Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Energy -- 1 Decarbonising the Finnish Transport Sector by 2050-Electricity or Biofuels? -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Previous Studies -- 2 The STREAM Model -- 2.1 Main Data Assumptions -- 3 Description of the 2050 Scenarios -- 3.1 Resources -- 3.2 Description of the Transport Systems -- 3.3 Description of the Energy Systems -- 4 Flexibility and System Costs -- 4.1 Flexibility Added to the System -- 4.2 Systems Costs -- 4.2.1 Clarify Sensitivities of Main Assumptions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Modelling Electricity Generation from Sugarcane Production System Using Systems Dynamics -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Complexity Science: Sugarcane Production Systems -- 3 Model Development -- 4 Selected Model Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Techno-Economic Viability of Husk Powered Systems for Rural Electrification in Uganda: Part I: Sustainability and Power Potential Aspects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Husk Power System (HPS) and Gasification Technology -- 3 Methods -- 4 Limitation -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Performance Characteristics of the HPS -- 5.2 Sustainability of Husks for HPSs in Coffee and Rice Processing Areas -- 5.3 Power Potential of Husk from Coffee and Rice Processing Areas -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Techno-Economic Viability of Husk Powered Systems for Rural Electrification in Uganda: Part II: Economic and Policy Aspects -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Limitations -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Cost of Power Production -- 4.1.1 Total Annualized Cost of HPS and DPS with Equivalent Power Output -- Annualized Capital Cost (ACc) -- Annualized Operation and Maintenance (O& -- M) Cost -- Annualized Cost of Fuel -- Total Annualized Cost of Investment -- 4.1.2 Annual Electric Power Generated. , 4.1.3 The Levelized Unit Cost of Electricity (LUCE) -- 4.2 Economic Viability of HPS and DPS -- 4.2.1 Investment Cost -- 4.2.2 Annual Income Generated -- Annual Income from Charcoal (Bi-Product of Gasification) -- 4.2.3 Annual Income Generated by HPS and DPS -- 4.2.4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV) -- 4.2.5 Payback Period (PBP) -- 4.2.6 Benefit-Cost (B-C) Ratio -- 4.3 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Policy Implications of Adoption of HPS in Uganda -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Stand-Alone Wind or Photovoltaic Power System: A Holistic Approach for System Design and Selection -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Need for Holistic System Selection and Design -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Phase 1: Energy Audit and Data Warehousing -- 2.2 Phase 2: System Design and Selection -- 2.3 Phase 3: Optimization -- 2.4 Phase 4: Multi-criteria Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Technical Evaluation of PVPS and WPS -- 3.2 CBA and MCA of RE Systems -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Energie Hill Neu Wulmstorf-Reuse of a Former Landfill Site for Energy Production from Renewable Energy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History -- 3 Use of Landfill Gas -- 4 Use of Wind Energy -- 5 Use of Solar Power -- 6 Summary and Outlook -- References -- 7 Assessing Energy Potential from Waste Tyres in Mauritius by Direct Combustion, Pyrolysis and Gasification -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Life Cycle Assessment of Tyres -- 1.2 Waste Tyres Legislation in Mauritius -- 2 Products from Thermochemical Conversion of Waste Tyres -- 2.1 Pyrolysis Products -- 2.2 Gasification -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Sample Collection -- 3.2 Pilot-Scale Direct Combustion -- 3.3 Pilot-Scale Pyrolysis -- 3.4 Pilot-Scale Gasification -- 3.5 Limitations -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Direct Combustion. , 4.2 Pyrolysis -- 4.2.1 Variation of Liquid Fractions with Temperature -- 4.3 Gasification -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 A Review of Thermochemical Technologies for the Conversion of Waste Biomass to Biofuel and Energy in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Thermochemical Conversion Processes -- 3 Direct Combustion and Cogeneration -- 4 Biomass Gasification -- 5 Pyrolysis -- 6 Torrefaction -- 7 Research Status in Developing Countries -- 8 Comparative Analysis -- 9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 An Energy Balance Analysis of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) for Power Production in Fiji -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 MSW Supply on Viti Levu -- 3.2 MSW Generation Rate per town/city -- 3.3 Determination of Organic Fraction of MSW -- 3.4 Moisture Analysis -- 3.5 Determining the Organic Mass of MSW -- 3.6 Determining the Net: Energy Content of Organic Sample of MSW -- 3.7 Energy Input from Fuel -- 3.8 Estimating the Energy Input per kg of MSW -- 3.9 Calculation of the NEB for MSW for Incineration -- 3.10 NEB for Producing Energy from MSW via Incineration Technology -- 4 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 10 Potential of Small-Scale Power Generation from the MSW Incineration Techniques in Fiji -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Energy Content of MSW in Fiji -- 3.2 Total Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) -- 3.3 Total Energy Content of MSW -- 3.4 MSW Incineration Power Plants: Energy Output -- 3.5 Power Output -- 3.6 Potential for Setting Up MSW Incineration Power Plants for Various Divisions in Fiji -- 3.7 Economics of Power Production from MSW Incineration Power Plant -- 3.8 Payback Period -- 3.9 Incineration Power Plant: Suitable for Fiji -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 11 Replacing Fossil Fuel with PV Systems Through Technical Capacity Building in Kenya -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 The Problem -- 1.2 Scope and Objective -- 1.3 Overview of Solar Technicians Licensing Procedure -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: The 5-Day Training Schedule -- Appendix 2: Details of the Project Beneficiaries -- References -- 12 Design Technology for Bioenergy Conversion of Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Process Parameters -- 1.1.1 Temperature -- 1.1.2 pH -- 1.1.3 Retention Time -- 1.1.4 Digestion Chamber Loading -- 1.1.5 Agitation -- 1.1.6 C:N Ratio -- 1.1.7 Particle Size -- 1.2 Anaerobic Digesters Configuration -- 1.2.1 Batch or Continuous Configuration -- 1.3 Conditions Affecting the Choice of a Biogas Plant -- 1.3.1 Climate -- 1.3.2 Substrate Quality and Quantity -- 1.3.3 Construction Materials Availability -- 1.3.4 Ground Conditions -- 1.3.5 Skills and Labour -- 1.3.6 Standardization -- 1.4 Technology Selection Methods -- 1.4.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Waste Quantification and Characterization -- 2.2 Methane Production from OFMSW -- 2.3 Waste to Biogas Process Design -- 2.3.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Waste Quantification -- 3.2 Substrate Characterization -- 3.3 Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) -- 3.4 Biodigester Design -- 3.4.1 Design Using Waste Quantification and Characterization -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Environment -- 13 Zymomonas mobilis-Towards Bacterial Biofuel -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Microorganism and Media -- 2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 2.3 Analytical Techniques -- 2.4 Experimental Design -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Benchmarking of Z. mobilis 8b Against Z. mobilis ZM4. , 3.2 Determination of Optimum pH and Temperature for Z. mobilis 8b -- 3.3 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Optimised Process Conditions -- 3.4 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Optimised Process Strategy -- 3.5 Z. mobilis 8b Process Enhancement Through Process Intensification -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Co-digestion of Lawn Grass with Cow Dung and Pig Manure Under Anaerobic Condition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Biochemical Process of Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.1.1 Hydrolysis -- 1.1.2 Acidogenesis -- 1.1.3 Acetogenesis -- 1.1.4 Methanogenesis -- 1.2 Parameters Affecting Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.2.1 Temperature -- 1.2.2 Available Nutrients -- 1.2.3 pH -- 1.2.4 Volatile Fatty Acid -- 1.2.5 Carbon/Nitrogen Ratio -- 1.2.6 Retention (Residence) Time -- 1.2.7 The Organic Loading Rate (OLR) -- 1.2.8 Toxicity -- 1.2.9 Ammonia -- 1.2.10 Agitation/Mixing -- 1.2.11 Inhibitory Factor -- 1.2.12 Solid Residue/Slurry -- 1.2.13 Substrate Solids Content and Agitation -- 1.2.14 Co-digestion -- Other Advantages of Co-digestion -- Improved Nutrient Balance -- Optimization of Rheological Qualities -- Effective Utilization of Digester Volumes in Sewage Plans -- Energy Crops as Co-substrate -- 1.2.15 Substrate Pre-treatment -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Substrate Characterization -- 3.2 Influence of Co-digestion of Grass with Cow Dung -- 4 Influence of Co-digestion of Grass with Pig Manure -- 5 Comparison of Biogas and Bio-Methane at the Optimal Co-digestion Mixing Ratios -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Application of Different Pre-treatment Techniques for Enhanced Biogas Production from Lawn Grass: A Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pre-treatment -- 2.1 Mechanical Pre-treatment -- 2.2 Chemical Pre-treatment -- 2.3 Biological Pre-treatment -- 2.4 Thermal Pre-treatment. , 2.4.1 Steam Explosion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Adaptation Methods and Approaches -- 1 Convenient Solution for Convenient Truth: Adoption of Soil and Water Conservation Measures for Climate Change and Variability in Kuyu District, Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objectives of the Study -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Description of the Study Site -- 2.2 Research Design -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Soil and Water Conservation Measures in the Study Area: An Overview -- 3.2 Determinants of Use of Soil and Water Conservation Measures -- 3.3 Summary -- 3.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Between Climate Reliance and Climate Resilience: Empirical Analysis of Climate Variability and Impact on Nigerian Agricultural Production -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Type, Measurement and Sources of Data -- 2.2 Analytical Methods -- 2.3 Variables Used for the Estimation of the GMM -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Description of Variables -- 3.2 Results of the Stationarity Tests -- 4 Impacts of Rainfall and Irrigation on Agricultural Production -- 4.1 Evidence for Promoting Climate Change Adaptation and Climate Resilient Agriculture in Nigeria -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Characterization of Present Day Climate Trend Over Ethiopia for Impact Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Preprocessing -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Mean Climatology -- 3.1.1 Rainfall Climatology -- 3.2 Temperature Climatology -- 3.3 Temporal Variability -- 3.3.1 Temperature Variability -- 3.3.2 Rainfall Variability -- 3.3.3 Mean Annual Cycle -- 3.3.4 Interannual and Seasonal Variability -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 4 Adaptation Benefits of Climate-Smart Agricultural Practices in the Blue Nile Basin: Empirical Evidence from North-West Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Source -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Perception and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 3.2 Results from the Heckman Probit Selection Model -- 3.3 Impact of Climate-Smart Adaptation Practices -- 3.4 Sensitivity Aanalysis -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 5 Towards Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation into Urban Land Use Planning and Management: The Case of Ambo Town, Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Methodology -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling Techniques and Procedures -- 2.3 Methods of Data Collection -- 2.3.1 Semi-structured Questionnaire -- 2.3.2 Personal Observation -- 2.3.3 Focus Group Discussion -- 2.3.4 Key Informant Interview -- 2.4 Methods of Data Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Demographic and Socio-economic Profile of Respondents -- 3.2 Perceptions, Negative Effects of Change in Climatic Parameters on Livelihoods and Adaptation Strategies of Households in Huluka Watershed -- 3.2.1 Perceptions of Households in Huluka Watershed on Change in Climatic Parameters -- 3.3 Negative Effects of Change in Climatic Parameters on Livelihoods of Households in Huluka Watershed -- 3.4 Adaptation Strategies of Households in Huluka Watershed and Challenges for Adaptation to Change in Climatic Parameters -- 3.5 Climate Change Related Disaster Risks and Urban Households Adaptation Strategies in Ambo Town -- 3.5.1 Climate Change Related Disaster Risks in Ambo Town -- 3.6 Urban Households Strategies to Adapt with Climate Change Related Disaster Risks in Ambo Town -- 4 Discussions -- 4.1 Climate Change Related Urban Disaster Risks -- 4.2 Urban Flooding Disaster Risk, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies. , 4.3 Water Stress/Water Shortage, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.4 Urban Heat Island Effect/Increased Urban Heat, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.5 Wind Storms, Dust Storms, Impacts, and Adaptation Strategies -- 4.6 The Need to Mainstream Adaptation to Climate Change into Urban Land Use Planning and Management in Ambo Town -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 A Geographic Information System as Support to the Healthcare Services of Nomadic Community, the Filtu Woreda Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: The Operational Research Project -- 3 Case Study Area -- 4 Data and Methods -- 4.1 Geospatial Data Collection -- 4.2 On-Site Data Collection -- 4.3 Databases Organisation -- 5 Results -- 5.1 On-Site Data Collection Campaign Map -- 5.2 Healthcare Resources and Professionals Distribution Map -- 5.3 Meteorological Maps -- 6 Conclusions and Future Developments -- References -- 7 Advancing the Resilience of Rural People to Climate Change through Indigenous Best Practices: Experience from Northern Nigeria -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Justification and Limitations of the Study -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Area of Study -- 2.2 Sampling Procedure and Method of Data Collection -- 2.3 Conceptual Clarifications -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Irrigation Farmers' Awareness and Information Sources About Climate Change -- 3.2 Irrigation Farmers' Perception on Manifestations of Climate Change -- 3.3 Indigenous Best Practices in Adaptive Management of Soil Fertility -- 3.4 Adaptive Management of Post-harvest Under Drought -- 3.5 Adaptive Management of Water Under Drought -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Deriving Useful Information from Bimonthly Global-Scale Climate Analysis for Climate Change Adaptation Over East Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods. , 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Analysis Techniques -- 2.2.1 Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) Analysis of MAM Rainfall -- 2.2.2 Construction of Standardized Global SST and Upper Level Anomalies -- 2.2.3 Lagged Heterogeneous Grid Point Correlations Between the Rainfall Modes and Standardized Global SSTs and Velocity Potential (Divergence) Computations -- 3 Results -- 3.1 East African MAM Rainfall Variability -- 3.2 East African MAM Rainfall Modes and Global SST Relationships -- 3.3 Composites of Standardized Global-Scale Divergent Circulation Anomalies and East African MAM Precipitation Modes -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Standardized Global-Scale SST Anomalies and Their Associated Upper Level Divergent Circulation in Relationship to MAM Rainfall Modes -- 4.2 Implications for Climate Change Adaptations -- 5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Adaptation to Climate Change in Egyptian Marginal Environments Through Sustainable Crop and Livestock Diversification: A Case Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Project Objectives -- 2.1 The Main Key Project Activities and Outcomes -- 2.1.1 Description and Characterization of Sahl El Tina Resources -- 2.1.2 Enhance Crop Diversification and Identification of Better Adapted Crops to Climate Change Impact -- 2.1.3 Develop and Disseminate Packages of Forage Production and Utilization -- 2.1.4 Integrated Management Packages (IMP) for Enhanced Livestock Production in Marginal Environments -- 2.2 Dairy Processing Unit Establishment -- 2.2.1 Socio-economic Impact of Improved Production Systems on Farmers' Livelihoods in Marginal Environments -- 2.3 Adoption Impact Assessment -- 2.3.1 Enhance Farmers' and Extension Staff Knowledge and Skills in Farm Management Under Marginal Conditions -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 10 Forestry and Resilience to Climate Change: A Synthesis on Application of Forest-Based Adaptation Strategies to Reduce Vulnerability Among Communities in Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Role of Sustainable Forest Management and Ecosystem Services in Building Resilience to Climate Change -- 3.2 Forestry and Food Production in the Context of Enhancing Resilience to Climate Change -- 3.3 Role of Agroforestry Systems and Livelihood in the Face of Climate Change -- 3.4 Building Resilience to Climate Change Through Commercial Forestry and Related Economic Development Initiatives -- 3.5 Forestry Based Institutions and Policies Supporting Adaptation to Climate Change in Africa -- 4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- 4.1 Conclusion -- 4.2 Recommendations -- 4.2.1 Enhance Advocacy on Use of African Indigenous Traditional Knowledge (AITK) -- 4.2.2 Increase Level of Awareness on the Importance of Forests for the Adaptation -- 4.2.3 Integration of Forest Based Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies as Well as Other Agro-Ecosystem Interventions -- 4.2.4 Development of Effective Institutional, Policy and Legal Frameworks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 11 Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Calculating the HVI -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Trends in Weather/Climate Data -- 3.2 Vulnerability Assessment -- 3.2.1 Exposure -- 3.2.2 Sensitivity -- 3.2.3 Adaptive Capacity -- 3.2.4 Health Vulnerability Index -- 4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 12 Potential for Scaling up Climate Smart Agricultural Practices: Examples from Sub-Saharan Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodological Approach -- 3 Climate Smart Agricultural Practices in SSA -- 3.1 Drought Tolerant (DT) Crop Varieties. , 3.2 Sustainable Intensification Practices.

Note: Intro -- Experiences of Climate Change Adaptationin Africa -- Foreword -- Contents -- 1 Links Between Capacity and Action in Response to Global Climate Change: A Climate Response Shift at the Local Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Capacity and the Climate Change Problem -- Adaptive and Mitigative Capacity -- Response Capacity -- Translating Capacity into Action -- Risk Perception and Varying Responses to Climate Change -- Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- 2 Key Themes of Local Adaptation to Climate Change: Results from Mapping Community-Based Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Conceptual Framework -- Research Results -- Key Themes of Social Resilience -- Key Themes of Economic Resilience -- Critical Success Factors -- Box 1: Some Examples of Community Involvement, Critical Success Factors and Transferability of African CBA Projects -- Discussion -- Some current limitations to successful adaptation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Potential Climate Change Impacts on Direct Economic Values From Wildlife in the Kilombero Ramsar Site, Tanzania -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection and Analysis -- Results -- Rainfall Pattern and Probability -- Wildlife Hunting Licenses and Outtakes in the North Kilombero Hunting Block -- Direct Economic Value of Wildlife -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Improving the Participation of Agro-Pastoralists in Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Policy Formulation: A Case Study from Keiyo District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of the Study Area -- Research Approach -- Results and Discussion -- Local Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction. , Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in CCA and DRR Policy Processes -- Challenges to Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Opportunities for Enhancing Agro-Pastoralist Involvement in Policy Processes -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Integration of Indigenous Knowledge Systems into Climate Change Adaptation and Enhancing Food Security in Nandi and Keiyo Districts, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Keiyo District -- Nandi District -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Household Demographics and Livelihood Activities -- Common Shocks Affecting Household Food Security Status -- Household Strategies for Climate Change Adaptation and Food Security Risk Reduction -- Reliability and Opportunities for Integrating IKS in CCA and Food Security -- Conclusions -- References -- 6 Climate Change and the Emergence of Helter-Skelter Livelihoods Among the Pastoralists of Samburu East District, Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results and Discussions -- Drought and the Pastoralist -- Conflicts Across Ethnic and International Borders, and with Wildlife -- The Aftermath of Floods -- Family and Community Instability -- Facing up to Climate Change: Adapting and Coping -- Tapping into the Resiliency of the Camel -- Turning to Agro-Pastoral Practices -- Livestock Mobility and Micro-Business Ventures -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Carbon Changes Following the Establishment of Exclosure on Communal Grazing Lands in the Semi-Arid Lowlands of Tigray, Ethiopia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Experimental Design -- Soil Sampling, Analyses and Carbon Stock Calculation -- Vegetation Inventory, Above-Ground Biomass and Carbon Estimation -- Statistical Analyses -- Results. , Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Exclosures and Adjacent Communal Grazing Lands -- Soil, Vegetation and Climatic Variables Explaining Ecosystem Carbon Stocks -- Ecosystem Carbon Stocks and Site Characteristics in Church Forests -- Discussion -- Comparability of Exclosures and the Adjacent Grazing Lands -- Variation of Soil and Above-Ground Carbon Stocks on Communal Grazing Lands -- Changes in Ecosystem Carbon Stock in Relation to Exclosure Age -- Potential of Exclosures to be Considered as a Clean Development Mechanism Project -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Coastal Forest Buffer Zones and Shoreline Change in Zanzibar, Tanzania: Practical Measures for Climate Adaptation? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Zanzibar -- Project Background, Methods and Research Area -- Coastal Erosion and Environmental Change -- Physical Changes Over the Last 50 Years -- Physical Impacts of Sea Level Rise -- Current Pressures and Local Perceptions -- Coastal Forest Buffer Zones: Planning and Issues -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Conflicting Policies: Institutional Approaches Towards Decentralisation and Promoting Climate Change Resilience in Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Methods -- Study Country -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Decentralisation of the Forest Sector -- Equity, Sustainability, Poverty Reduction and Climate Change -- Anthropogenic Impacts Contributing to Climate Change in Kenya -- Impacts of Climate Change in Kenya -- Impact on Development and the Economy -- Extreme Events and Natural Disasters -- Initiatives in Protected Areas and Curbing Climate Change -- Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- References -- 10 Climate Shocks, Perceptions and Coping Options in Semi-Arid Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Climate Change Perceptions. , Climate Shocks and Outcomes -- Coping Options and Knowledge of Climatic and Agricultural Information -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Drought Monitoring in Food-Insecure Areas of Ethiopia by Using Satellite Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An Overview of Drought Monitoring and Modelling -- Drought Object Modelling -- Materials and Methods -- Theoretical Framework -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Materials -- GIS Data Processing and Preliminary Results -- Relationships Between Precipitation and NDVI -- NDVI and Deviation of NDVI for Spatially Locating Drought -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 A Swot Analysis of Mitigation of Climate Change Through REDD -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Strengths of REDD -- REDD Can Serve as a Source of Funds for Sustainable Forest Management -- Ecological Benefits of REDD -- REDD Can Contribute to Poverty Alleviation -- Weaknesses of REDD -- Ecological Versus Economic Rate of Operation -- Spatial and Sectoral Leakages -- Unintended Positive Effects of REDD -- Insufficiency, Unreliability and Complications of REDD Funding -- Tendency to Justify REDD on the Basis of the Lower end of its Costs -- Opportunities for REDD -- Willingness of Developing and Developed Countries to Participate in REDD -- Learning from Similar Past Initiatives -- Threats to REDD -- Poor Governance -- Political Instability and War -- Loss of Interest in REDD by the International Community -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Environmental Mainstreaming in Development Policy and Planning in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Case Study from Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Development Planning Framework -- The District-Focus Planning Framework -- The National Economic and Social Council-led Planning Framework -- Environmental Planning Framework. , Kenya's Environmental Mainstreaming Strategies -- Normative Strategies: Political Commitment and Strategic Vision -- Organisational Strategies: Institutional Arrangements and Practices -- Procedural Strategies: Assessment and Consultation -- Use of Policy Instruments for Environmental Mainstreaming -- Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Net Primary Productivity Response to Climate Change in the Mount Kenya Ecosystem -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- CASA Model -- Data Used -- General Circulation Model Downscaling -- Results and Discussions -- GCM Downscaling and Validation -- Climatic Scalar Variability -- Estimated CASA Model NPP -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 Adapting Agriculture to Climate Change by Developing Promising Strategies Using Analogue Locations in Eastern and Southern Africa: Introducing the Calesa Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Scope of the Project and Methodology -- Stakeholders and Expected Outputs -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 The Unitar Climate Change Programme: Innovative Adaptation Initiatives in Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Current and Recent Activities -- Outputs of ACCCA -- Conclusions -- References -- Home Pages, Videos and Resources -- 17 A Grassroots Initiative to Disseminate Solar Energy Technologies in Ethiopia: Implications to Climate Change Education -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem and Rationale -- Rationale Behind the Grassroots Initiative -- Background to the Grassroots Initiative -- Methodology -- Selection of Participating Schools -- Textbooks' Review -- Field Survey -- Results -- Integration of Issues Related to Energy and Environment -- Impacts of the Handbook -- Dissemination of Solar Home Systems -- Solar Cookers and Driers -- Sings of Sustainability -- Discussion -- Conclusion and Implication -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 18 Integrating Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Systems for Climate Change Adaptation in Zambia.