Note: Intro -- Preface -- Molecular Absorption Spectrometry of Fluorine and Chlorine in a Graphite Furnace: A Theoretical Consideration of Thermochemical Processes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Determination of Fluorine and Chlorine -- Theoretical Aspects of the Spectrometry of Diatomic Molecules -- Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Determination of Fluorine, Chlorine and Iodine -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- Simulation of Thermochemical Processes in an Electrothermal Atomizer -- Development of the Procedure for Thermodynamic Simulation Using the Example of SrF -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Thermodynamic Simulation of the Pyrolysis Stage -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Thermodynamic Simulation of the Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Theoretical Study of the Formation Mechanism of Molecules CaF for Fluoride Determination Using Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Spectrometry -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation Molecules -- "Thin" layer Contacting or not Contacting with the Carbon Atomizer -- "Thin" Layer not Contacting with the Carbon Atomizer -- Procedure of Thermodynamic Simulation for Molecular Absorption Analysis in the Graphite Furnace -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- First Stage - Vaporization. , Second Stage - The Arrival of Gaseous Components of the Sample into the Analytical Zone of a thoroughly Warmed Graphite Furnace (Formation of Molecules) -- Electrothermal Determination of Chlorine by Molecular Absorption of InCl and SrCl -- Experimental Determination of Chlorine by Molecular Absorption of InCl -- Use of Various Chemical Modifiers -- Introduction of Chlorine as NH4Cl -- Comparison of Calibration Curves and Analysis of Natural Water Standards -- Thermodynamic Simulation of Thermochemical Processes of InCl Molecules Formation in the Absence of Chemical Modifiers with the Introduction of Chlorine as NaCl -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- General Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Reviewing the Microstructural Characteristics of Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregates -- Abstract -- Scope and Structure of the Chapter -- Introduction -- Research Significance -- Recycled Concrete Aggregate -- Collection and Sorting -- Crushing and Sizing -- Screening -- Quality Control -- Properties of RCA: Physical Properties -- Particle Size Distribution -- Density -- Water Absorption -- Specific Gravity -- Properties of RCA: Chemical Properties -- Composition of Cementitious Materials -- Chloride Content -- Alkali-Silica Reactivity -- Leaching Behavior -- Challenges and Limitations of RCA Usage -- Contamination and Variability -- Quality and Durability Issues -- Lack of Standardization and Specifications -- Engineering Properties and Performance -- Cost and Availability -- Regulatory and Environmental Considerations -- Benefits of Using RCA in Concrete Mixtures -- Microstructure of Concrete -- Introduction -- Phases in Concrete -- Cement Paste -- Aggregate Particles -- Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) -- Microstructural Features -- Porosity -- Permeability. , Connectivity -- Strength and Durability -- Microstructure of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) Based Concrete -- Influence of RCA on Concrete Microstructure -- Effects of RCA Content on Microstructure -- Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) in RCA-Based Concrete -- Porosity and Permeability of RCA-Based Concrete -- Strength and Durability Aspects -- Experimental Techniques for Microstructure Analysis -- Methods for Microstructure Analysis -- Optical Microscopy -- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) -- Microstructure Analysis of RCA-Based Concrete -- Influence of Microstructure on Performance of RCA-Based Concrete -- Mechanical Properties of RCA-Based Concrete -- Durability Aspects of RCA-Based Concrete -- Permeability -- Porosity -- Chemical Attack -- Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) -- Carbonation -- Sustainability and Environmental Considerations -- Future Directions and Challenges -- Emerging Research Areas -- Limitations and Challenges in Microstructure Analysis -- Opportunities for Further Improvement -- Conclusion -- Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- The Interference of Directed Communications, Bond Components and Donor-Acceptor Complexes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discrete and Local Probability Propagations in Molecular Bond Systems -- 3. Cascades and Interferences of Directed Propagations -- 4. Bond Components from Local Propagations -- 5. Interactions between Hard and Soft Reactants in Donor-Acceptor Complexes -- 6. Reaction Stages in Donor-Acceptor Systems -- 7. Resultant Information Descriptors and Their Continuities -- 9. Property Channels Revisited -- 10. Virial Components in Energy Channel -- Conclusion -- References. , A Critical Review on the Extraction, Analysis and Pharmaceutical Applications of Beetroot Pigments -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cultivation of Beetroots -- Chemical Constituents of Beetroot -- Chemistry of Beetroot Pigments -- Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Beetroot Pigments -- Pharmacology of Beetroots and Beetroot Pigments -- Extraction and Purification of Beetroot Pigments -- Detection and Quantification of Beetroot Pigments by Modern Analytical Methods -- UV Visible Spectrometry -- Fluorimetry -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) -- Recent Technologies -- Formulation Aspect -- Spray Dried Beetroot Powder -- Nanoparticles and Nanoplates -- Microencapsulation -- Liposomes -- Nutraceutical Aspects -- Cosmetology Aspects -- Regulatory Status -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- The Adsorption of DNA Using a Mixed Monolayer Template Containing a Comb Copolymer with a Diamino-S-Triazine Ring -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Copolymerization [41] -- Fluorinated Compound That Contributes to Phase Separation, and Copolymer Adsorbent Material -- Preparation of Organized Molecular Films -- Characterization of Organized Molecular Films on Solid Substrates -- Results and Discussion -- DNA Adsorption on a Comb Polymer Monolayer with a Diamino-s-Triazine Ring and Its Spectroscopic Behavior [24] -- Phase Separation in Mixed Monolayers of VDAT:OA Copolymers and Fluorinated Triazine Derivative -- DNA Adsorption to Phase-Separated Mixed Monolayer of VDAT:OA Copolymer and Fluorinated Triazine Derivative and Maintenance of Second-Order Structure -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Tocopherol Potential of Vegetable Oils. , Abstract -- Introduction -- Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Vegetable Oils -- Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Deodorizer Distillate -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Diaryliodonium Salts: An Emerging Reagent for Metal-Free Arylation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diaryliodonium Salts -- 2.1. Structure, and Reactivity -- 2.2. Symmetrical vs Auxiliary Based Diaryliodonium salts: Chemoselective Arylation -- 2.3. Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Salts -- 3. Application of Diaryliodonium Salts -- 3.1. N-Arylation of Nitrogen Nucleophiles: Amines, Amides, and Other Nitrogenous Heterocycles -- 3.2. O-Arylation: Alcohols, Phenols, and Carboxylic Acids -- 3.3. Arylation of Other Heteroatom Nucleophiles -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Expert Commentary -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticle as an Environmental Remediating Agent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Crystal Structure of MnO2 -- Expression of Photocatalytic Activity by MnO2 -- Effect of pH on Organic Pollutant Removal Efficiency -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Nanostructures -- Benefits of MnO2 Nanocomposite over MnO2 Nanostructure -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Composite -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Applications of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds in Peptide Synthesis -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt as Coupling Reagent for Peptide Synthesis -- 2.1. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents and Their Chemical Structures -- 2.2. Preparation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.1. Preparation of Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Phosphonium Coupling Reagents -- 2.3 Mechanism of Coupling Reaction Directed by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 2.4. Reactivities of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Benzotriazole Moiety -- 2.4.1.1. 6-Cl-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.2. CF3/NO2-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.3. 7-Aza-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.4. HODhbt (HOOBt) Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.2. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Bis(disubstituted amino)methylium or Tris(disubstituted amino)phosphonium Skeleton -- 3. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as Coupling Additive for Peptide Synthesis -- 4. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as pH Modifier for Peptide Synthesis -- 4.1. DKP Formation -- 4.2. Aspartimide Formation. , 4.3. C-terminal Cysteine Racemization and β-elimination in SPPS -- 5. Stability and Side Reactions of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.1. Degradation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2. Side Reactions Induced by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2.1. Guanidine Formation from the Function between Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents and Amino Group -- 5.2.2. Pyrrolidide Formation in PyBOP-Mediated Reaction -- 5.2.3. HODhbt-Induced Peptide Nα-Azidobenzoylation and 2-Amino-5-Hydroxybenzoylation -- 5.2.4. Endo/Des-XaaC-terminal Impurity Formation -- 5.2.5. Counterion Adulteration by Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 5.2.6. Hazards of the Benzotriazol-1-oxyl Coupling Reagents/Additives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 -- A Mixture of Persulfate and Activated Charcoal is an Effective Reagent for the Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Hydrazides in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. General Experimental Information and Materials -- 2.1.1. Activation of Charcoal -- 2.1.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Aryl Hydrazine -- 2.1.3. 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3a) -- 2.1.4. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3b) -- 2.1.5. N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3c) -- 2.1.6. N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3d) -- 2.1.7. N-(2-Bromophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3e) -- 2.1.8. N-(Phenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonohydrazide (3f) -- 2.1.9. N-(4-((2-Phenylhydrazineyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide (3g) -- 2.1.10. 4-Chloro-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3h) -- 2.1.11. 4-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3i) -- 2.1.12. 2-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3j) -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch. , Chapter 4 -- A Review on Recent Advancement in Synthetic Techniques and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. Structure of MOF -- 3.1. Metal Nodes -- 3.2. Organic Linkers -- 3.3. Porous Structure -- 3.4. Crystalline Order -- 3.5. Harmonious Properties -- 3.6. Dimensionality -- 3.7. Topology and Framework Geometry -- 3.8. Defects and Disorder -- 4. Synthesis Methodology of MOF -- 4.1. Solvothermal or Hydrothermal Method -- 4.2. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis -- 4.3. Ultrasound-assisted Method -- 4.4. Mechano-chemical Synthesis -- 4.5. Iono-Thermal Process -- 4.6. Sono-Chemical Synthesis -- 4.7. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 4.8. Microemulsion Method -- 4.9. Diffusion Methods -- 5. Applications of Metal-Organic Framework -- 5.1. Applications in Food Matrices -- 5.2. Applications in Adsorption -- 5.3. Applications of MOFs in Catalysis -- 5.4. Applications in Drug Delivery -- 5.5. Applications of MOFs in Biosensing -- Conclusion -- Declarations -- Funding -- Conflict of Interest -- Informed Consent Statement -- Availability of Data and Materials -- Authors Contributions -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Schiff Base Complexes with Chloro Groups as Antivirus Drug Candidates Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JaGAr strain) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Japanese Encephalitis the Deadly Virus -- Properties of Artificial Metalloproteins and Advantages of Computational Chemistry -- Types and Appropriateness of Calculation Software -- Protein Structure Preparation -- Ligand Structure Preparation -- Docking Simulation -- Protein Preparation Using AlphaFold 2 -- Preparation of the Ligand to be Used -- Docking Simulation Settings -- Drug Likeness -- ADMET -- Ligand Statur -- Gold Results -- Drug-Likeness -- ADMET Property Analysis. , Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Pyridine and Quinoline Bases from Coking Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pyridine Bases of Coal Coking Products -- Processing of Light Pyridine Bases -- Separation of Pyridine Bases from Coke Oven Gas -- Processing of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Further Processing of Fractions Obtained During Rectification of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Processing of β-Picoline Fraction -- Processing of the 2,4-Lutidine Fraction -- Processing of Heavy Pyridine Bases -- Pyridine Extraction of Coal Tar Fractions -- Processing of Quinoline Bases -- Purification of Crude Quinoline Bases. Traditional Methods -- Methods Under Development -- Development of Methods for Obtaining Pyridine Bases from Coke-Chemical Raw Materials -- Pyridine Bases of Coke-Chemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Valorisation of Glycerol by Acetalization Reactions Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Ketones -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Aldeheydes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Glycerol Selective Oxidation into Value-Added Products. The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience: -- Professional Appointments: -- Honors: -- Publications from the Last 3 Years: -- Chapter 9 -- Glycerin Mediated Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]Acridin-8(9H)-Ones Under Solvent and Transition Metal Free Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- General Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[C]Acridin-8(9H)-One Derivatives: General Procedure -- Physical and Spectra Data -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience -- Professional Appointments -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Methanol as Solvent for Preconcentration of Contaminants and Electrochemical Treatment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methanol in Electrochemistry -- Treatment of Contaminants in Methanol Medium: A New Approach -- Preconcentration of Contaminants with Methanol -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Particle Size Distribution in Metals -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Work -- Results -- Discussion -- Algorithm for Quantifying the Particle Size Distribution of Non-Metallic Inclusions Formation in Steel Production -- Phenomenological Basis of the Algorithm -- The Mathematical Basis of the Algorithm -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Systematic Preparation and Computation of Hybrid Materials Composed of Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes and Lysozyme -- Abstract -- Introduction -- L-Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes as Ligands -- Crystallization of Complex-Containing Lysozyme -- DFT Computation for Metal Complexes -- Ligand-Protein Docking Computation for Metal Complexes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: Applications in the Textile Chemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental and Discussion -- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study of Xanthan Gum and Chitosan Interaction -- Series I. (Experiments No. 1-No. 3) -- Experiment No. 1. Titration of a Chitosan Solution with a Xanthan Gum Solution (Main Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 2. Titration of a chitosan solution with a xanthan gum solution (main experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 3. Addition of a Xanthan Gum Solution to Water (Dilution Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram. , Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 2 and No. 3 -- Series II (experiments No. 4-No. 6) -- Experiment No. 4. Titration of a Xanthan Gum Solution with a Chitosan Solution (Main Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 5. Addition of a Chitosan Solution to Water (Dilution Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 4 and No. 5 -- Experiment No. 6. Titration of xanthan gum solution with chitosan solution (main experiment). -- Description of the Thermogram -- Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 5 and No. 6 -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Transition Probability Approximated (TPA) Methods for the Computation of Molecular Properties at the Ground and Excited States -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A Succinct Description of Theoretical Advancement in the Field of Quantum Computation -- Hartree-Fock Method -- CI Method -- Perturbative Methods -- Coupled Cluster Methods -- Meaning of Electron Correlation -- The Quest for the Origin of Electron Correlation -- Probabilistic Approach -- Electronic Pressure Approach -- Tunneling Effect Approach -- Classical Approach -- Types of Electron Correlation -- Density-Based Approach in Computational Chemistry -- Computational Aspects of Theoretical Chemistry -- Transition Probability Approximated (TPA) Methods -- Energy Computation of a Few Test Molecules Using TPA-CI Methodology -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Coupled-Cluster Methods for Modeling Multireference Chemistry: Recent Developments -- Abstract -- Chapter 7 -- The Role of Competing Reactions in Kinetics of Nonbranched-Chain Addition Processes of Free Radicals to Alkenes and Their Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Addition to the С=С Bond of Alkenes and Their Derivatives. , 2.1. Comparable Component Concentrations -- 2.2. Excess of the Saturated Component -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Recent Advances and New Strategies in the Medicinal Perspective of Quinolone Derivatives as Potent Antiinfective Agents -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthetic Methods to Prepare Quinolone -- 1. C-H Amidation Method -- 2. Carbonylative Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction -- 3. Oxidative Coupling of Alcohol and Methyl Arene -- 4. Intramolecular Mannich Reaction -- Quinolone as Antiinfective Agents -- Structure Activity Relationship -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 9 -- Quinolones: Promising Moieties against P. falciparum -- Abstract -- Graphical Abstract -- Introduction -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid: A Privilege Pharmacophore Scaffold as a New Class of Anti-HIV Drugs to Control Widespread HIV Diseases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Chemistry of 4-Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid -- Lappin Cyclization -- Grohe-Heitzer Cycloacylation -- Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Heterocyclization -- Reaction of the Appropriate Ethyl β-Oxoesters with Isatoic Anhydride -- Ring Expansion of3-Chloroindoles with α-Halodiazoacetates -- Microwave-Assisted Reactions -- 4-Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid as HIV-1 Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- VOLUME 11 -- JAMES C. TAYLOR -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- THE POTENTIAL BINDING POTENCY OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES -- NITROGEN DIOXIDE FOR WASTELESS SUSTAINABLE SYNTHESES -- ACTIVATED CARBONS: PREPARATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS -- EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES OF THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF FIVE NEW 2-METHYLBENZIMIDAZOLE DERIVATIVES -- TREATMENT OF OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS AND SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS BY DYNAMIC FILTRATION -- ALTERNATIVES TO THE USE OF SULFUR DIOXIDE IN ENOLOGY -- ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF PHTHALIMIDE TO ISOINDOLINE -- THE USE OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS FOR ASSESSING PERSONAL EXPOSURE AND AIR CONCENTRATIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES, HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND CARBONYL COMPOUNDS IN INDOOR, OUTDOOR AND WORKPLACE ENVIRONMENTS -- ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY AND DOCKING STUDIES OF BENZIMIDAZOLE-PYRIMIDINE CONJUGATES -- NOVEL INVESTIGATION OF 1,5-DIAMINO-4-METHYLTETRAZOLIUM PERCHLORATE [C2H7N6] + [CLO4]- :A PROSPECTIVE CHALLENGE TO NITROGEN-RICHIONIC SALTS AND HEALTH RISK -- PROTECTION OF BRONZE BY NEW NON-TOXIC CORROSION INHIBITORS FROM THE INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIAL ACID RAIN -- NITROUS OXIDE CLATHRATE HYDRATES -- A GENERAL SOLID-STATE APPROACH TO METALLIC, METAL OXIDES AND PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES -- TREATMENT OF NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX) BY IMMOBILIZED NITRIFYING AND DENITRIFYING MICROORGANISM IN TRICKING BIOFILTER -- ACID RAIN: IMPLICATIONS IN PLANTS' GROWTH, BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY -- RECENT PROGRESS IN HIGH ACCURACY CALCULATIONS OF BASICITY OF ORGANIC SUPERBASES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CRITICAL ASPECTS IN MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS DESIGN -- FURAN: SYNTHESIS, FUNCTIONS AND CONTROL -- PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BAMBOO FIBRE AND JAMS ADDED WITH BAMBOO FIBRE -- DIHYDROFURANS: SYNTHESIS AND REACTIVITY OF 2-AMINO-4,5-DIHYDRO-3-FURANCARBONITRILES -- MICROWAVE ASSISTED FURAN CYCLOADDITIONS: QUANTUM-CHEMICAL REACTIVITY ASSESSMENT -- SYNTHESIS AND MAST CELL STABILIZER ACTIVITY OF 3-(BENZYLOXYMETHYL) FURAN-5H-2-ONE -- INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FURANS AND DRUG METABOLIC ENZYMES -- GENOME-SHUFFLING IMPROVES ACID TOLERANCE OF PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACIDIPROPIONICI AND PROPIONIC ACID PRODUCTION -- ALKENYLATION OF FURANS VIA DEHYDROGENATIVE HECK REACTION -- ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION IN GAS CONDENSATE SYSTEM.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 14 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ADVANCES IN OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION OF OXALIC ACID IN AQUEOUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. ORIGINS, SOURCES AND OCCURRENCE -- 3. REACTIVITY AND TOXICITY -- 3.1. Thermal Decomposition of Oxalic Acid -- 3.2. Chemical Reactivity -- 4. DECOMPOSITION METHODS -- 4.1. Physical Methods -- 4.2. Chemical Methods -- 4.3. Biochemical and Enzymatic Methods -- 5. CONVENTIONAL OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION TECHNIQUES -- 5.1. Fenton Oxidative Techniques -- 5.2. Photochemical Techniques -- 5.3. Photocatalytic Oxidation Techniques (UV/Tio2) -- 5.4. Ozonation -- 5.4.1. Molecular Ozone Attack -- 5.4.2. Radical Attack -- 5.5. Correlation between pH on OH* Radical -- 6. ADVANCED OXIDATIVE TECHNIQUES -- 6.1. Ozonation under UV Exposure -- 6.2. Ozonation under UV Exposure in the Presence of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 6.3. Catalytic Ozonation -- 7. CATALYSTS FOR OZONATION -- 7.1. Dissolved Metal Cation Catalysts -- 7.2. Heterogeneous Catalysts -- 7.3. TiO2 Catalysts and Derivatives -- 7.4. Carbon-Based Catalysts -- 7.5. Aluminosilicate-Based Catalysts -- 8. OZONATION OVER CLAY-BASED CATALYST -- 8.1. Effect of the Solid Surface -- 8.2. Role of Ph on the Clay Behavior and Reagent-Surface Interactions -- 8.2.1. Ozonation at Low pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.2. Ozonation at Elevated pH on Clay-Based Catalysts -- 8.2.3. Adsorption and OH* Radical Contributions -- 8.3. Role of the Exchangeable Cation -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- 3. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 4. EMISSION INTO THE ENVIRONMENT -- 5. EXPOSURE OF HUMANS -- 6. INTAKE WITH FOOD -- 7. INTAKE WITH TOBACCO SMOKE -- 8. OTHER ACRYLAMIDE SOURCE -- 9. TOXICOLOGY -- 10. CHRONIC TOXICICITY IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS. , 10.1. Carcinogenicity -- 10.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11. CHRONIC TOXICITY IN HUMANS -- 11.1. Carcinogenicity -- 11.2. Neurotoxicity -- 11.3. Relationship between Internal Exposure and Neurotoxic Effects -- 12. ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, KINETICS AND METABOLISM -- 12.1. Absorption and Distribution -- 12.2. Metabolism -- 13. HB ADDUCTS -- 14. DNA ADDUCTS -- 15. GST POLYMORPHISMS -- 16. HUMAN BIOMONITORING -- 17. ANALYTICS -- 18. ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS -- 18.1 Reaction Product from Acrylamide Observed in Humans -- 18.2. Acrylamide Formation during Cooking: Identification and Quantification -- 18.3. Chemical Mechanisms for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.4. Acrolein Formation from lipids -- 18.5. Acrolein Formation from Amino Acids, Proteins and Carbohydrates -- 18.6. Formation of Acrylamide through Amino Acid Reactions not Involving Acrolein -- 18.7. The Maillard Reaction as the Route for Acrylamide Formation -- 18.8. Review of Factors Influencing the Maillard Reaction -- 19. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ACRYLAMIDE -- 20. PRODUCTION AND USE -- 21. MODIFIED ACRYLAMIDE BASED ON HYDROGELS -- REFERENCES -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN FOODS: HEALTH IMPLICATIONS AND MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT IS ACRYLAMIDE? -- Main Chemical and Physical Properties of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Reactions with other Molecules -- ACRYLAMIDE FORMATION IN HEAT PROCESSED FOODS -- Which Are the Major Acrylamide Precursors and Pathways? -- Which are the Foods which Commonly Contain Acrylamide? -- Exposure Estimation of Acrylamide -- ACRYLAMIDE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS -- Dietary Acrylamide and Cancer -- Mechanism of Acrylamide Carcinogenicity -- Toxicokinetics of Acrylamide -- Metabolism of Acrylamide -- Acrylamide Biomarkers-New Insights in Exposure and Mode of Action -- ACRYLAMIDE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES - A PREVENTION APPROACH -- Changes in Process Parameters. , Reduction of Precursor's Levels in Raw Materials -- Acrylamide Mitigation by Using Several Technologies Combined -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- ONE OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CATALYSIS: THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 3. ORIGIN AND MECHANISM -- 3.1. The Effective Double Layer -- 3.2. Work Function -- 3.3. Types of Electrochemical Promotion Behaviour -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL FEATURES -- 4.1. Solid Electrolytes -- 4.2. Catalyst-Electrodes -- 4.3. Set-up -- 5. SOME RECENT APPLICATIONS OF THE PHENOMENON OF ELECTROCHEMICAL PROMOTION -- 5.1. N2O Reduction -- 5.2. CH4 Combustion -- 5.3. Water Gas Shift (WGS) Reaction -- 6. BRIEF OVERVIEW ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLES FOR OXALATE METABOLISM IN WOOD-ROTTING BASIDIOMYCETES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OXALATE-PRODUCING ENZYMES IN THE BROWN-ROT FUNGUS FOMITOPSIS PALUSTRIS -- 2.1. Cytochrome C-Dependent Glyoxylate Dehydrogenase (FpGLOXDH) -- 2.2. Oxaloacetate Acetylhydrolase (FpOAH) -- 3. BICYCLE MECHANISMS FOR OXALATE BIOSYNTHESIS IN WOOD-ROTTING FUNGI -- 4. ROLES FOR OXALATE TRANSPORTER IN CARBON METABOLISM OF F. PALUSTRIS -- 5. ROLES OF OXALATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE PHYSIOLOGY OF OXALATE-DEGRADING AND NONDEGRADING BASIDIOMYCETES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- USE OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN SLAUGHTERING, PROCESSING AND PACKAGING OF MUSCLE FOODS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CO EXPOSURE TO HUMANS -- USE OF CO FOR SEDATION AND KILLING OF ANIMALS -- Terrestrial Animals -- Fish -- ANALYSIS OF CO -- Air -- Water -- Human Blood -- Meat and Fish Tissue -- PRETREATMENT -- Filtered Smoke -- Direct Use of Carbon Monoxide -- CO FOR PACKAGING -- REACTIONS OF CO WITH HEME PROTEINS. , METABOLISM AND CO -- Temperature - Cooking -- LEGAL ASPECTS -- USFDA - Filtered Smoke 2000 -- USFDA - 2002 -- USFDA 2004 -- CONSUMER ASPECTS -- Consumption of CO Treated Muscle Foods -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- THE ROLE OF OXALIC ACID IN NANOTECHNOLOGY: FUNDAMENTALS AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DEVELOPMENT OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES (MONS) -- 2.1. Oxalic Acid as an Additive in Preparation of MONs -- 2.2. Tuning the Properties of MONs by Oxalic Acid -- 3. DEGRADATION OF OXALIC ACID BY NANOCATALYSTS -- 4. OXALIC ACID IN FABRICATION OF SELF ARRANGED NANOTEMPLATES -- 4.1. Importance of Porous Alumina in Nanotechnology -- 4.2. Growth Mechanism of Porous Alumina -- 4.3. Peculiarities of Porous Alumina Prepared with Oxalic Acid -- 5. DISSOLUTION OF METAL OXIDE NANOSTRUCTURES -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- NOVEL SELF-OSCILLATING POLYMER CHAINS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- 2.1. Polymerization -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) -- 2.1.2. Synthesis of Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) with BrO3- as the Counter Ion -- 2.1.3. Synthesis of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 2.2. Measurement -- 2.2.1. Measurement of Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST) -- 2.2.2. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS) Solution under Acid-free Condition -- 2.2.3. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-MAPTAC) Solution under Oxidant-free Condition -- 2.2.4. Measurement of Self-oscillations for Poly(NIPAAm-co-Ru(bpy)3-co-AMPS-co-MAPTAC) Solution under the Biological Condition -- 2.2.5. Measurement of Optical Oscillations of the Poly(VP-co-Ru(bpy)3) -- 3.1. Results and Discussion -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- OXALIC ACID AS A SACRIFICIAL AGENT IN THE PHOTOREDUCTION OF WATER CONTAMINANTS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL. , 2.1. Experimental Set-Up -- 2.2. Experimental Procedures -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. The Oxalic Acid as Sacrificial Agent -- 3.2. Effect of Catalyst Reuse or Preconditioning -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH VALUABLE ASTAXANTHIN PRODUCT FROM SHRIMP WASTE WITH SUPERCRITICAL FLUID TECHNOLOGIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. EXTRACTION OF ASTAXANTHIN FROM SHRIMP CRUSTACEAN BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Experimental -- 1.2.1. Raw Materials -- 1.2.2. Sample Preparation -- 1.2.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- 1.2.4. Analytical Method -- 1.3. Results and Discussions -- 1.3.1. HPLC Analysis -- 1.3.2. Conventional Solvent Extraction -- 1.3.3. Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Conclusion -- References -- 2. ENCAPSULATION OF ASTAXANTHIN NANOPARTICLE BY THE RAPID EXPANSION OF SUPERCRITICAL SOLUTIONS (RESS) -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1. Materials -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Astaxanthin Particle by RESS Technique -- 2.2.3. Conventional Re-Crystallization Astaxanthin -- 2.2.4. Particle Characterization -- 2.2.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 2.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1. Conventional Crystallization -- 2.3.2. RESS Crystallization -- 2.4. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- 1. LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID -- METABOLISM -- 2. LPA RECEPTORS -- 3. BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF LPA -- Nervous System -- Vascular System -- Immune System -- Reproductive System -- Cancer -- 4. AUTOTAXIN (ATX) -- Nucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases (NPPs) -- NPP Structure -- NPP Mechanism and Specificity -- NPP Substrate Specificity -- Initial Discovery of ATX and Its Role in LPA Production -- Physiological and Pathological Roles of ATX -- Structure of Autotaxin -- Inhibition of Autotaxin -- 5. INTERDICTING THE LPA PATHWAY -- LPA Receptor Antagonists -- Thio-ccPA 18:1. , Reported Inhibitors of Autotaxin.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Uranium Dioxide Powder Synthesis, Pressing and Sintering: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1: Powder Characterization -- 1.1. Sieve Analysis -- 1.2. BET Specific Surface Area -- 1.3. Average Particle Size -- 1.4. A Product and a Ratio -- 1.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 1.6. Dilatometry -- 1.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy -- Section 2: Powder Synthesis -- 2.1. Powder Flowability, Formability and Sinterability -- 2.2. Crystallization and Precipitation -- 2.3. Types of Precipitates -- 2.4. Precipitation of Ammonium Diuranate (ADU) -- 2.5. Decomposition of ADU and Calcination -- 2.6. Soft and Hard Powders -- Section 3: Powder Conditioning -- 3.1. Stabilization of UO2 Powder -- 3.2. Parameters for Flow Properties of Bulk Solids -- 3.3. Powder Milling -- 3.4. Granulation -- 3.5. Binders and Lubricants -- Section 4. Pressing -- 4.1. UO2 Powder to Pellet -- 4.2. The Significance of Green Density in Sintering -- 4.3. Porosity in the Green Compact -- 4.4. Density Gradients in a Green Pellet -- 4.5. Estimating Die Bore Diameter -- Section 5: Sintering -- 5.1. Driving Force for Sintering -- 5.2. Effect of Calcination/Reduction Temperature of Powder on Sintering -- 5.3. Green Density, Temperature, and Sintered Density -- 5.4. Porosity Effects -- 5.5. Pore Shape, Size, and Stability -- 5.6. Densification and Coarsening -- 5.7. Furnace Gas Flow Effects -- Section 6. Grain Growth and Pore Stability in Sintering -- 6.1. Driving Force for Grain Growth -- 6.2. Pore Growth Caused by Grain Growth -- 6.3. Pore Stability versus Dihedral Angle and Grain Coordination Number -- 6.4. Grain Growth in Uranium Dioxide -- Section 7: Non-Stoichiometry and Point Defect Chemistry -- 7.1. Non-Stoichiometry in UO2 -- 7.2. Mass Transport in Sintering -- 7.3. Kroger-Vink Notation for Point Defects (Kofstad, 1972). , 7.4. Effect of Atmosphere on UO2 Defect Structure -- 7.5. Effect of Additive/Impurity on UO2 Defect Structure -- 7.6. Defect Clustering in UO2 -- Section 8: Defects in Pellets - Agglomerate Effects -- 8.1. Grain, Particle, Granule and Agglomerate -- 8.2. Effect of Agglomerates on Sintered Density -- 8.3. Effects of Physical Inhomogeneity in Green Bodies -- 8.4. Pores Caused by Agglomerates and Agglomerated Additives -- 8.5. Caking as a Source of Agglomerates in Powder -- 8.6. Classification of Defects Based on Size -- Section 9: Defects in UO2 Pellets - Capping, Cracking, and Unground Surface -- 9.1. Capping, Lamination due to Air Entrapment -- 9.2. Stresses in a Compact -- 9.3. Lamination due to Insufficient Exit die Taper -- 9.4. End Capping during Decompression -- 9.5. Unground Patches -- 9.6. Other Defects -- Section 10: Summary -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Role of Catalysts' Bifunctionality in a Multistage Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bifunctional Catalysts in Oxidation-Reduction Processes with Participation of "Small Molecules" -- Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) with Hydrocarbons -- Catalytic Conversion of Nitrous Oxide, N2O -- Partial Oxidation of C3-C4 Alkanes -- Selective Oxidation of Ethylene: С2Н4 + N2O → С2Н4О + N2 -- Deep Methane Oxidation -- СО2 (Dry)-Reforming of Methane -- Bifunctionality of Catalysts in Tandem Processes of (Bio)Ethanol Conversion -- Bifunctionality of Complex Oxide Catalysts for 1,3-Butadiene Production from Ethanol -- "Bifunctionality" of Solid-Phase Catalysts in Guerbet Condensation of C2, C4 Alcohols -- Mg-Al-Oxide Systems -- Hydroxyapatite -- Bifunctional Metal-Zeolite Catalysts of the BEA Structure in Current Processes -- Zeolites Ag/BEA in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by Ethanol. , Modification BEA Zeolites for the Production of 1,3-Butadiene from Ethanol -- Zn, Ga (Ta, Nb)-BEA Catalysts in CO2-Assisted Propane Dehydrogenation Process -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- The Design of Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for the Successful Application of Tandem Catalysis in One-Pot Processes -- Abstract -- Role of Catalysis on the Sustainability of Chemical Synthesis and Industry -- Relevance and Classification of One-Pot Processes -- Bifunctional Catalysts as Key Tools for Tandem Catalysis -- Design of Bifunctional Solid Materials for Tandem Catalysis in One-Pot Processes -- Application of Different Approaches for Designing a Bifunctional Catalytic System: The Case of the Production of Pentyl Valerate Biofuel from (-Valerolactone -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Organic Materials for Energy Storage in Lithium Batteries -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional Inorganic Electrode Materials -- 2.1. Cathode Materials -- 2.1.1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) -- 2.1.2. Nickel-Based Layered Materials (LNO, Ni-rich NCM, or NCA) -- 2.1.3 .LiFePO4 (LFP) -- 2.1.4. LiMn2O4 (LMO) -- 2.2. Anode Materials -- 2.2.1. Graphite -- 2.2.2. Li-Metal -- 2.2.3. Si-Based Materials -- 2.3. Disadvantages of Inorganic Electrode Materials -- 3. Organic Electrode Materials and Their History -- 3.1. Classification of OEMs -- 3.1.1. Redox Mechanism of OEMs -- 3.1.1.1. P-type OEMs -- 3.1.1.2. N-type OEMs -- 3.1.1.3. Bipolar OEMs -- 3.1.2. Redox Centers of OEMs -- 3.1.2.1. Carbonyl (C = O) -- 3.1.2.2. Sulfur (R - S - R') -- 3.1.2.3. Nitrogen (R - N - R') -- 3.1.2.4. Overlithiation (C = C) -- 3.1.2.5. Conducting Polymers -- 3.1.2.6. Radicals -- 3.2. Advantages of OEMs -- 3.2.1. Abundant in Nature -- 3.2.2. Environmentally Friendly -- 3.2.3. Structural Tunablility -- 3.2.4. Flexible Molecular Structure. , 3.2.5. Feasible to Match with Diverse Ions -- 3.3. Challenges of OEMs -- 3.4. Strategies for Addressing the Limitations of OEMs -- 3.4.1. Electronic Conductivity -- 3.4.1.1. Strong Aromaticity -- 3.4.1.2. Polymerization -- 3.4.2. Specific Capacity -- 3.4.2.1. Increasing Li Reaction Sites -- 3.4.2.2. Reducing the Molecular Weight -- 3.4.3. Operating Voltage -- 3.4.3.1. Introducing heteroatoms -- 3.4.4. Dissolution in Electrolyte -- 3.4.4.1. Polymerization -- 3.4.4.2. Solid Electrolyte (SE) System -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Chalcone: A Versatile Tool of Medicinal and Synthetic Organic Chemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Chalcones -- Biosynthesis of Chalcones -- Chemical Synthesis of Chalcones -- Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Reaction -- Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction -- Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction -- Cross-Coupling Reaction -- Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction -- Carbonylative Heck Coupling Reaction -- Sonogashira Isomerization Coupling Reaction -- The Solid Acid-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction -- Wittig Olefination for Chalcone Synthesis -- Julia−Kocienski Olefination -- Modern Method of Coupling Reaction for Chalcone Synthesis -- One Pot Synthesis of Chalcones -- Properties of Chalcones -- Fluorescent Properties of Chalcones -- Spectral Properties -- Application of Chalcones -- Medicinal Applications -- Chalcones as Antioxidant -- Chemo-Preventive Chalcones -- Anti-Inflammatory Property of Chalcones -- Anti-Cancer Activity -- Anti-Microbial Activity -- Anti-Diabetic Activity of Chalcones -- Cytotoxicity of Chalcones -- Antiviral Activity of Chalcones -- Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of Chalcones -- Anti-Ulcer Activity of Chalcones -- Application in Organic Synthesis -- Flavone Synthesis -- Seven-Membered Diazepine Synthesis -- Six-Membered Heterocycles Synthesis from Chalcones. , Five-Membered Heterocycles Synthesis -- Epoxidation of Chalcones -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Quinol Ethers of Para-Benzoquinone Dioxime -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Quinol Ethers of Para-Benzoquinone Dioxime as Vulcanizing Agents for Unsaturated Rubbers -- Investigation of Mono-Nitrosoarenes as Accelerators for the Vulcanization of Unsaturated Rubbers with Quinol Ether EQ-1 -- Development of a Method for Obtaining Quinol Ether EQ-1 Using Calcium Hypochlorite as an Oxidant -- Method for Obtaining Quiol Ether EQ-10 by Reacting 2,4,6-Tri-Tert-Butylphenol with 2-Methyl-5-Isopropyl-p-dinitrosobenzene -- The Development of a New Pliable Arts& -- Crafts Material - The Plasticine, that Turns Rubber, a.k.a. Klyuchnikovs Rubber Plasticine -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 7 -- Citric Acid Applications in the Textile Chemical Processing Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Citric Acid in Silk Degumming -- 1.2. Citric Acid in Dyeing -- 1.3. Citric Acid in Flame Retardant Finishing in Textiles -- 1.4. Citric Acid in Self Cleaning Finishing in Textiles -- 1.5. Citric Acid in Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles -- 1.6. Citric Acid in Multi Functional Finishing of Textiles -- 1.7. Citric Acid in Crease Resistance Finishing of Textiles -- 2. Experimental Details -- 2.1. Materials Used -- 2.2. Finishing Method -- 2.3. Characterization Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Aluminium Silicate-Assisted Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides in the Absence of Solvent -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- General Experimental Information -- General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 3 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 3 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 RESEARCH PROGRESS IN THE SECONDARY REACTIONS OF FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING GASOLINE -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. PREFACE -- 3. TECHNOLOGIES FOR SRFCCG -- 3.1. Two-Stage Riser Reactor Technology -- 3.1.1. Two-stage riser fluid catalytic cracking technology -- 3.1.1. Riser reactor and fluidized reactor in series -- 3.2. Multiple-Staged Feeding Riser Reactor -- 3.3. Dual-Riser Reactor -- 3.3.1. Flexible dual-riser fluid catalytic cracking technology -- 3.3.2. Subsidiary-riser fluid catalytic cracking technology -- 3.4. Catalyst Technology for Upgrading FCC Gasoline -- 3.5. Pre-Lifting Technology -- 3.6. Feed Injection Nozzle Technology -- 3.7. Reaction Severity Control Technology -- 3.8. Reaction Terminating Technique -- 3.9. Strategy for Producing Clean Gasoline -- 4. KINETIC STUDY ON SRFCCG -- 4.1. Lumped Model of SRFCCG -- 4.1.1. Model for increasing light olefins -- 4.1.2. Model for reducing gasoline olefins -- Six-lump kinetic model -- Eight-lump kinetic model -- Ten-lump kinetic model -- Twelve-lump kinetic model -- Twenty-lump kinetic model -- 4.1.3. Model for decreasing olefins and raising propylene -- Eight-lump model -- Description of the physical model -- Stoichiometric coefficient and average molecular -- Continuity equation -- Estimation of the kinetics parameters -- Modified genetic algorithm -- Fuzzy neural network (FNN) combined with genetic algorithm (GA) named FNN-GA method -- Fuzzy neural network -- Neural network training -- Optimization of operation parameters -- Hybrid particle-swarm optimization (HPSO) -- Nine-lump model -- 4.1.4. Model for FCC gasoline aromatization reaction -- 4.2. Molecular simulation of SRFCCG -- 4.2.1. Molecular simulation method -- 4.2.2. Simulation strategy -- Feedstock simulation. , Molecular kinetic model -- Reaction rules -- Monte Carlo method for monomolecular and bimolecular reaction -- Monomolecular Reaction -- (2) Bimolecular Reaction -- Rate constants -- Product partition -- 4.2.3. Molecular simulation results -- Predicted result of feedstock -- Molecular kinetic model results -- 4.3. Future Kinetic Modelling Trend -- 5. PROCESS MODEL OF SRFCCG IN RISER REACTOR -- 5.1. Modelling method for riser reactor -- 5.1.1. Process overview -- 5.1.2. Steady-state model -- 5.1.3. Reaction flow model -- 5.2. Multiscale Model of SRFCCG Riser Reactor -- 5.2.1. Micro-scale subsystem model -- 5.2.2. Meso-scale subsystem model -- Axial distribution of voidage -- Radial distribution of voidage -- Radial distribution of superficial gas velocity -- Slip velocity -- Radial velocity distribution of catalyst particles -- Mass transfer coefficient -- 5.2.3. Macro-scale subsystem model -- Conversion between dilute and dense phase at the meso-scale -- Temperature profile of riser reactor -- Solution with respect to the lump concentration -- 5.2.4. Solution scheme of the multi-scale model -- 5.2.5. Multiscale model results -- Axial distribution of voidage -- Radial distribution of voidage -- Distribution of slip velocity -- Distribution of inhomogeneous coefficient -- Distribution of energy consumption for suspending and transporting -- Axial distribution of mass transfer coefficient -- 5.2.6 Verification of the multiscale model -- Prediction of product distribution -- Prediction of temperature distribution -- 5.3. Future Riser Reactor Modelling Trend -- 6. CONCLUSION -- 7. NOTATION -- Greek letters -- Subscripts -- 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 ION TRANSFER AT LIQUID|LIQUID INTERFACES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Electrochemical Setup -- 2.2. Microinterfaces -- 2.3. Spectroelectrochemistry. , 2.3.1. Photoinduced Charge Transfer at ITIES -- 2.3.2. UV-Visible Spectrometry at ITIES -- 2.4. Methodologies Based on Convective Flux -- 2.5. Other Techniques -- 3. DIGITAL SIMULATIONS OF DIFFUSION-CONTROLLED SYSTEMS -- 3.1. Simple Ion Transfer -- 3.1.1. Solution with the Explicit Finite Difference Method -- 3.1.2. Solution with the Laplace Transform -- 3.2. Assisted Ion Transfer -- 3.2.1. Transfer by Interfacial Cation Exchange (TICE) [246] -- 3.2.2. Transfer by Interfacial Ligand Exchange (TILE) [247] -- 3.2.3. Protonatable Neutral Ligand [252-254]. -- 3.2.3.1. Effect of Water Autoprotolysis. -- 3.2.3.2. Competitive Facilitated Transfer of +Hand +zM [252,253] -- 3.3. Ion Transfer Coupled with Homogeneous Chemical Reactions [170] -- 4. ION TRANSFER MECHANISMS -- 4.1. Simple Ion Transfer -- 4.1.1. Thermodynamic Aspects of Ion Transfer at ITIES -- 4.1.2. Experimental Data -- 4.1.2.1. Water|Nitrobenzene Interface -- 4.1.2.2. Water|1,2-Dichloroethane Interface -- 4.1.2.3. Water|o-Nitrophenyloctylether Interface -- 4.1.2.4. Other Water|Oil Interfaces -- 4.1.2.5. Water|room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Interfaces -- 4.2. Assisted Ion Transfer -- 4.2.1. Thermodynamic Aspects of Assisted Ion Transfer at ITIES -- 4.2.2 Experimental Data: -- 4.2.2.1. Water|nitrobenzene Interface: -- Alkali metal cations: -- Alkaline earth metal cations: -- Proton: -- Transition metal cations: -- Other cations: -- Anions: -- 4.2.2.2. Water|1,2-Dichloroethane Interface -- Alkali metal cations: -- Alkaline earth metal cations: -- Proton: -- Transition metal cations: -- Other cations: -- Anions: -- 4.2.2.3. Other Water|Oil Interfaces. -- 4.2.2.4. Water|Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid Interfaces: -- 4.3. Coupled Chemical Reactions -- 5. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS -- 5.1. Nanoparticles at Liquid|Liquid Interface -- 5.2. Polymerization at Liquid|Liquid Interface -- 6. CONCLUSION. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 PHYTOCHROME A: TWO NATIVE POOLS IN THE CELL WITH DIVERSE SPECTROSCOPIC, PHOTOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PHYTOCHROME A: PERCEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION OF THE LIGHT SIGNAL -- 2.1. Molecular Structure and Photocycle -- 2.1.1. The initial, red-light absorbing Pr form and its direct Pr Pfr photo-transformation -- 2.1.2. The active, far-red-light absorbing Pfr form, and its reverse Pfr Pr photoransformation -- 2.2.3. Pfr-to-Pr dark reversion and Pfr destruction -- 2.2. Transduction of the Light Signal -- Negative factors -- Positive factors -- 2.3. Regulation of Phytochrome A Activity -- 2.4. Sensory Modes and Phenomenology of Phytochrome a Photoresponses -- 2.4.1. Modes of phyA action -- 2.4.2. Phenomenology of phyA-mediated responses -- 2.4.3. Functional interactions of phyA with phyB and redundancy between them -- 2.4.4. Structural aspects of phyA functional specificity -- 3. POLYMORPHISM OF PHYTOCHROME A -- 3.1. Different Phenomenological Types of Phytochrome -- 3.2. Two phyA Native Pools with the Properties of Pr' and Pr'' - phyA' and phyA'' -- 3.3. Similarity of phyA'' to phyB and Cryptogam and Cyanobacterial Phytochromes -- 3.4. Nature of phyA' and phyA'' -- 3.5. To the Localization of phyA' and phyA'' in the Cell -- 4. FUNCTIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PHYA POLYMORPHISM -- 4.1. Different Modes of phyA' and phyA'' Action -- 4.2. Light Regulation of the phyA'/phyA'' Equilibrium as a Means of Fine-Tuning of the phyA Action -- 5. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 NITROGEN-CONTAINING LIGANDS ANCHORED ONTO POLYMERS AS CATALYST STABILIZER FOR CATALYTIC ENANTIOSELECTIVE REACTIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REDUCTION OF C=O BOND -- 2.1. Hydrogenation -- 2.2. Hydrogenation Transfer Reduction -- 2.2.1. 1,2-diamine and derivatives. , 2.2.2. Imprinting technique for hydrogen transfer reduction with 1,2-diamines -- 2.2.3. Aminoalcohol as ligand -- 2.2.4. Dialdimine ligand as ligand -- 2.3.Enantioselective Hydride Reduction -- 2.4 Hydrosilylation with Ligands as Pendent Group -- 3. REDUCTION OF C=N BOND -- 4. CYCLOPROPANATION -- 4.1. Oxazolines Ligands -- 4.1.1. Insoluble supported-polymer Box as ligands -- 4.1.2. Insoluble supported-polymer AzaBOX as ligands -- 4.1.3. Insoluble supported-polymer PyBox as ligands -- 4.1.4. Immobilization of PyBox on natural polymers -- 4.1.5. Soluble supported-polymer Box as ligands -- 4.1.6. Soluble supported-polymer AzaBox as ligands -- 4.2. Porphyrins -- 4.3. Miscellaneous -- 5. CYCLOADDITIONS AND HETEROCYCLOADDITIONS -- 5.1. Supported Box Ligands -- 5.2. Supported Aminoalcohol and N-Sulfonylamino Acid-Derived Oxazaborolidine or Oxazaborolidinone -- 5.3. Supported Salen as Ligand -- 6. ADDITION OF ORGANOMETALLIC REAGENTS TO ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND IMINES -- 6.1. Supported aminoalcohols as ligands -- 6.2. Supported sulfonamide and N-sulfonylated amino alcohols -- 6.3. Supported Oxazoline or Oxazolidine as Ligands -- 6.4. Supported salen as chiral ligands -- 7. ASYMMETRIC -ALLYLIC SUBSTITUTION -- 8. DIHYDROXYLATION AND AMINOHYDROXYLATION -- 8.1. Insoluble Supported Alkaloid as Ligand -- 8.2. Soluble Supported Alkaloid as Ligand -- 9. EPOXIDATION -- 9.1. Supported Salen as Ligand -- 9.2. Porphyrins -- 9.3. Soluble Polymers -- 10. KINETIC RESOLUTION OF TERMINAL EPOXIDES -- 11. MISCELLANEOUS -- 12. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL/POLY-ORTHOESTER) MULTIBLOCK COPOLYMERS IN THE PREPARATION OF PARENTERAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Definition and classification of block copolymers -- Synthesis of block copolymers from PEO and lactones -- 1.3.1 Anionic polymerization. , 1.3.2 Coordonation-insertion polymerization.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Endocrine Disruptors in Water - Great Difficulties with Their Removal -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Removal of Endocrine Disruptors from Water -- 2.1. Classic Processes -- 2.1.1. Adsorption -- 2.1.2. Bioremediation -- 2.1.3. Chemical Oxidation -- 2.2. Advance Oxidation Processes -- 2.2.1. Fenton Reaction -- 2.2.2. Application of Hydrogen Peroxide -- 2.2.3. UV Photolysis -- 2.2.4. Application of Solar or Simulated Solar Radiation -- 2.2.5. Variations of UV Applications -- 2.2.6. Implemented Applications Using UV -- 2.2.7. Application of Photocatalysis -- 2.2.7.1. Applied Photocatalysts -- 2.2.7.2. Adsorption as a Control Degree of Photocatalysis Efficiency and Sorbents as Photocatalysts -- 2.2.8. Technology for EDs Removal -- 3. Photocatalytic Pilot Experiment with Real Waste Water -- 3.1. Pilot Plant Reactor -- 3.2. Tests with Real Waste Water -- 3.2.1. Tests with Wastewater from Waste Water Treatment Plant -- 3.2.2. Tests with Wastewater from Pharmacy Production -- 3.2.3. Tests with Wastewater from Industry -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Aroma Profile and Bioactive Compounds in Mango -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Volatile Compounds -- 3. Bioactive Compounds -- 3.1. Phenolic Compounds -- 3.2. Carotenoids -- 3.3. Vitamins -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Thymidine Derivatives as Inhibitors Against Novel Coronavirus (SARS-COV-2) Main Protease: Theoretical and Computational Investigations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials and Methods -- 2.2. PASS Parameters Predication -- 2.3. Geometry Optimization -- 2.4. Protein Arrangement and Molecular Docking -- 2.5. Docking Validation Protocol -- 2.6. Pharmacokinetic and Drug-likeness Parameters -- 2.7. Quantum Mechanical -- 3. Results and Discussion. , 3.1. Structural Identification of Designed Thymidine Derivatives -- 3.2. Prediction of Antimicrobial Activities: PASS -- 3.3. Thermodynamic Analysis -- 3.4. Frontier Molecular Orbitals -- 3.5. Molecular Electrostatic Potential -- 3.6. Docking Validation -- 3.7. Molecular Docking -- 3.8. Pharmacokinetic Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Authors' Contributions -- Conflict of Interest -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Gold-Phosphine Catalysts for C(C and C(Heteroatom Bond Formation Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gold-Phosphine Complexes Utilized in Organic Synthesis -- 2.1. Addition of Nucleophiles to Alkenes -- 2.1.1. Hydroamination of Alkenes (Formation of C-N Bonds) -- 2.1.2. Hydroalkoxylation of Alkenes (Formation of C-O Bond) -- 2.1.3. Hydrothiolation of Alkenes (Formation of C-S Bond) -- 2.1.4. Oxyarylation of Alkenes (Formation of both C-O and C-C Bond) -- 2.2. Addition of Nucleophiles to Alkynes -- 2.2.1. Hydroarylation of Alkynes (Formation of C-C Bonds) -- 2.2.2. Enyne Cycloisomerization (Formation of C-C and C-Heteroatom Bonds) -- 2.2.3. Hydroamination of Alkynes (Formation of C-N Bonds) -- 2.2.3. Nitrene Transfer Reactions of Alkynes (Formation of C-N Bonds) -- 2.2.4. Hydration and Hydroalkoxylation of Alkynes (Formation of C-O Bonds) -- 2.3. Addition of Nucleophiles to Allenes -- 2.3.1. Hydroarylation of Allenes (Formation of C-C Bonds) -- 2.3.2. Hydroamination of Allenes (Formation of C-N Bonds) -- 2.3.3. Hydroalkoxylation of Allenes (Formation of C-O Bonds) -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 5 -- Primary Water Chemistry and Corrosion Management in a Candu NPP -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chemistry Effects on Fuel Cladding Corrosion -- Water Chemistry - Effects of Chemistry Parameters -- Dissolved Oxygen -- Fluoride -- Aluminum, Calcium, Magnesium, and Silica -- Suspended Solids. , pH -- Lithium -- Effects of Water Chemistry Parameters on the Deposition of Corrosion Products -- Experimental -- Results and Discussions -- Morphology of Zircaloy-4 Coupons (Samples - S) -- Thickness Layer -- Microstructure of Zy-4 Coupons -- X-Rays Diffraction -- Scanning Electron Microscopy Surface Oxide Analysis -- Analysis of Oxide Layers -- X-Ray Spectroscopy with Energy Dispersion (EDS) -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 7 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 7 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1 TWO-STEP SYNTHESIS OF MLM-TYPE STRUCTURED LIPIDS USING ENZYMATIC OR COMBINED ENZYMATIC AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- Synthesis of Structured Lipids: State of the Art -- 2. SYNTHESIS OF MLM-TYPE STRUCTURED LIPIDS USING CHEMICAL HOMOGENEOUS OR HETEROGENEOUS ROUTES -- 2.1. One-Step Synthesis of MLM Tag -- 2.1.1. Homogeneous catalysis -- 2.1.2. Heterogeneous catalysis -- 2.2. Two- (or More) Step Synthesis of MLM TAG -- 2.2.1. Homogeneous catalysis -- 2.2.1.1. Synthesis of MAG by glycerolysis of triglycerides -- 2.2.1.2. Synthesis of MAG by glycerolysis of methyl esters -- 2.2.1.3. Synthesis of MAG using protected glycerols -- 2.2.2. Heterogeneous catalysis -- 2.2.2.1. Synthesis of MAG by glycerol esteri cation -- 2.2.2.2. Synthesis of MAG by transesteri cation of glycerol -- 2.2.2.3. Synthesis of structured lipids -- 3. ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF MLM-TYPE STRUCTURED LIPIDS -- 3.1. One Step Enzymatic Acidolysis of Selected Triglycerides -- 3.2. Two-Step Enzymatic Synthesis of Selected Triglycerides -- 3.2.1. Synthesis by 1,3 Diacylglycerol or 1,3 DAG -- 3.2.1.1. The First step to produce 1,3 DAG -- 3.2.1.1.1. Esterification of glycerol with selected 1,3 specific lipases -- 3.2.1.1.2. Glycerolysis of a desired triglyceride substrate -- 3.2.1.2. The Second step esterification with non-specific lipases in sn-2 position of 1,3 DAG -- 3.2.2. From selected triglycerides -- 3.2.2.1. The First step. Methanolysis or ethanolysis of a selected triglyceride with a 1,3 specific lipase -- 3.2.2.2. The Second step. Esterification/transesterification with FA/FAME or FAEE of the 2- mono acylglycerol (2 MAG) with a 1,3 specific lipase -- 4. CHEMO-ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF SST -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 ADVANCES IN POLY (TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) IMPROVED COMPOUNDS-STRUCTURE, PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Grafting Techniques -- Radiation grafting -- Plasma grafting (Figure 1) -- 2.3. Preparative Techniques -- Preparation of grafted copolymer-metal complexes -- Oxidation of Cyclohexene -- Enzyme immobilization -- 2.4. Analyses -- Characteristics of the copolymers and membranes there from -- IR spectroscopy -- Moessbauer spectroscopy -- X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) -- X-ray analysis -- Light polariozation microscopy -- Scanning electron microscopy -- Thermal analysis -- GC/MS analysis -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 3.1. Radiation Grafting -- 3.2. Plasma Grafting -- C1s bands -- N1s bands -- O1s bands -- F1s bands -- 3.3. Characterization of the Polymer-Supported Complexes Preparing by Radiation and Plasma Grafting -- Oxidation of cyclohexene -- 3.4. Immobilization -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 THE ROLE OF PTFE IN TRIBOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYIMIDE COMPOSITES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. The Benefits of PTFE as a Tribological Material -- 1.2. Tribological Developments of PTFE-Matrix Composites -- 1.3. Tribological Developments of PTFE-Filled Polymer Composites -- 2. EXPERIMENTALS DETAILS -- 2.1. Test Materials -- 2.2. Tribological Testing -- 3. TRIBOLOGICAL CHARACTERISATION OF PTFE COMPOSITES -- 3.1. Mechanical Influences on Friction and Wear of PTFE-Filled Polyimides -- 3.2. Thermal Influences on Friction and Wear of PTFE-Filled Polyimides -- 3.3. The Pv-Characteristics: Thermally Controlled Sliding of PTFE-Composites -- 3.4. Sliding Mechanisms of PTFE as Internal Lubricant for Polyimide -- 4. SURFACE CHARACTERISATION OF WORN PTFE COMPOSITES -- 4.1 Microscopy -- 4.2. Spectroscopy -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. , REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 YTTERBIUM: COMPOUNDS, PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NOVEL YTTERBIUM COMPLEXES -- 2.1. Complexes with O-Donor or N-Donor Ligands -- 2.2. Complexes with Cyclopentadienyl or Indenyl Ligands -- 3. YTTERBIUM SALTS -- 3.1. Ytterbium Triflate -- 3.1.1. Carbon-carbon formation -- 3.1.2. Carbon-nitrogen formation -- 3.1.3. Carbon-oxygen formation -- 3.1.4. Reduction reactions -- 3.1.5. Reactions of glucisides -- 3.1.6. Some other reactions catalyzed by ytterbium triflate -- 3.2. Ytterbium Chloride -- 3.3. Ytterbium Perfluorooctanoate -- 3.4. Some Other Ytterbium Salts -- 3.4.1. Tris(perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) ytterbium Yb(OPf)3 -- 3.4.2. Ytterbium isopropoxide -- 4. YTTERBIUM AND CHIRAL LIGANDS CATALYZE IN SITU -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 COMPOSITES BASED ON POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE) MATRIX AND IRON-CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Synthesis -- Particles Size and Topography of the Surface of UPTFE Globules -- The Particles Composition According to XRD Data -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy -- EXAFS Spectroscopy -- Magnetic Properties -- Catalytic Properties of the Nanocomposites Produced -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 RARE EARTH DOPED LUTETIUM OXIDES PHOSPHORS AND TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FOR INORGANIC SCINTILLATORS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PREPARATION OF NANOSIZED LUTETIUM OXIDES PHOSPHORS DOPED BY RARE EARTH IONS -- 2.1. Combustion Synthesis of Re:Lu2O3 Powders -- 2.2. Chemical Co-precipitation Processing of Re:Lu2O3 Phosphors -- 2.3. Hydrothermal Processing of Re: Lu2O3 Powders -- 3. POLYCRYSTALLINE LUTETIA TRANSPARENT CERAMICS FOR SCINTILLATORS -- 3.1. Densification and Microstructure of Lutetia Transparent Ceramics. , 3.2. Local Environment of Doping Ions in Lu2O3 Lattice -- 3.3. Optical and Luminescent Properties of Re:Lu2O3 Transparent Ceramics -- 4. Lutetium Based Complex Oxide for Scintillators -- 4.1. Cerium Doped Lutetium Aluminate Garnet (Ce:Lu3Al5O12) -- 4.2. Cerium Doped Lutetium Silicate (Ce:Lu2SiO5) -- 5. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE AS A MODEL SYSTEM FOR STUDIES OF OUT OF EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC PHASE TRANSITIONS: A DYNAMIC NANOCALORIMETRY STUDY -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 SHIELDING OF IONIZING RADIATIONS WITH PTFE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SHIELDING OF - RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES -- 3. SHIELDING OF MONOENERGETIC ELECTRON BEAM -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 PRECONCENTRATION OF TOCOFEROL ACETATE ON A NICKEL ACETYL ACETONATE SURFACE LAYER -- ABSTRACT -- EXPERIMENTAL -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE OF SOME UNDOPED YB-BASED INTERMETALLICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 3. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11 HIGHLY EFFICIENT DEHYDRATION OF ALDOXIMES IN THE PRESENCE OF FE (CLO4)3 AS CATALYST -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- EXPERIMENTAL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12 SYNTHESIS OF 1- PHENYL -3, 4, 5 - TRI SUBSTITUTED PYRAZOLES WITH 1, 3-DIKETONES AND PHENYL HYDRAZINE IN THE PRESENCE OF FE (CLO4)3. 6H2O -- INTRODUCTION -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- EXPERIMENTAL SECTION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13 DEVELOPMENT OF FUNCTIONAL FOOD ADDITIVES FROM THE CELL-FREE FRACTION OF FERMENTED DAIRY CULTURE MEDIA -- ABSTRACT -- FUNCTIONAL FOODS, PROBIOTIC BACTERIA AND THE VIABILITY CONCERN -- CELL-FREE FRACTION OF FERMENTED MILKS AND IMMUNOMODULATING CAPACITY -- FATE AND SAFETY OF OF INGESTED BIOACTIVE MOLECULES. , DEVELOPMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL FOOD ADDITIVE FROM THE CELL-FREE FRACTION OF FERMENTED BUTTERMILK -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- Blank Page.