Note: Intro -- Foreword by ADA -- Preface by Microenergy Systems Research Group -- Preface by Daniel M. Kammen -- Preface by the Organizing Team -- Conference Summary -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I New Experiences, Simulations and Visions from the Field of AC and DC Minigrids -- 1 Swarm Electrification: Investigating a Paradigm Shift Through the Building of Microgrids Bottom-up -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective and Methodology -- Literature Review -- Analyzing the Model: Case Study Bangladesh -- Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- 2 Identifying Hidden Resources in Solar Home Systems as the Basis for Bottom-Up Grids -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Solar Module Simulation -- Battery Model -- Charge Controller -- Load Profile -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 A Concept of DC Nano-Grid for Low Cost Energy Access in Rural Bangladesh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Debate of DC Versus AC -- Solar PV Based Irrigation in Bangladesh -- The Concept of DC Nanogrid: Its Appropriateness in the Context of Bangladesh -- A Calculation for Water Delivery for a Small Irrigation Pump -- The Cost Calculation for the Proposed Nano-Grid -- Conclusions -- References -- 4 Experience from First Solar Mini Grid Service in Bangladesh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- System Design and Planning -- Consumer Profile in Enam Nahar Market -- Business Plan -- Tariff for Electricity -- Hardware and System Configuration -- Results and Discussion -- Revenue from Solar Mini Grid Service -- Challenges Faced by Mini Grid Service -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Prospects for Electricity Access in Rural India Using Solar Photovoltaic Based Mini-Grid Systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- System Design, Maintenance and Management. , Costs and Tariff -- Livelihoods and Long-Term Sustainability -- Results -- Discussion -- A Roadmap to 100 % Electricity Access for India@75 -- References -- 6 The Case for Solar-Diesel Hybrid Minigrids in Bangladesh: Design Considerations -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Local Functional Project Structure -- Key Design Considerations -- Site Survey and Survey Items -- Demand Assessment -- System Design -- Financial Modelling for Minigrids -- Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 7 A Simulation Gaming Approach to Micro-grid Design and Planning: Participatory Design and Capacity Building -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- The Simulation Game as a Tool and Artifact -- The Simulation Gaming Process for Participatory Design -- The Simulation Gaming Process for Capacity Building -- Results: Simulation Game Screenshots -- Discussion: Case Study Observations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 The Energy Centre Model: An Approach to Village Scale Energy Supply -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Reference -- 9 Lessons from the Edge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Understanding the Challenge -- A Resilience Perspective -- Energy Resilience -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Part II Innovations in Value Chainsand Financing Schemes -- 10 Value Chain Thinking and Energy Projects---A Problem-Centered Value Chain Approach to Energy Based Upgrading of Rice Farmers in the Philippines -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- The Systemic Value Chain Approach -- Value Chain Theory and PU of Energy -- Proposal of a Problem-Centred Value Chain Approach -- Case Study: Energy Based Upgrading of Rice Farmers in the Philippines -- Method -- Analysis -- Discussion and Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 11 Advanced Solar-Irrigation Scheduling for Sustainable Rural Development: A Case of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Soil Moisture Sensing -- Soil Parameters -- The Irrigation Scheduling Algorithm -- Weather Parameters -- Renewable Energy -- The Role of Information Technology -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Towards a Waste Management System for Solar Home Systems in Bangladesh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Estimation of Disposal of Lead-Acid Batteries -- Estimation of Lead Flows on a Country Level -- Results -- Estimation of Lead Flows -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 How to Scale up Green Microfinance? A Comparative Study of Energy Lending in Peru -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives -- Background -- Engaging in Green Microfinance -- Greening the MFI -- Model and Set-up -- Challenges -- Green Loan Disbursement -- Institutional Commitment -- Supply Chain Design -- Client Response -- Empowering Green MFIs -- References -- 14 Microfinancing Decentralized Solar Energy Systems in India: Innovative Products Through Group Approach -- Abstract -- Introduction and Background -- Literature Review -- Methodology -- Discussion and Results -- Conclusions -- Further Research Demands -- Notes -- References -- 15 Innovative Energy Access for Remote Areas: ``The LUAV-Light up a Village'' Project -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Additional Research -- Specific Details of the Program -- Results -- Findings -- Scaling up -- References -- 16 Exploring the Barriers to Impact Investing in the Sustainable Energy Area in West Africa -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- 17 The Synergies Between Mobile Phone Access and Off Grid Energy Solutions -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Research Questions -- Methodology -- The Ubiquity of Mobile in Emerging Markets -- A Majority of the Off Grid Population is Covered by Mobile Networks -- Five Mobile Channels to Enhance Access to Energy -- Emerging Mobile-Based Energy Business Model---The Pay as You Go Example -- Challenges of Such Mobile Enabled Solutions -- Discussion -- References -- 18 Optimizing Device Operation with a Local Electricity Price -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Data Sources -- Prior Work -- Individual Device Operation -- Optimizing Demand Patterns -- Single Device Results -- Multiple Device Results -- Discussion -- Additional Issues -- Further Work -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III Implementation and Decision-Making -- 19 Financing Energy Efficiency and Climate Adaptation Measures on Household Level in Kyrgyzstan---Market Based Approaches in a Post-soviet Country? -- Abstract -- Problem Statement -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- 20 Demand Assessment of Solar Electrification in Off-Grid Rural Communities of Pakistan Through Microfinancing of Solar Home Systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Energy Needs -- Lighting -- Appliances -- Ability to Pay -- Average Monthly Household Income -- Sources of Income -- Average Monthly Savings -- Current Energy Expenditures -- Decision Making Power in the Household -- Willingness to Pay -- Relationship to the National Grid -- Perceptions of SHS -- Willingness to Microfinance a SHS -- Discussion -- SHS Technical Design -- SHS Loan Design -- Conclusions -- References -- 21 Scale Versus Substance? Lessons from a Context-Responsive Approach to Market-Based Stove Development in Western Kenya -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- The USEPA Smoke Alleviation Project -- A Different Kind of Marketplace. , Context-Responsive Stove Market Development in West Kochieng -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 22 How Big is Small? Enough to not Breathe Oil! -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- Discussion -- References -- 23 Analysis of Decision-Making for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Colombia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion and Conclusions Applicable Beyond Colombia -- References -- 24 Barriers and Solutions to the Development of Renewable Energy Technologies in the Caribbean -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 25 The Role of Gender Concerns in the Planning of Small-Scale Energy Projects in Developing Countries -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Objectives -- Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Scope -- 1.1.1 Food Losses -- 1.1.2 Food Residuals -- 1.1.3 By-Products, Including Animal By-Products -- 1.1.4 Food Waste -- References -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Legislation -- 2.2 Waste Management Hierarchy -- 2.2.1 Differences and Similarities in the Waste Management Hierarchies -- 2.3 Bio-Waste -- 2.4 Food Waste -- References -- 3 Causes of Food Waste Generation -- 3.1 Consumer Behaviour -- 3.2 Lack of Awareness -- 3.3 Labelling -- 3.4 Aesthetic Standards -- 3.5 Food Merchandising -- 3.6 Legislation/Regulations as an Obstacle -- 3.6.1 European Marketing Standards -- 3.7 Companies Private Standards and Reputation -- 3.8 Overproduction and Excess Stock -- 3.9 Food Prices/Financial Incentives -- 3.10 Technical Factors -- 3.10.1 Storage -- 3.10.2 Stock Transportation -- 3.10.3 Poor Packaging -- References -- 4 Methods of Food Waste Reduction -- 4.1 Public Awareness Raising/Education -- 4.1.1 Awareness Campaigns and Informativeness -- 4.1.2 Guidelines -- 4.1.3 Education -- 4.2 Food Recovery and Redistribution -- 4.3 Legislation---Governmental Interventions -- 4.4 Economic Incentives/Financial Instruments -- 4.4.1 Negative -- 4.4.1.1 Internalisation of Costs -- 4.4.1.2 `Polluter Pays' Principle -- 4.4.1.3 Taxes and Charges -- 4.4.1.4 Rise of Food Prices -- 4.4.2 Positive -- 4.5 Forecasting and Correct Inventory Management/Planning -- 4.6 Packaging -- 4.7 Labelling -- 4.8 Companies Initiatives -- 4.9 Separate Collection of Food Waste -- 4.10 Alternative Use -- 4.10.1 Energy Recovery -- 4.10.1.1 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) -- 4.10.1.2 Incineration -- 4.10.2 Novel Added-Value Materials/Products -- 4.10.2.1 Chemicals and Fertilizers -- 4.10.2.2 Compost -- 4.10.2.3 Animal Feed -- References -- 5 Research Methods -- 6 Overview of the Baltic Region Countries. , 6.1 Main Economic Activities -- 6.1.1 Belarus -- 6.1.2 Estonia -- 6.1.3 Germany -- 6.1.4 Latvia -- 6.1.5 Lithuania -- 6.1.6 Poland -- 6.1.7 Sweden -- 6.2 Renewable Energy -- 6.3 Food Consumption and Undernourishment -- 6.3.1 Poverty Level -- 6.3.2 Undernourishment -- 6.3.3 European Food Aid -- 6.3.4 Food Expenditures -- 6.4 Biodegradable Waste -- 6.4.1 Legislation -- 6.4.2 Waste Generation and Treatment -- 6.4.2.1 Belarus -- 6.4.2.2 Estonia -- 6.4.2.3 Germany -- 6.4.2.4 Latvia -- 6.4.2.5 Lithuania -- 6.4.2.6 Poland -- 6.4.2.7 Sweden -- References -- 7 The State of the Problem of Food Waste in the Baltic Region Countries -- 7.1 Food Waste Generation in the Baltic -- 7.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets -- 7.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors---Extraction Rates -- 7.1.3 Belarus -- 7.1.3.1 Industries -- 7.1.3.2 Retailers -- 7.1.3.3 Municipal Solid Waste -- 7.1.4 Estonia -- 7.1.5 Germany -- 7.1.5.1 Waste Generation -- 7.1.5.2 Causes -- 7.1.6 Latvia -- 7.1.7 Lithuania -- 7.1.8 Poland -- 7.1.8.1 Industries -- 7.1.8.2 Households -- 7.1.9 Sweden -- 7.1.9.1 Households -- 7.1.9.2 Retail Sector -- 7.1.9.3 Hospitality Sector -- 7.1.9.4 Causes -- 7.2 Food Waste Treatment -- 7.2.1 Belarus -- 7.2.2 Biological Treatment in Belarus -- 7.2.3 Estonia -- 7.2.3.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.3.2 Food Donation/Food Banks in Estonia -- 7.2.3.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.3.4 Biological Treatment -- 7.2.3.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives in Estonia -- 7.2.4 Germany -- 7.2.4.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.4.2 `Better Appreciation of the Value of Food!' Campaign -- 7.2.4.3 Nationwide Days of Action Against Food Waste `We Save Food!' -- 7.2.4.4 Information About the Best-Before Date in the Retail Sector -- 7.2.4.5 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.4.6 Biological Treatment. , 7.2.4.7 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.5 Latvia -- 7.2.5.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.5.2 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.5.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.5.4 Biological Treatment -- 7.2.5.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.6 Lithuania -- 7.2.6.1 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.6.2 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.6.3 Treatment -- 7.2.7 Poland -- 7.2.7.1 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.7.2 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.7.3 Separate Collection -- 7.2.7.4 Treatment -- 7.2.7.5 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- 7.2.8 Sweden -- 7.2.8.1 Cooperation -- 7.2.8.2 Public Awareness Campaign/Education -- 7.2.8.3 Food Donation/Food Banks -- 7.2.8.4 Separate Collection -- 7.2.8.5 Pre-Treatment of Food Wastage -- 7.2.8.6 Treatment -- 7.2.8.7 Additional Activities/Initiatives -- References -- 8 Discussion -- 8.1 Food Waste Generation -- 8.1.1 Food Waste Amounts According to the FAO Food Balance Sheets -- 8.1.2 Food Waste Generated Based on the FAO Technical Conversion Factors---Extraction Rates -- 8.1.3 Situation in Individual Countries -- 8.1.3.1 Belarus -- 8.1.3.2 Estonia -- 8.1.3.3 Germany -- 8.1.3.4 Latvia -- 8.1.3.5 Lithuania -- 8.1.3.6 Poland -- 8.1.3.7 Sweden -- 8.2 Food Waste Treatment -- 8.2.1 Belarus -- 8.2.2 Estonia -- 8.2.3 Germany -- 8.2.4 Latvia -- 8.2.5 Lithuania -- 8.2.6 Poland -- 8.2.7 Sweden -- References -- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations -- 9.1 Conclusions -- 9.1.1 Belarus -- 9.1.2 Estonia -- 9.1.3 Germany -- 9.1.4 Latvia -- 9.1.5 Lithuania -- 9.1.6 Poland -- 9.1.7 Sweden -- 9.2 Recommendations -- 9.2.1 Belarus -- 9.2.2 Estonia -- 9.2.3 Germany -- 9.2.4 Latvia -- 9.2.5 Lithuania -- 9.2.6 Poland -- 9.2.7 Sweden -- References -- Appendix AQuestionnaire in English -- Appendix BQuestionnaire in Russian -- Glossary.