Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reductionism and the Nature of Explanations -- 2.1 THE MECHANISM OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN NEUROTRANSMISSION -- 2.2 EXPLANATORY HETERONOMY -- 2.3 LAWS AND NATURAL KINDS -- 2.4 FUNCTIONS AND FUNCTIONAL EXPLANATION -- 2.5 MULTIPLE REALIZATION AND THE NEW REDUCTIONISM -- SUMMARY -- 3 Discovery: Solving Biological Problems -- 3.1 MOLECULAR GENETICS: DEDUCED FROM EXPERIMENTS? -- 3.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS: RESOLVING ANOMALIES -- 3.3 THE UREA CYCLE: INTELLIGIBLE TO REASON -- 3.4 IS THERE A LOGIC OF GENERATION? -- SUMMARY -- 4 Scientific Inference: Testing Hypotheses -- 4.1 THE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION CONTROVERSY IN BIOCHEMISTRY -- 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL TESTS OF MITCHELL'S THEORY -- 4.3 UNDERDETERMINATION AND DUHEM'S PROBLEM -- 4.4 RECONSTITUTION AND CLOSURE -- 4.5 WHY BIOCHEMISTS ARE NOT BAYESIANS -- 4.6 ARGUING FROM ERROR -- 4.7 THE CONTROL EXPERIMENT -- SUMMARY -- 5 Experimental Systems: A Life of Their Own? -- 5.1 EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AS FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF RESEARCH -- 5.2 OX-PHOS REVISITED -- 5.3 THE ROLE OF EPISTEMIC NORMS -- 5.4 LOCAL SETTINGS VERSUS UNIVERSAL STANDARDS -- SUMMARY -- 6 Model Organisms: Of Flies and Elephants -- 6.1 THE MOLECULARIZATION OF DROSOPHILA -- 6.2 MODEL ORGANISMS AS ''SYSTEMS OF PRODUCTION" -- 6.3 THE SHORTCOMINGS OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC METAPHORS -- 6.4 PREPARATIVE EXPERIMENTATION -- 6.5 ''RIGHT CHOICES" OR CO-CONSTRUCTION? -- 6.6 WHAT CAN BE LEARNED FROM STUDYING MODEL ORGANISMS? -- SUMMARY -- 7 Reference and Conceptual Change: Out of Mendel's Garden? -- 7.1 THE GENE CONCEPT IN FLUX -- 7.2 CHANGING MODES OF REFERENCE -- 7.3 CLASSICAL AND MOLECULAR GENES IN DROSOPHILA -- 7.4 BIOLOGICAL VARIABILITY, ESSENTIALISM, AND FLOATING REFERENCE -- SUMMARY. , 8 Developmental Biology and the Genetic Program: Explaining Ontogeny -- 8.1 A CRITIQUE OF DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS THEORY -- 8.2 PATTERN FORMATION IN DROSOPHILA -- 8.3 THE CONCEPT OF INFORMATION IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY -- 8.4 IS DNA A MASTER MOLECULE? -- SUMMARY -- 9 Scientific Realism: In Search of the Truth -- 9.1 REALISM ABOUT WHAT? -- 9.2 THE ''MIRACLE ARGUMENT" -- 9.3 THE EXPERIMENTALIST ARGUMENT -- 9.4 THE ARGUMENT FROM INDEPENDENT DETERMINATIONS -- 9.5 EXPERIMENTAL ARTIFACTS: LESSONS FROM THE MESOSOME -- SUMMARY -- Notes -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Electron paramagnetic resonance -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Biological Free Radicals -- 1 Introduction and Scope of Review -- 2 Metal Ions -- 2.1 Iron -- 2.2 Copper -- 2.3 Cobalt -- 2.4 Chromium -- 2.5 Other Metal Ions -- 3 Superoxide and Superoxide Dismutases -- 4 Peroxides -- 5 Ethanol -- 6 Halogenated Compounds -- 7 Thiols -- 8 Phenols and Quinones -- 9 Nitro and Nitroso Compounds -- 10 Amines and Related Species -- 11 Environmental and Atmospheric Pollutants -- 12 Oxidants Generated by Activated White Cells -- 13 Protein-derived Radicals -- 14 Nitric Oxide -- 15 Peroxynitrite -- 16 Photobiology -- 17 Ascorbyl Radical -- 17.1 Biochemical and In vivo Studies -- 17.2 Ex vivo, In vivo and Clinical Studies -- 18 Use of Nitrones as Inhibitors of Radical-mediated Biological Damage -- 18.1 Teratogenesis -- 18.2 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 18.3 Xenobiotics -- 19 Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury -- 19.1 Brain -- 19.2 Heart -- 19.3 Kidney -- 19.4 Liver -- 20 Assessment of Antioxidant Activity by Spin Trapping -- 21 Recent Developments in Spin Trapping Technology -- References -- Chapter 2 Recent EPR Studies on the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Centre -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Primary Electron Donor, P -- 2.1 The Electronic Structure of P+, Part I: Hyperfine Couplings -- 2.2 The Electronic Structure of P+, Part II: g-Tensor -- 2.3 The Primary Electron Donor Triplet State -- 3 The Intermediate Electron Acceptor, ΦA -- 4 Quinone Acceptors -- 5 Radical Pairs -- 5.1 The Primary Radical Pair, P+ΦA -- 5.2 The Secondary Radical Pair, P+QA- -- 5.2.1 Radical Pair EPR Spectra -- 5.2.2 Coherence Phenomena -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 FT-EPR and Pulsed ENDOR Studies of Encapsulated Atoms and Ions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Noble Gases inside Fullerenes -- 3 Endohedral Metallofullerenes (MF) -- 3.1 Mono-Metallofullerenes. , 3.2 Di- and Multi-Metallofullerenes -- 4 Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Fullerenes -- 5 Clusters in Fullerenes -- 6 Hydrogen in Silasesquioxane Cages -- 7 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 EPR Imaging -- 1 Introduction -- 2 EPR Imaging Technique Development -- 2.1 PEDRI and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) -- 2.2 Longitudinal Detection -- 2.3 Pulsed EPR Imaging -- 2.4 Force Microscopy -- 2.5 Gradients -- 2.6 Instrumentation for CW Imaging -- 2.7 Spin Probes -- 2.8 Image Reconstruction -- 2.9 Multi-component Spectra -- 2.10 Frequency Dependence of EPR Sensitivity -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 Diffusion -- 3.2 In vivo -- 3.3 Radiation-induced Radicals -- 3.4 Materials Science -- 3.5 Geology -- 4 Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 5 Pulsed and Time-Resolved EPR Studies of Transient Radicals, Radical Pairs and Excited States in Photochemical Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radicals -- 2.1 The Mechanism of the Exchange Reaction in Short-lived Radical Pairs -- 2.2 Spin Polarization Mechanisms -- 2.2.1 The Spin-Orbit Coupling Mechanism or the Reversed Triplet Mechanism -- 2.2.2 The Radical Triplet Pair Mechanism -- 2.2.3 Electron Spin Polarization Transfer -- 2.2.4 The Radical Pair Mechanism -- 2.2.5 Anomalous Polarization -- 2.3 Dynamics and Reaction Mechanisms -- 3 Radical Pairs -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Time-Resolved EPR -- 3.3 Reaction Yield Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.1 Fluorescence Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.2 Transient Absorption Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.3.3 Photoconductivity Detected Magnetic Resonance -- 3.4 Radical Pairs in Electron Transfer Systems Involving Diad and Triad Structures -- 4 Excited States -- 4.1 Excited Triplet States -- 4.1.1 Triplets in Solution -- 4.1.2 Triplets in Novel Environments -- 4.1.3 New Experimental Methods -- 4.1.4 Triplets in the Solid State. , 4.2 Excited Multiplet States -- 4.2.1 History and Theory -- 4.2.2 The Two Dimensional Nutation Technique -- 4.2.3 Recent Progress -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6 Progress in High Field EPR -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Techniques -- 2.1 High Field Spectrometers -- 2.2 Very High Field EPR -- 2.3 Sensitivity -- 2.4 Quasi-Optics -- 2.5 Magnet Systems -- 2.6 Sources -- 2.7 Detection Systems -- 2.8 Resonator Systems -- 2.8.1 Single-Mode Resonators -- 2.8.2 Fabry-Perot Systems -- 2.8.3 Non-Resonant Bucket Systems -- 2.8.4 Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators -- 2.9 Calibration of g-Factor -- 3 Applications -- 3.1 g-Factor Resolution -- 3.1.1 Radicals in Biological Systems -- 3.1.2 ESEEM and ENDOR -- 3.1.3 Dynamics and Spin Labels -- 3.1.4 Defect and Impurity Centres -- 3.2 Multi-electron Spin Systems -- 3.2.1 Radical Pairs -- 3.2.2 High-spin Metal Complexes -- 3.2.3 Dinuclear Complexes and Clusters -- 3.2.4 High-spin Transition Metal Ions in Biology -- 3.3 Correlated Electron and Other Related Systems -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 EPR Spin-Labelling and Spin-Probe Studies of Self-assembled Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ionic Surfactants -- 2.1 Direct Micelles -- 2.1.1 Perfluorinated Surfactants -- 2.2 Reverse Micelles -- 3 Non-ionic Surfactants -- 3.1 Direct Micelles -- 3.2 Reverse Micelles -- 4 Electron Spin Echo Modulation (ESEM) Studies -- 5 Liquid Crystalline Phases -- 6 Self-Assembling Polymers -- 7 Surfactant-Polymer Interactions -- 8 Other EPR Techniques -- References -- Chapter 8 EPR and ENDOR of Metalloproteins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Copper -- 2.1 'Blue' Copper Sites -- 2.2 Type 2 Copper Sites -- 2.3 Binuclear Sites and Multi-centred Copper Proteins -- 3 Iron -- 3.1 Non-Heme Iron Proteins -- 3.2 Heme Iron Proteins -- 3.3 Iron-Sulfur Proteins -- 4 Nickel -- 5 Molybdenum and Tungsten -- 6 Vanadium. , 7 Manganese -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Author Index.