of hexose phosphohexose crenarchaeol, a known marker for Thaumarchaeota. In the suboxic waters (80–110 m), MGI Nitrosopumilus sp. dominated and produced predominantly monohexose glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers ( GDGT s) and hydroxy‐ GDGT s. Two clades of MGII Euryarchaeota were present in the oxic and upper suboxic zones in much lower abundances, preventing the detection of their specific IPL s. In the deep sulfidic waters ( 〉 110 m), archaea belonging to the DPANN Woesearchaeota, Bathyarchaeota, and ANME ‐1b clades dominated. Correlation analyses suggest that the IPL s GDGT ‐0, GDGT ‐1, and GDGT ‐2 with two phosphatidylglycerol ( PG ) head groups and archaeol with a PG , phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine head groups were produced by ANME ‐1b archaea. Bathyarchaeota represented 55% of the archaea in the deeper part of the euxinic zone and likely produces archaeol with phospho‐dihexose and hexose‐glucuronic acid head groups.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1472-4677 , 1472-4669
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2113509-5
    SSG: 12
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  • 4
    In: Geobiology, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. 4 ( 2020-07), p. 497-507
    Abstract: Methane emissions from peat bogs are mitigated by methanotrophs, which live in symbiosis with peat moss (e.g. Sphagnum ). Here, we investigate the influence of temperature and resultant changes in methane fluxes on Sphagnum and methanotroph‐related biomarkers, evaluating their potential as proxies in ancient bogs. A pulse‐chase experiment using 13 C‐labelled methane in the field clearly showed label uptake in diploptene, a biomarker for methanotrophs, demonstrating in situ methanotrophic activity in Sphagnum under natural conditions. Peat cores containing live Sphagnum were incubated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25°C for two months, causing differences in net methane fluxes. The natural δ 13 C values of diploptene extracted from Sphagnum showed a strong correlation with temperature and methane production. The δ 13 C values ranged from −34‰ at 5°C to −41‰ at 25°C . These results are best explained by enhanced expression of the methanotrophic enzymatic isotope effect at higher methane concentrations. Hence, δ 13 C values of diploptene, or its diagenetic products, potentially provide a useful tool to assess methanotrophic activity in past environments. Increased methane fluxes towards Sphagnum did not affect δ 13 C values of bulk Sphagnum and its specific marker, the C 23 n ‐alkane. The concentration of methanotroph‐specific bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs), aminobacteriohopanetetrol (aminotetrol, characteristic for type II and to a lesser extent type I methanotrophs) and aminobacteriohopanepentol (aminopentol, a marker for type I methanotrophs) showed a non‐linear response to increased methane fluxes, with relatively high abundances at 25°C compared to those at 20°C or below. Aminotetrol was more abundant than aminopentol, in contrast to similar abundances of aminotetrol and aminopentol in fresh Sphagnum . This probably indicates that type II methanotrophs became prevalent under the experimental conditions relative to type I methanotrophs. Even though BHP concentrations may not directly reflect bacterial activity, they may provide insight into the presence of different types of methanotrophs.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1472-4677 , 1472-4669
    URL: Issue
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2113509-5
    SSG: 12
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