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  • 2000-2004  (24)
  • Biodiversity Research  (24)
  • Linguistics  (24)
  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Draft Sequence of the Rice Genome ( Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica )
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2002
    In:  Science Vol. 296, No. 5565 ( 2002-04-05), p. 79-92
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 296, No. 5565 ( 2002-04-05), p. 79-92
    Abstract: We have produced a draft sequence of the rice genome for the most widely cultivated subspecies in China, Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica , by whole-genome shotgun sequencing. The genome was 466 megabases in size, with an estimated 46,022 to 55,615 genes. Functional coverage in the assembled sequences was 92.0%. About 42.2% of the genome was in exact 20-nucleotide oligomer repeats, and most of the transposons were in the intergenic regions between genes. Although 80.6% of predicted Arabidopsis thaliana genes had a homolog in rice, only 49.4% of predicted rice genes had a homolog in A. thaliana . The large proportion of rice genes with no recognizable homologs is due to a gradient in the GC content of rice coding sequences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1068037
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    A Draft Sequence for the Genome of the Domesticated Silkworm ( Bombyx mori )
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2004
    In:  Science Vol. 306, No. 5703 ( 2004-12-10), p. 1937-1940
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 306, No. 5703 ( 2004-12-10), p. 1937-1940
    Abstract: We report a draft sequence for the genome of the domesticated silkworm ( Bombyx mori ), covering 90.9% of all known silkworm genes. Our estimated gene count is 18,510, which exceeds the 13,379 genes reported for Drosophila melanogaster . Comparative analyses to fruitfly, mosquito, spider, and butterfly reveal both similarities and differences in gene content.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1102210
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2004
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The analysis of large-scale gene expression correlated to the phase changes of the migratory locust
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2004
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 101, No. 51 ( 2004-12-21), p. 17611-17615
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, No. 51 ( 2004-12-21), p. 17611-17615
    Abstract: The migratory locust is one of the most notorious agricultural pests that undergo a well known reversible, density-dependent phase transition from the solitary to the gregarious. To demonstrate the underlying molecular mechanisms of the phase change, we generated 76,012 ESTs from the whole body and dissected organs in the two phases. Comparing 12,161 unigene clusters, we identified 532 genes as phase-related ( P 〈 0.01). Comprehensive assessment of the phase-related expression revealed that, whereas most of the genes in various categories from hind legs and the midgut are down-regulated in the gregarious phase, several gene classes in the head are impressively up-regulated, including those with peptidase, receptor, and oxygen-binding activities and those related to development, cell growth, and responses to external stimuli. Among them, a superfamily of proteins, the JHPH super-family, which includes j uvenile hormone-binding protein, h examerins, p rophenoloxidase, and h emocyanins, were highly expressed in the heads of the gregarious hoppers and hind legs of the solitary hoppers. Quantitative PCR experiments confirmed in part the EST results. These differentially regulated genes have strong functional implications that numerous molecular activities are involved in phase plasticity. This study provides ample molecular markers and genomic information on hemimetabolous insects and insights into the genetic and molecular mechanisms of phase changes in locusts.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407753101
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2004
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Aberrant Development of Motor Axons and Neuromuscular Synapses in MyoD-Null Mice
    Society for Neuroscience ; 2003
    In:  The Journal of Neuroscience Vol. 23, No. 12 ( 2003-06-15), p. 5161-5169
    Details
    In: The Journal of Neuroscience, Society for Neuroscience, Vol. 23, No. 12 ( 2003-06-15), p. 5161-5169
    Abstract: Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs), muscle-specific transcription factors, are implicated in the activity-dependent regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunit genes. Here we show, with immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and electron microscopy that MyoD, a member of the MRF family, also plays a role in fetal synapse formation. In the diaphragm of 14.5 d gestation (E14.5) wild-type and MyoD -/- mice, AChR clusters (the formation of which is under a muscle intrinsic program) are confined to a centrally located endplate zone. This distribution persists in wild-type adult muscles. However, beginning at E15.5 and extending to the adult, innervated AChR clusters are distributed all over the diaphragm of MyoD -/- mice, extending as far as the insertion of the diaphragm into the ribs. In wild-type muscle, motor axons terminate on clusters adjacent to the main intramuscular nerve; in MyoD -/- muscle, axonal bundles form extensive secondary branches that terminate on the widely distributed clusters. The number of AChR clusters on adult MyoD -/- and wild-type diaphram muscles is similar. Junctional fold density is reduced at MyoD -/- endplates, and the transition from the fetal (α, β, γ, δ) to adult-type (α, β, δ, ϵ) AChRs is markedly delayed. However, MyoD -/- mice assemble a complex postsynaptic apparatus that includes muscle-specific kinase (MuSK), rapsyn, erbB, and utrophin.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0270-6474 , 1529-2401
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05161.2003
    Language: English
    Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1475274-8
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 gene variants in human essential hypertension
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2002
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 99, No. 6 ( 2002-03-19), p. 3872-3877
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 6 ( 2002-03-19), p. 3872-3877
    Abstract: Essential hypertension has a heritability as high as 30–50%, but its genetic cause(s) has not been determined despite intensive investigation. The renal dopaminergic system exerts a pivotal role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance and participates in the pathogenesis of genetic hypertension. In genetic hypertension, the ability of dopamine and D 1 -like agonists to increase urinary sodium excretion is impaired. A defective coupling between the D 1 dopamine receptor and the G protein/effector enzyme complex in the proximal tubule of the kidney is the cause of the impaired renal dopaminergic action in genetic rodent and human essential hypertension. We now report that, in human essential hypertension, single nucleotide polymorphisms of a G protein-coupled receptor kinase, GRK4 γ, increase G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) activity and cause the serine phosphorylation and uncoupling of the D 1 receptor from its G protein/effector enzyme complex in the renal proximal tubule and in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Moreover, expressing GRK4 γ A142V but not the wild-type gene in transgenic mice produces hypertension and impairs the diuretic and natriuretic but not the hypotensive effects of D 1 -like agonist stimulation. These findings provide a mechanism for the D 1 receptor coupling defect in the kidney and may explain the inability of the kidney to properly excrete sodium in genetic hypertension.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.062694599
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2002
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Alternatively Spliced TCR mRNA Induced by Disruption of Reading Frame
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) ; 2002
    In:  Science Vol. 297, No. 5578 ( 2002-07-05), p. 108-110
    Details
    In: Science, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Vol. 297, No. 5578 ( 2002-07-05), p. 108-110
    Abstract: Nonsense codons that prematurely terminate translation generate potentially deleterious truncated proteins. Here, we show that the T cell receptor–β (TCRβ) gene, which acquires in-frame nonsense codons at high frequency during normal lymphocyte development, gives rise to an alternatively spliced transcript [alternative messenger RNA (alt-mRNA)] that skips the offending mutations that generate such nonsense codons. This alt-mRNA is up-regulated by a transfer RNA–dependent scanning mechanism that responds specifically to mutations that disrupt the reading frame. The finding that translation signals regulate the levels of alternatively spliced mRNAs generated in the nucleus may alter the current view of how gene expression is controlled in eukaryotic cells.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0036-8075 , 1095-9203
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1126/science.1069757
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    Language: English
    Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 128410-1
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2066996-3
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2060783-0
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Immunogene therapy of tumors with vaccine based on Xenopus homologous vascular endothelial growth factor as a model antigen
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2001
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 98, No. 20 ( 2001-09-25), p. 11545-11550
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 98, No. 20 ( 2001-09-25), p. 11545-11550
    Abstract: Overcoming immune tolerance of the growth factors associated with tumor growth should be a useful approach to cancer therapy by active immunity. We used vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a model antigen to explore the feasibility of the immunogene tumor therapy with a vaccine based on a single xenogeneic homologous gene, targeting the growth factors associated with angiogenesis. To test this concept, we constructed a plasmid DNA encoding Xenopus homologous VEGF (XVEGF-p) and control vectors. We found that immunogene tumor therapy with a vaccine based on XVEGF was effective at both protective and therapeutic antitumor immunity in several tumor models in mice. VEGF-specific autoantibodies in sera of mice immunized with XVEGF-p could be found in Western blotting analysis and ELISA assay. The purified immunoglobulins were effective at the inhibition of VEGF-mediated endothelial cell proliferation in vitro , and at antitumor activity and the inhibition of angiogenesis by adoptive transfer in vivo . The elevation of VEGF in the sera of the tumor-bearing mice could be abrogated with XVEGF-p immunization. The antitumor activity and production of VEGF-specific autoantibodies, significantly elevated IgG1 and IgG2b, could be abrogated by the depletion of CD4 + T lymphocytes. The observations may provide a vaccine strategy for cancer therapy through the induction of autoimmunity against the growth factors associated with tumor growth in a cross reaction with single xenogeneic homologous gene and may be of importance in the further exploration of the applications of other xenogeneic homologous genes identified in human and other animal genome sequence projects in cancer therapy.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.191112198
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2001
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    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    External control of Her2 expression and cancer cell growth by targeting a Ras-linked coactivator
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2002
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 99, No. 20 ( 2002-10), p. 12747-12752
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 99, No. 20 ( 2002-10), p. 12747-12752
    Abstract: Overproduction of the Her2 oncoprotein has been found in ≈30% of breast tumors, and patients who have Her2 excesses typically have more aggressive disease. Here we show that the expression of the Her2 gene can be decreased by inhibiting the interaction of the two cancer-linked proteins, DRIP130/CRSP130/Sur-2 (a Ras-linked subunit of human mediator complexes) and ESX (an epithelial-restricted transcription factor). Disruption of the interaction by a short cell-permeable peptide reduced the expression of the Her2 gene and specifically impaired the growth and viability of Her2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. The association of ESX with DRIP130 is mediated by a small hydrophobic face of an 8-aa helix in ESX, suggesting a therapeutic approach to incapacitating the Her2 gene by small organic molecules.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.202162199
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2002
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    The first tunicate from the Early Cambrian of South China
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2003
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 100, No. 14 ( 2003-07-08), p. 8314-8318
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, No. 14 ( 2003-07-08), p. 8314-8318
    Abstract: Here we report the discovery of eight specimens of an Early Cambrian fossil tunicate Shankouclava near Kunming (South China). The tunicate identity of this organism is supported by the presence of a large and perforated branchial basket, a sac-like peri-pharyngeal atrium, an oral siphon with apparent oral tentacles at the basal end of the siphonal chamber, perhaps a dorsal atrial pore, and an elongated endostyle on the mid-ventral floor of the pharynx. As in most modern tunicates, the gut is simple and U-shaped, and is connected with posterior end of the pharynx at one end and with an atrial siphon at the other, anal end. Shankouclava differs from Cheungkongella , which was previously called a tunicate. Based on new, more complete “ Cheungkongella ” specimens that show branching tentacles, this form may be a lophophorate, and in any case is not a tunicate.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1431177100
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Binding of small molecules to an adaptive protein–protein interface
    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ; 2003
    In:  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Vol. 100, No. 4 ( 2003-02-18), p. 1603-1608
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 100, No. 4 ( 2003-02-18), p. 1603-1608
    Abstract: Understanding binding properties at protein–protein interfaces has been limited to structural and mutational analyses of natural binding partners or small peptides identified by phage display. Here, we present a high-resolution analysis of a nonpeptidyl small molecule, previously discovered by medicinal chemistry [Tilley, J. W., et al . (1997) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 7589–7590], which binds to the cytokine IL-2. The small molecule binds to the same site that binds the IL-2 α receptor and buries into a groove not seen in the free structure of IL-2. Comparison of the bound and several free structures shows this site to be composed of two subsites: one is rigid, and the other is highly adaptive. Thermodynamic data suggest the energy barriers between these conformations are low. The subsites were dissected by using a site-directed screening method called tethering, in which small fragments were captured by disulfide interchange with cysteines introduced into IL-2 around these subsites. X-ray structures with the tethered fragments show that the subsite-binding interactions are similar to those observed with the original small molecule. Moreover, the adaptive subsite tethered many more compounds than did the rigid one. Thus, the adaptive nature of a protein–protein interface provides sites for small molecules to bind and underscores the challenge of applying structure-based design strategies that cannot accurately predict a dynamic protein surface.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0027-8424 , 1091-6490
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1073/pnas.252756299
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    Language: English
    Publisher: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
    Publication Date: 2003
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 209104-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1461794-8
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 12
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