Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1 Our Blue Planet -- 2 Submarine Geomorphology -- 3 History of Submarine Geomorphology -- References -- Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology -- 2 Sidescan Sonar -- Abstract -- 1 History of Sonar -- 2 Principles of Sidescan Sonar -- 3 State of the Art -- 4 Strengths and Weaknesses -- 5 Future Developments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Multibeam Echosounders -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Review and History -- 1.2 Current Uses in Submarine Geomorphology -- 2 Physical/Technical Principles of the Method -- 2.1 Imaging Geometry -- 2.2 Range Performance -- 2.3 Range Resolution -- 2.4 Angular Resolution -- 2.5 Bottom Detection -- 2.6 Sounding Density -- 3 Integrated Sensors -- 3.1 Vessel Reference Frame -- 3.2 Orientation -- 3.3 Horizontal Positioning -- 3.4 Vertical Positioning -- 3.5 Sound Speed -- 4 State of the Art Tools -- 5 Strength and Weaknesses of the Method for Investigating Submarine Geomorphology -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods -- Abstract -- 1 History of Seismic Methods -- 2 Physical Principles -- 2.1 Basic Principles of the Seismic Reflection Method -- 2.2 Basic Principles of the Seismic Refraction Method -- 3 Survey Design and Processing -- 3.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys -- 3.1.1 Types of Marine Seismic Reflection Surveys -- 3.1.2 The Seismic Source -- 3.1.3 Receiver Arrays -- 3.1.4 Recording Parameters -- 3.1.5 Basic Processing Steps -- 3.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys -- 3.2.1 Acquisition Geometries -- 3.2.2 Receiver Types -- 3.2.3 Basic Processing Scheme -- 3.2.4 Forward and Inverse Modeling -- 4 State of the Art Tools and Methods -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Parametric Single-Beam Echo-Sounding -- 4.3 Deep-Towed Seismic Acquisition -- 4.4 High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging -- 4.5 Broadband Imaging. , 4.6 Mirror Imaging of OBS Data -- 4.7 Joint Inversion of Refraction and Reflection Data -- 4.8 3D Full-Waveform Inversion of Wide-Angle, Multi-azimuth Data -- 5 Strengths and Weaknesses -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data -- Abstract -- 1 Mapping Submarine Morphologies -- 2 Quantitative Structures, Shapes and Their Variations -- 3 Geostatistics to Geographical Information Systems -- 3.1 Basic Measurements -- 3.2 Variations with Spatial Scales -- 3.3 Finding Trends and Patterns -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Surface Sediment Sampling -- 2.1 Dredging -- 2.2 Box Corer -- 2.3 Grab Sampler -- 2.4 ROV Push Cores -- 3 Shallow Sediment Coring -- 3.1 Gravity Corer -- 3.2 Piston Corer -- 3.3 Kasten Corer -- 3.4 Vibrocorer -- 3.5 Multi-corer and Mega Corer -- 3.6 Giant Piston Corer and the CALYPSO Corer -- 4 Seafloor Drilling -- 4.1 Oil and Gas Industry Operations -- 4.2 International Ocean Discovery Program -- 4.3 Seafloor Drill Rigs -- 5 Core Handling -- References -- 7 ROVs and AUVs -- Abstract -- 1 Method Descriptions -- 1.1 Remotely Operated Vehicles -- 1.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles -- 1.3 Using Robotic Vehicles to Study Seafloor Geomorphology -- 2 Different Applications of ROVs and AUVs for Geomorphological Studies -- 2.1 High-Resolution Multibeam Bathymetry -- 2.2 True 3-Dimensional Morphology -- 2.3 Sidescan and Synthetic Aperture Sonar -- 2.4 Photomosaicking and Photogrammetry -- 2.5 Laser Line Scan -- 3 Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Submarine Landforms and Processes -- 8 Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition of Terms-Ocean Basins and Bathymetric Basins -- 1.2 Tectonic Origin of Ocean Basins. , 1.3 Multiple Origins of Bathymetric Ocean Basins -- 1.4 Aims of This Study -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Key Drivers of Basin Evolution -- 4.2 Seamount Frequency of Occurrence and Sediment Thickness -- 4.3 Geomorphology and Global Bottom Water Circulation -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Plate Tectonics-Continental Break-up and Fate of the Oceanic Lithosphere at Convergent Plate Boundaries -- 2.1 Oceanic Spreading Centres -- 2.2 Transform Faults and Fracture Zones -- 2.3 Subduction Zones -- 2.4 Volcanic Islands -- 3 Sediment Types -- 3.1 Terrigenous Sediments (Also: Lithogenous) -- 3.2 Biogenic Sediments (Also: Biogenous) -- 3.3 Authigenic Sediments (Also: Hydrogenous) -- 3.4 Volcanogenic Sediments -- 3.5 Cosmogenous Sediments -- 3.6 Plastics -- 4 Gravity-Density Currents, Slope Instability and Mass Transport Deposits -- 4.1 The Ocean as a Sediment Sink -- 4.2 Density Currents, Erosion, Transport and Deposition -- 4.3 Submarine Slope Instability and Mass-Transport Deposits -- 5 Ice-Ice Bull-Dozing Effect from Land to the Sea on Polar Continental Margins -- 5.1 Ice Streams -- 5.2 Ice Grounding at the Continental Shelf Edge -- 5.3 Ice Retreating During Deglaciations -- 6 Compaction Disequilibrium-Pore Fluids Overpressure in Marine Sedimentary Sequences -- 7 Oceanic Circulation, Waves and Tides, and Sea Level Change -- 7.1 Bottom Currents -- 7.2 Waves and Tides -- 7.3 Sea Level Change -- 8 Chemical Precipitation/Dissolution and Bioconstructions -- 8.1 Methane-Derived Carbonate Precipitation -- 8.2 Weathering at Hydrothermal Vents -- 8.3 Salt Deformation -- 8.4 Submarine Karst -- 8.5 Benthic Organisms -- 9 Human Activity -- Suggested Reading -- Section 2 -- Section 3 -- Section 4 -- Section 5 -- Section 6 -- Section 7 -- Section 8. , Section 9 -- 10 Shallow Coastal Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Depositional Shallow Coastal Landforms -- 2.1 Ripples, Dunes, Sand Waves and Antidunes -- 2.2 Sand Ribbons, Sand Patches, Sand Banks -- 3 Erosional Shallow Coastal Landforms -- 3.1 Scours Produced by Vortex Flow: Flute Marks, Gutter Marks, and Furrows -- 3.2 Other Erosional Bedforms Produced by Turbulent Flow: Channels and Rills -- 3.3 Erosional Bedforms Caused by Imprints of Objects: Bounce, Brush, Skip, Prod, Groove, Roll and Chevron Marks -- 3.4 Bedforms Produced by Objects Lying on the Seafloor: Obstacle Marks and Current Crescents -- 4 Addressing Key Issues in Shallow Coastal Landform Evolution -- 4.1 Shallow Coastal Landform Changes: Geomorphometric Measurements -- 4.2 Shallow Coastal Landforms and Sediments: A New Approach to Benthic Habitat Mapping -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Continental Shelf Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Brief History of Research on Continental Shelf Landforms -- 3 Processes -- 4 Continental Shelf Landforms -- 4.1 Consolidated Bottoms -- 4.2 Erosive Morphologies -- 4.3 Prograding Landforms -- 4.4 Bedforms -- 4.5 Gas-Related Features -- 4.6 Anthropogenic Features -- 5 Key Research Questions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Submarine Glacial Landforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Landforms Produced in Different Glacial-Process Environments -- 2.1 Subglacial Landforms -- 2.1.1 Mega-Scale Glacial Lineations and Other Streamlined Subglacial Landforms -- 2.1.2 Hill-Hole Pairs -- 2.1.3 Crevasse-Fill Ridges -- 2.1.4 Subglacial Glacifluvial Landforms -- 2.2 Ice-Marginal Landforms -- 2.2.1 Moraine Ridges -- 2.2.2 Grounding-Zone Wedges -- 2.2.3 Ice-Proximal Fans -- 2.2.4 Lateral Moraines -- 2.2.5 Trough-Mouth Fans -- 2.3 Glacimarine Landforms -- 2.3.1 Iceberg Ploughmarks. , 2.3.2 Smooth Basin Fill from Meltwater Plumes -- 2.4 Marine Landforms -- 3 Glacial Landforms on the Norwegian Margin: A Case Study -- 3.1 Landforms in Cross-Shelf Troughs -- 3.2 Landforms on Inter-Trough Banks -- 3.3 Landsystem Models for Fast- and Slow-Flowing Ice -- 4 Future Research Objectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Submarine Landslides -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphic Expression of Submarine Landslides -- 3 Investigating Submarine Landslides -- 3.1 Geomorphometric Analyses -- 3.2 Landslide Population Statistics -- 3.3 Very High Resolution Imaging and Repeat Surveying -- 3.4 3D Seismic Geomorphology of Submarine Landslides -- 4 Major Challenges and Future Directions -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Submarine Canyons and Gullies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definitions and Nomenclature -- 1.2 The Origin of Submarine Canyons -- 2 Submarine Canyon Morphology and Evolution -- 2.1 The Physiography of Submarine Canyons -- 2.2 A Brief Comparison with Fluvial Systems -- 2.3 Global Distribution of Submarine Canyons -- 2.4 Geomorphic Processes in Submarine Canyons -- 2.4.1 Sea Level and Regional Tectonic Forcing -- 2.4.2 Sedimentary and Hydrodynamic Processes -- 2.4.3 The Human Imprint -- 2.4.4 Marine Geohazards -- 3 Towards an Integrated Approach to Submarine Canyon Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Submarine Fans and Their Channels, Levees, and Lobes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Five Decades of Submarine Fan Research-Challenges and Progress -- 3 Processes -- 4 Morphology of Submarine Channels and Their Levees -- 5 Morphology of Submarine Lobes -- 6 Key Research Questions and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Contourite Drifts and Associated Bedforms -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope and Terminology -- 1.2 Brief History of Study -- 2 Contourite Drifts. , 2.1 Sheeted Drifts.