Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Energy -- 1 Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050-Electricity or Biofuels? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Previous Studies -- 2 The STREAM Model -- 2.1 Main Data Assumptions -- 3 Description of the 2050 Scenarios -- 3.1 Resources -- 3.2 Description of the Transport Systems -- 3.3 Description of the Energy Systems -- 4 Flexibility and System Costs -- 4.1 Flexibility Added to the System -- 4.2 Systems Costs -- 4.2.1 Clarify Sensitivities of Main Assumptions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Modelling Electricity Generation from Sugarcane Production System Using Systems Dynamics -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexity Science: Sugarcane Production Systems -- 3 Model Development -- 4 Selected Model Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Techno-Economic Viability of Husk Powered Systems for Rural Electrification in Uganda: Part I: Sustainability and Power Potential Aspects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Husk Power System (HPS) and Gasification Technology -- 3 Methods -- 4 Limitation -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Performance Characteristics of the HPS -- 5.2 Sustainability of Husks for HPSs in Coffee and Rice Processing Areas -- 5.3 Power Potential of Husk from Coffee and Rice Processing Areas -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Techno-Economic Viability of Husk Powered Systems for Rural Electrification in Uganda: Part II: Economic and Policy Aspects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Limitations -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Cost of Power Production -- 4.1.1 Total Annualized Cost of HPS and DPS with Equivalent Power Output -- Annualized Capital Cost (ACc) -- Annualized Operation and Maintenance (O& -- M) Cost -- Annualized Cost of Fuel -- Total Annualized Cost of Investment -- 4.1.2 Annual Electric Power Generated. , 4.1.3 The Levelized Unit Cost of Electricity (LUCE) -- 4.2 Economic Viability of HPS and DPS -- 4.2.1 Investment Cost -- 4.2.2 Annual Income Generated -- Annual Income from Charcoal (Bi-Product of Gasification) -- 4.2.3 Annual Income Generated by HPS and DPS -- 4.2.4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) -- 4.2.5 Payback Period (PBP) -- 4.2.6 Benefit-Cost (B-C) Ratio -- 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Policy Implications of Adoption of HPS in Uganda -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Stand-Alone Wind or Photovoltaic Power System: A Holistic Approach for System Design and Selection -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Need for Holistic System Selection and Design -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Phase 1: Energy Audit and Data Warehousing -- 2.2 Phase 2: System Design and Selection -- 2.3 Phase 3: Optimization -- 2.4 Phase 4: Multi-criteria Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Technical Evaluation of PVPS and WPS -- 3.2 CBA and MCA of RE Systems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Energie Hill Neu Wulmstorf-Reuse of a Former Landfill Site for Energy Production from Renewable Energy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History -- 3 Use of Landfill Gas -- 4 Use of Wind Energy -- 5 Use of Solar Power -- 6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 7 Assessing Energy Potential from Waste Tyres in Mauritius by Direct Combustion, Pyrolysis and Gasification -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Tyres -- 1.2 Waste Tyres Legislation in Mauritius -- 2 Products from Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Tyres -- 2.1 Pyrolysis Products -- 2.2 Gasification -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Sample Collection -- 3.2 Pilot-Scale Direct Combustion -- 3.3 Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis -- 3.4 Pilot-Scale Gasification -- 3.5 Limitations -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Direct Combustion. , 4.2 Pyrolysis -- 4.2.1 Variation of Liquid Fractions with Temperature -- 4.3 Gasification -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 A Review of Thermochemical Technologies for the Conversion of Waste Biomass to Biofuel and Energy in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Thermochemical Conversion Processes -- 3 Direct Combustion and Cogeneration -- 4 Biomass Gasification -- 5 Pyrolysis -- 6 Torrefaction -- 7 Research Status in Developing Countries -- 8 Comparative Analysis -- 9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 An Energy Balance Analysis of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) for Power Production in Fiji -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 MSW Supply on Viti Levu -- 3.2 MSW Generation Rate per town/city -- 3.3 Determination of Organic Fraction of MSW -- 3.4 Moisture Analysis -- 3.5 Determining the Organic Mass of MSW -- 3.6 Determining the Net: Energy Content of Organic Sample of MSW -- 3.7 Energy Input from Fuel -- 3.8 Estimating the Energy Input per kg of MSW -- 3.9 Calculation of the NEB for MSW for Incineration -- 3.10 NEB for Producing Energy from MSW via Incineration Technology -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 10 Potential of Small-Scale Power Generation from the MSW Incineration Techniques in Fiji -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Energy Content of MSW in Fiji -- 3.2 Total Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.3 Total Energy Content of MSW -- 3.4 MSW Incineration Power Plants: Energy Output -- 3.5 Power Output -- 3.6 Potential for Setting Up MSW Incineration Power Plants for Various Divisions in Fiji -- 3.7 Economics of Power Production from MSW Incineration Power Plant -- 3.8 Payback Period -- 3.9 Incineration Power Plant: Suitable for Fiji -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 11 Replacing Fossil Fuel with PV Systems Through Technical Capacity Building in Kenya -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Problem -- 1.2 Scope and Objective -- 1.3 Overview of Solar Technicians Licensing Procedure -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: The 5-Day Training Schedule -- Appendix 2: Details of the Project Beneficiaries -- References -- 12 Design Technology for Bioenergy Conversion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Process Parameters -- 1.1.1 Temperature -- 1.1.2 pH -- 1.1.3 Retention Time -- 1.1.4 Digestion Chamber Loading -- 1.1.5 Agitation -- 1.1.6 C:N Ratio -- 1.1.7 Particle Size -- 1.2 Anaerobic Digesters Configuration -- 1.2.1 Batch or Continuous Configuration -- 1.3 Conditions Affecting the Choice of a Biogas Plant -- 1.3.1 Climate -- 1.3.2 Substrate Quality and Quantity -- 1.3.3 Construction Materials Availability -- 1.3.4 Ground Conditions -- 1.3.5 Skills and Labour -- 1.3.6 Standardization -- 1.4 Technology Selection Methods -- 1.4.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Waste Quantification and Characterization -- 2.2 Methane Production from OFMSW -- 2.3 Waste to Biogas Process Design -- 2.3.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Waste Quantification -- 3.2 Substrate Characterization -- 3.3 Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) -- 3.4 Biodigester Design -- 3.4.1 Design Using Waste Quantification and Characterization -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Environment -- 13 Zymomonas mobilis-Towards Bacterial Biofuel -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Microorganism and Media -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 2.3 Analytical Techniques -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Benchmarking of Z. mobilis 8b Against Z. mobilis ZM4. , 3.2 Determination of Optimum pH and Temperature for Z. mobilis 8b -- 3.3 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Optimised Process Conditions -- 3.4 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Optimised Process Strategy -- 3.5 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Process Intensification -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Co-digestion of Lawn Grass with Cow Dung and Pig Manure Under Anaerobic Condition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biochemical Process of Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 1.1.2 Acidogenesis -- 1.1.3 Acetogenesis -- 1.1.4 Methanogenesis -- 1.2 Parameters Affecting Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.2.1 Temperature -- 1.2.2 Available Nutrients -- 1.2.3 pH -- 1.2.4 Volatile Fatty Acid -- 1.2.5 Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio -- 1.2.6 Retention (Residence) Time -- 1.2.7 The Organic Loading Rate (OLR) -- 1.2.8 Toxicity -- 1.2.9 Ammonia -- 1.2.10 Agitation/Mixing -- 1.2.11 Inhibitory Factor -- 1.2.12 Solid Residue/Slurry -- 1.2.13 Substrate Solids Content and Agitation -- 1.2.14 Co-digestion -- Other Advantages of Co-digestion -- Improved Nutrient Balance -- Optimization of Rheological Qualities -- Effective Utilization of Digester Volumes in Sewage Plans -- Energy Crops as Co-substrate -- 1.2.15 Substrate Pre-treatment -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Substrate Characterization -- 3.2 Influence of Co-digestion of Grass with Cow Dung -- 4 Influence of Co-digestion of Grass with Pig Manure -- 5 Comparison of Biogas and Bio-Methane at the Optimal Co-digestion Mixing Ratios -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Application of Different Pre-treatment Techniques for Enhanced Biogas Production from Lawn Grass: A Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pre-treatment -- 2.1 Mechanical Pre-treatment -- 2.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 2.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 2.4 Thermal Pre-treatment. , 2.4.1 Steam Explosion.