Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 What is Additive Manufacturing? -- References -- Sustainable Impact Evaluation of Support Structures in the Production of Extrusion-Based Parts -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Additive Manufacturing -- 2.1 Material Extrusion -- 2.2 Powder Bed Fusion -- 2.3 Vat Photopolymerization -- 2.4 Material Jetting -- 2.5 Binder Jetting -- 2.6 Sheet Lamination -- 2.7 Directed Energy Deposition -- 3 Case Study -- 3.1 Relationship Between Dissolution Time and Material Volume -- 3.2 Super Rugby Trophy 2015 and Klein Bottle -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- A New Variant of Genetic Programming in Formulation of Laser Energy Consumption Model of 3D Printing Process -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experiment Details for the SLS Process in the Measurement of Laser Energy Consumption and TAS -- 3 Evolutionary Algorithms -- 3.1 Complexity-Based Evolutionary Approach of Genetic Programming (CN-GP) -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Statistical Validation of Energy Consumption Models Against the Experimental Data -- 4.2 Relationships Between Laser Energy Consumption and TAS and Inputs via Sensitivity and Parametric Analysis of the Best Model -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3D Printing Sociocultural Sustainability -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Creating Connections -- 3 Craft Discourse and Sustainability -- 4 Making Context -- 5 Digital Crafting -- 6 Creating Balance -- 7 Digital Adaptation -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Additive Manufacturing and its Effect on Sustainable Design -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Planned Obsolescence -- 1.2 Sustainable Design Approaches -- 1.2.1 Eco-design -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Design -- 1.2.3 Road-Map for Sustainable Product Development -- 1.2.4 Cyclic-Solar-Safe Principles -- 1.2.5 Framework for Strategic Sustainable Development -- 1.2.6 Cradle to Cradle -- 1.2.7 Circular Economy. , 2 Relationship Between Design Quality and Sustainability -- 3 Additive Manufacturing -- 3.1 Complexity for Free -- 3.2 Mass Customization -- 3.3 Freedom of Design -- 3.4 Sustainability of Additive Manufacturing Beyond Design Freedom -- 3.5 Speculations on the Impact of Additive Manufacturing -- 3.6 New Sustainability Challenges Associated with Additive Manufacturing -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Sustainable Design for Additive Manufacturing Through Functionality Integration and Part Consolidation -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 AM Enabled Design Methods -- 2.1 Impact of AM on Conventional DTM -- 2.1.1 Design Considerations for Manufacturing -- 2.1.2 Design Considerations for Assembly -- 2.1.3 Design Considerations for Performance -- 2.2 AM-Related Design Method -- 2.2.1 Design Guidelines and Design Rules -- 2.2.2 Modified DTM for AM -- 2.2.3 Design for Additive Manufacturing -- 2.3 On-Going AM-Related Design Research on Sustainability -- 3 Sustainable Design Methodology for AM -- 3.1 General Design Flow -- 3.2 Functional Design -- 3.3 Design Optimization -- 3.4 Design Refinement -- 3.5 Environmental Impact Evaluation -- 4 Case Study -- 5 Summary -- References -- Redesigning Production Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction: Systems in Crisis -- 2 The Change Is Now -- 3 Global Connectivity, Drivers for Change and Opportunities for Change -- 4 Additive Manufacturing and Global Connectivity for Sustainable Design and Production -- 5 Supply Chain Management (SCM) Implications of 3D Printing -- 5.1 The Development Cycle -- 5.2 Inventory Management: Production and Distribution -- 5.3 Logistic Postponement -- 5.4 Management of Spare Parts -- 6 Humanitarian Logistic Case Study -- 7 Changing Consumer Relationships -- 8 Contraction and Convergence -- 9 New Patterns of Production -- 10 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Carbon Footprints of Recycled Plastic Packaging and Household Food Consumption by Gender in Spain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Data Homogeneity -- 3.3 Carbon Footprints -- 4 Main Results -- 4.1 Carbon Footprint and Emissions Pattern -- 4.2 Consumption Patterns: Food, Restaurants and Age Group -- 4.3 Emissions from Food Packaging -- 4.4 Household Packaging Waste and Recycling -- 5 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- The Potential of Refuse-Derived Fuel Production in Reducing the Environmental Footprint of the Cement Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief Overview of Cement Industry Environmental Challenge -- 3 Co-benefits and Risks of Co-processing in Cement Industry -- 4 The Refuse-Derived Fuel Use in Cement Plants -- 5 The Refuse-Derived Fuel Potential: A Case Study in Brazil -- 6 Environmental Footprint Discussion -- 7 Final Remarks -- References -- Ecological Footprint of Multi-silicon Photovoltaic Module Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photovoltaic Technology -- 2.1 Types of PV Modules -- 3 Global Market and Waste Generation -- 4 Methods of Recycling PV Modules -- 5 Ecological Footprint (EF) -- 6 Methodology -- 6.1 Ecological Footprint of Solar PV Panel Recycling (EFR) -- 7 Results -- 7.1 Ecological Footprint of Dismantling (EFdismantling) -- 7.2 Ecological Footprint of Remelting of Glass (EFremelting) -- 7.3 Ecological Footprint of Thermal Treatment (EFthermal) -- 7.4 Ecological Footprint of Chemical Treatment (EFchemical) -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- An Environmental Construction and Demolition Waste Management Model to Trigger Post-pandemic Economic Recovery Towards a Circular Economy: The Mexican and Spanish Cases -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objective and Methodology -- 3 Materials and Methods. , 3.1 First Stage: Characterization and Selection of Social Housing Sample -- 3.2 CDW Quantification -- 3.3 CDW Environmental Indicators -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Ecological Footprint Assessment of Recycled Asphalt Pavement Construction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Ecological Footprint of Asphalt Pavement (EFP) -- 2.2 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 2.3 Economic Assessment -- 3 Case Samples -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Ecological Assessment -- 4.2 Economic Assessment -- 4.3 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Energy Efficiency of Metallic Powder Bed Additive Manufacturing Processes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Challenges of the Powder Bed AM Processes -- 1.2 Structure of the Chapter -- 2 Sustainability and Energy Efficiency of Manufacturing Processes -- 2.1 Sustainability and Additive Manufacturing -- 2.2 Circular Economy and Additive Manufacturing -- 2.3 Sustainability Indicators for AM -- 2.4 Energy Efficiency -- 3 Modelling of Metallic Powder Bed AM Processes -- 3.1 Modelling of the Heat Transfer Problem During AM -- 3.2 Modelling of the Structural Problem During AM -- 3.3 Numerical Analysis -- 3.4 Other Considerations for the Numerical Modelling of the Process -- 4 Improving Energy Efficiency of Powder Bed AM Processes Using Modelling -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Improving the Energy Efficiency of the Process -- 4.3 Preheating Modelling -- 5 Conclusion and Outcome -- References -- 2 Environmental Impact Assessment Studies in Additive Manufacturing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Electric Energy Consumption of AM Processes -- 2.2.1 First Study: Luo et al. -- 2.2.2 Influence of the Manufacturing Orientation -- 2.2.3 Influence of Packing Density of AM Platforms -- 2.2.4 Comparison Between AM Processes and More Traditional Ones -- 2.2.5 Considering Energy Consumption and Quality of the Part -- 2.2.6 Synthesis of Electric Energy Consumption Studies -- 2.3 Raw Material Consumption -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Powder Recycling -- 2.4 Other Flows that Affect the Environment -- 2.5 Possibilities Offered by AM Processes on the Whole Life Cycle of a Product -- 2.6 Synthesis of the Literature Review -- 3 Environmental Impact Assessment Methodology -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General Approach -- 3.3 Manufacturing Process Modeling -- 3.3.1 Framework and Limits. , 3.3.2 Input Data -- 3.3.3 A Multistep Methodology -- 4 Application to Directed Energy Deposition -- 4.1 Introduction to Directed Energy Deposition Process -- 4.2 Atomisation of Raw Material -- 4.2.1 Gas Consumption -- 4.2.2 Water Consumption -- 4.2.3 Electrical Consumption -- 4.3 Environmental Performance Modeling for the AM Process -- 4.3.1 Fluid Consumption -- 4.3.2 Material Consumption -- 4.3.3 Electric Consumption -- 4.3.4 Lost Powder Recycling -- 4.4 Industrial Example -- 4.4.1 Case Study Introduction -- 4.4.2 CAD Part -- 4.4.3 Different Manufacturing Strategies -- 4.4.4 Environmental Impact Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Sustainability Based on Biomimetic Design Models -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cellular Structures -- 3 Topology Optimisation -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Sustainable Frugal Design Using 3D Printing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Categorisation of Frugal Design -- 3 3D Printing -- 4 Frugal Design and Engineering -- 5 Frugal 3D Printing -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Carbon Footprint Assessment of Additive Manufacturing: Flat and Curved Layer-by-Layer Approaches -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 FDM Process -- 3 Experimental Design -- 3.1 Experimentation and Calculation -- 4 Carbon Footprint Assessment -- 4.1 Goal of the Study -- 5 Scope -- 5.1 Product System and Its Function(s) -- 5.2 Functional Unit -- 5.3 Data for the Study -- 5.3.1 Characterization of Data Quality -- 5.4 Cut-Off Criteria and Cut-Off -- 5.5 Allocation Procedures -- 5.6 Geographical and Time Boundary of Data -- 5.7 System Boundary -- 5.8 Assumptions -- 5.9 Treatment of Electricity -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Life-Cycle Inventory -- 8 Product Carbon Footprint Calculation and Interpretation -- 9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 The Remanufacturing Industry and Fashion -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Remanufacturing Industry -- 1.3 The Concept of "Remanufacture" -- 1.4 A Definition of Remanufactured Fashion -- 1.5 Upcycle or Remanufacture -- 1.6 Labelling of Remanufactured Clothing -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Closed Loop Systems and Reverse Logistics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Closed Loop Systems, Reverse Logistics-Definitions and Differences -- 2.2.1 Closed Loop Versus Reverse Logistics -- 2.3 The Process of Reverse Logistics -- 2.4 Requirements and Challenges of Closed Loop Systems of Fashion Products -- References -- 3 The Remanufactured Fashion Design Approach and Business Model -- 3.1 The Business Model Concept -- 3.2 Significance of the Business Model Concept -- 3.3 Business Models and Sustainability -- 3.4 Business Models Within a Globalized Fashion Industry -- 3.5 Sustainable Fashion Business Models -- 3.5.1 Incentive Green Business Model -- 3.5.2 Life-cycle Green Business Models -- 3.6 An Examination of the Remanufactured Fashion Business Model -- 3.7 The Remanufactured Fashion Business Model -- 3.7.1 Value Creation -- 3.7.2 Value Architecture -- 3.7.3 Revenue Model -- 3.8 Implications for the Design and Manufacture of Remanufactured Fashion -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Examples and Case Studies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Overview of the Fashion Remanufacturing Process -- 4.2.1 Company A -- 4.2.2 Company B -- 4.2.3 Company C -- 4.2.4 Company D -- 4.2.5 Company E -- 4.3 Implications for Mass Manufacturing -- 4.3.1 Process Input -- 4.3.2 Cutting Operation -- 4.3.3 Garment Assembly -- 4.3.4 Quality Standards -- 4.3.5 Distribution and Retailing -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Systems Requirements for Remanufactured Fashion as an Industry. , 5.1 Introduction: A Comparison Between Conventional and Remanufactured Fashion Design Processes -- 5.2 Remanufactured Fashion as a Reverse Supply System -- 5.3 The Current Fashion System -- 5.4 A Conceptual System for Remanufactured Fashion -- 5.5 Marketing and Strategic Considerations for the Remanufacturing Company -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Issues Raised for Sustainability Through Remanufactured Fashion -- 6.1 Retailing of Remanufactured Fashion -- 6.2 Eco-Labels -- 6.3 Remanufactured Certificates -- 6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Blockchain Technology: A Fundamental Overview -- 1 Blockchain Fundamental -- 1.1 Background and Evolution -- 1.2 Blockchain Definition -- 2 Blockchain Components -- 3 Blockchain Features -- 4 Blockchain Architecture -- 5 How Does Blockchain Work? -- 6 Blockchain Categorization -- 7 Blockchain Regulations and Organization Incorporation -- 8 Blockchain Usage -- 9 The Future of Blockchain Technology: Artificial Intelligent and Digital Privacy -- References -- Fundamentals of Blockchain and New Generations of Distributed Ledger Technologies. Circular Economy Case Uses in Spain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Evolution of Blockchain Technology -- 3 A Definition of Blockchain -- 4 Key Concepts -- 5 The "Actors" in a DLT -- 6 The Constituent Elements of a Blockchain -- 7 Governance Conditions for Future Applications -- 8 New Generations of Blockchain -- 8.1 Hashgraph -- 8.2 Dag -- 8.3 Holochain -- 8.4 Chia Network -- 8.5 DFinity -- 8.6 Neural Distributed Ledger (NDL) -- 9 The Concept of Token: "Tokenization" -- 10 Uses and Applications. The Spanish Case -- 10.1 Climate Trade -- 10.2 Telos-Based CTIC Logistics Traceability Application -- 10.3 Food Track, Food Supply Chain Traceability -- 10.4 CircularChain, a Blockchain Platform for Packaging Recycling -- 11 Conclusions -- References -- Security Magnification in Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain Technology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Overview of Blockchain -- 3.1 Types of Blockchain -- 3.2 Characteristics of Blockchain -- 3.3 Key Components of Blockchain -- 4 Supply Chain Management -- 4.1 Motivation Behind Applying Blockchain Technology in SCM -- 4.2 Advantages of Leveraging Blockchain -- 4.3 Leveraging SCM in Industries with Blockchain Technology -- 4.4 Use Cases of Blockchain in SCM -- 5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions. , References -- "Implementation of Blockchain Technologies in Smart Cities, Opportunities and Challenges" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blockchain Enabling Technology Types -- 3 Accompanying Features of the Blockchain Technology -- 4 Smart City-The Origins -- 5 Smart Cities-The Concept -- 6 The Smart City-The Model -- 7 Primary Objectives of the Smart Cities -- 8 Smart City as a Summation of Paradigms -- 9 Composing Elements of the Smart Cities -- 10 Application of the Blockchain Technology in the Smart Cities -- 11 Application of Blockchain Technology in the Development of the Smart Cities -- 12 Digital Identity -- 13 SSI Digital Identity -- 14 Blockchain Architecture for Smart Cities -- 15 Opportunities in the Application of the Blockchain Technology -- 16 Conclusion -- References -- Blockchain Technology Enables Healthcare Data Management and Accessibility -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blockchain Overview -- 3 Key Blockchain Technology Features -- 3.1 Decentralization -- 3.2 Trust and Transparency -- 3.3 Traceability and Auditability -- 3.4 Persistency and Immutability -- 3.5 Privacy and Anonymity -- 4 Benefits of Blockchain in Healthcare -- 4.1 Decentralized Medical Data Management -- 4.2 Data Protection -- 4.3 Ownership of Medical Data -- 4.4 Control Pharmaceutical Supply Chain -- 4.5 Availability and Accessibility of Medical Data -- 5 Blockchain Application in Healthcare Sector -- 5.1 Mobile Health (mHealth) -- 5.2 Healthcare Data Management -- 5.3 Pharmaceutical Tracing and Supply Chain -- 5.4 Health Insurance Claims -- 5.5 Health Education and Clinical Trials Research -- 6 Case Study (e-Health Estonia) -- 7 Processes Improved Through Blockchain -- 7.1 Patient Record Management -- 7.2 Maintaining Consistent Permissions -- 7.3 Protecting Telehealth Systems -- 7.4 Clinical Trials and Precision Medicine -- 7.5 Optimizing Health Insurance Coverage. , 7.6 Medical Billing Systems -- 7.7 Enhancing Privacy of Patients' Data -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Blockchain as a Service: A Holistic Approach to Traceability in the Circular Economy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Paradigms: The Circular Economy and Blockchain Technology -- 2.1 Introduction to the Circular Economy -- 3 A Blockchain Integration Model for the Circular Economy. A BaaS Approach -- 3.1 Blockchain and the Circular Economy -- 3.2 The BaaS Approach -- 3.3 A Specific, Neural Distributed Network-Based Solution -- 4 Implications and Challenges -- References -- The Smart City, Smart Contract, Smart Health Care, Internet of Things (IoT), Opportunities, and Challenges -- 1 The Smart Contract -- 2 The Opportunities in the Application of the Blockchain Technology in Smart Health Care -- 3 Opportunities in Utilizing Smart Contracts in Smart Health Care -- 4 Smart Contract Applications -- 5 Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Smart Cities -- 6 Smart City, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) Opportunities and Challenges -- 7 Security Issues with Internet of Things (IoT) Devices in Context of Smart Cities -- 8 Challenges in Connecting Citizens and Smart Cities -- 9 Smart City, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) Opportunities -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Applications of Blockchain Technology for a Circular Economy with Focus on Singapore -- 1 Blockchain -- 1.1 Blockchain Overview -- 1.2 Characteristics of Blockchain -- 2 Circular Economy (CE) -- 2.1 The Concept of Circular Economy -- 2.2 Circular Economy Challenges -- 2.3 Ecosystem Economy and the Cities' Role in Driving CE -- 2.4 Circular City -- 2.5 Sustainable Development -- 3 Application Scenarios of Blockchain Technology for a CE -- 3.1 Focus on Singapore -- 4 Challenges of Applying the Blockchain Technology to the CE -- 5 Suggestions for Way Forward -- 6 Conclusion. , References -- Leveraging Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Logistics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Basics of Blockchain -- 3.1 History of Blockchain -- 3.2 Architecture of Blockchain -- 3.3 Types of Blockchain -- 3.4 Working of Blockchain -- 4 Supply Chain Management -- 4.1 Motivation for Applying Blockchain in SCM -- 4.2 How Blockchain Can Be Implemented? -- 4.3 Opportunities for Integration of Blockchain and SCM -- 5 Conclusion -- References.