Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 The Role of Reverse Logistics in Recycling of Wood Products -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 European Legislation -- 1.2 The Role of Wood and Wood Products in the Bioeconomy -- 2 A Concept for Reuse and Upgrading of Waste Wood -- 2.1 Cascade Use of Wood -- 2.1.1 Carbon Storage in Wood Products -- 2.2 Classification of Hazardous and Nonhazardous Waste Wood -- 2.3 Material Considerations for Recovered Waste Wood -- 2.3.1 Outputs of Processed Recovered Wood -- 3 Flows of Waste Wood---a Case Study of Slovenia -- 4 Models of Reverse Logistics -- 4.1 A Model of Reverse Logistics for Wood Recovery -- 4.1.1 Model Entities -- 4.1.2 Optimization Problem -- 4.2 Implementation of the Model -- 4.2.1 System Architecture -- 4.2.2 Using the Application -- Entering the Model -- The Result of a Computation -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Recycling Potential of Building Materials: A Review -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials Used in Building Construction -- 3 Recycling of Building Materials -- 4 Environment and Economic Importance -- 5 Recycling Potential and Its Feasibility -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- 3 Recycling of Wastes into Construction Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling of Coal and Biomass Fly Ashes, Coal Bottom Ash, and C& -- D Wastes for Concrete Block Manufacturing -- 2.1 Materials and Methods -- 2.1.1 Materials -- 2.1.2 Block Preparation -- 2.1.3 Insulating Properties -- 2.1.4 Physical and Mechanical Properties -- 2.1.5 Environmental Study -- 2.2 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.1 Physical, Mechanical, and Insulating Properties -- 2.2.2 Environmental Results -- Leaching -- Radiological Test -- 3 Recycling of Biomass and C& -- D Wastes for Façade Solutions -- 3.1 Materials -- 3.2 Panel Preparation. , 3.3 Comparative Façade Solutions -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Enhancing Crop Residues Recycling in the Philippine Landscape -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Crop Residue Recycling: Why Farmers Don't Do It -- 3 On Sugarcane, Why Burn? -- 4 Benefits of no Burn Canes -- 5 Addressing the Challenge of Rice Straw or Sugarcane Trash Burning Through Legal Means -- 6 Exploring Other Paths for Enhancing Crop Residue Recycling -- 7 Conclusion -- Literature Cited -- 5 Dilemmas of Development and the Reconstruction of Fashion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fashionable Development -- 2.1 Liquid Clothes -- 2.2 Design Activism and Recycling -- 3 Sustainable Development and Design -- 3.1 Design Debates -- 3.2 Designing for Sustainable Development -- 4 Globalisation and Recycling -- 4.1 Technology and Ideology -- 4.2 The Global Denim Project: A Detailed Exploration in Recycling -- 5 Putting Theory into Practice -- 5.1 Ketchup Clothes: A Case Study in Recycling -- 5.2 Methods of Enquiry -- 5.3 Definition and Sourcing of Waste Clothes -- 5.4 The Design and Manufacture of Recycled Clothes -- 5.4.1 Rips and Stains -- 5.4.2 Remodelled T-shirts -- 5.4.3 Knitted T-shirts -- 5.4.4 Household Textiles -- 5.5 Engagement in Outreach Work -- 6 Conclusions and Discussion -- Bibliography -- 6 Chitosan Derivatives as Effective Agents in Recycling of Textile Dyes from Waste Waters -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chitosan as an Adsorbent for Dye Removal from Wastewaters -- 3 Recent Advances in Dye Adsorption Using Chitosan Composites -- 4 Chitosan Derivatives for Dye Removal -- 5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 Polyester Recycling---Technologies, Characterisation, and Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling Technologies -- 3 PET Recycling Process -- 3.1 Collection and Sorting. , 3.2 Secondary Recycling---Mechanical Recycling -- 3.3 Tertiary Recycling -- 3.3.1 Glycolysis -- 3.3.2 Methanolysis -- 3.3.3 Hydrolysis -- 3.3.4 Thermolysis or Thermal Depolymerisation -- 3.4 Quaternary Recycling -- 3.5 Bio-Based PET -- 4 Characterisation of Recycled Polyester -- 4.1 Yarn Preparation and Characteristics -- 4.2 Fabric Characteristics -- 5 Applications -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Future Recommendations -- References -- 8 Recycled Fibrous and Nonfibrous Biomass for Value-Added Textile and Nontextile Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Recycling of Colouring Compounds and Auxiliaries for Textile Application -- 2.1 Recycling of Flowers for Textile Dyeing and Finishing -- 2.2 Recycling of Textile Dyes and Auxiliaries -- 2.3 Textile Finishing Using Bio-Waste -- 3 Recycling of Fibres from Waste Textiles and Their Applications -- 3.1 Recycling of Cellulosic Fibres from Waste Textiles/Paper -- 3.2 Recycling of Jute Waste and Its Application -- 3.3 Recycling (Utilisation) of Leather Fibre Waste -- 4 Recovery of Fibrous Material from Textile and Agro-Biomass and Its Application in Composite -- 4.1 Application of Biodegradable Fibrous Waste in Composite -- 4.2 Application of Biodegradable Nonfibrous Waste in Composite and Agriculture -- 5 Microcrystalline, Nano, and Bacterial Cellulose from Fibrous Biomass -- 5.1 Synthesis of Nanocellulose from Agro-Biomass and Nanocomposite -- 5.2 Production of Microcrystalline Cellulose -- 5.3 Production of Bacterial Cellulose from Textile and Agro Wastes -- 6 Recovery of Silk Sericin and Its Value-Added Applications -- 7 Production, Recycling, and Application Lignin and Nanolignin -- 8 Research on Banana Pseudostem Sap -- 9 Biodegradation and Life-Cycle Assessment -- 10 Present Status of Recycling in India -- 11 Summary -- References -- 9 Recycling and Reuse of Textile Effluent Sludge -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Water Pollution by Textile Industry -- 2.1 Water Consumption in Textile Processing -- 3 Characteristics of Textile Wastewater -- 3.1 Characteristics of Dye Effluent -- 3.2 Dyes -- 3.3 Environmental Impact of Wastewater -- 3.3.1 Effects on Public Health -- 3.3.2 Effects on Crops -- 3.3.3 Effects on Aquaculture -- 3.3.4 Effects on Soil Resources -- 3.3.5 Effects on Groundwater Resources -- 3.4 Environmental Impacts of Textile Effluent -- 4 Recycling of Textile Wastewater -- 4.1 Preliminary Treatment -- 5 Primary Treatment -- 5.1 Secondary Treatment -- 5.2 Tertiary Treatment -- 5.2.1 Chemical Oxidation -- 5.2.2 Ozonation -- 5.2.3 Photochemical Process -- 5.2.4 Ion Exchange Process -- 5.2.5 Electrochemical Process -- 5.2.6 Membrane Filtration -- Reverse Osmosis -- Ultrafiltration -- Nanofiltration -- Microfiltration -- 5.2.7 Adsorption -- 5.2.8 Photocatalytic Degradation -- 5.3 Choice of Treatment Technologies -- 5.4 Economics of Textile Effluent Treatment Plant -- 6 Sludge Management in the Textile Industry -- 6.1 Classification of Sludge -- 6.2 Characteristics of Sludge -- 6.3 Sludge Management Systems -- 6.3.1 Preliminary Operation -- 6.3.2 Thickening -- 6.3.3 Stabilisation -- 6.3.4 Composting -- 6.3.5 Conditioning -- 6.3.6 Dewatering -- 6.3.7 Drying -- 6.4 Sludge Treatment Process -- 6.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion -- 6.4.2 Aerobic Digestion -- Advantages of Aerobic Digestion -- Disadvantages of Aerobic Digestion -- 6.4.3 Solidification/Stabilisation Method of Sludge Reduction -- 6.5 Environmental Impact of Sludge Disposal -- 6.5.1 Ocean Disposal -- 6.5.2 Incineration -- 6.5.3 Landfill -- 6.5.4 Landfarming -- 6.5.5 Beneficial Land Application -- 6.6 Reuse Potential of Textile Sludge -- 6.6.1 Sludge in Construction Material -- 6.6.2 Sludge in Concrete -- 6.6.3 Sludge in Clay Bricks -- 6.6.4 Sludge as Fertiliser. , 6.6.5 Other Methods Used in Sludge Management -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Recycled Paper from Wastes: Calculation of Ecological Footprint of an Energy-Intensive Industrial Unit in Orissa, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology for Estimating Ecological Footprint -- 2.1 Process Description -- 2.1.1 Paper Manufacturing Process -- 2.1.2 Sheet-Forming Section -- 2.1.3 Press Section -- 2.1.4 Drying -- 2.1.5 Calendaring -- 2.1.6 Reeling -- 2.2 Study of Boundary and Data Collection -- 2.3 Scope and Limitation of the Study -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Websites.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Carbon Footprint of Pipe Production Using Waste Plastics -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plastics Pipe Manufacturing -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Case Study Selection -- 2.2 Production of Waste Plastic Pipes -- 2.3 Carbon Footprint Calculation -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Plastic Pipe Production Process -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Enviro-Economic Assessment of Plastic Cell-Filled Concrete Pavement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Construction Materials -- 2.2 Environmental Assessment -- 2.3 Economic Assessment -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Environmental Assessment -- 3.2 Economic Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Footprint and Economic Assessment of LED Bulbs Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 An Economic LED Recycling Approach -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 LED Bulbs Characterisation -- 2.2 Recycling Process -- 2.3 Carbon Footprint -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Economic Assessment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- An Empirical Investigation of Waste Management and Ecological Footprints in OECD Countries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Empirical Strategy -- 3.1 Empirical Model and Data -- 3.2 Methodology -- 4 Empirical Findings -- 5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- Ecological Footprint Assessment of e-Waste Recycling -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Categories of Appliances Generating e-Waste -- 1.2 Life Cycle Stages of e-Waste -- 1.3 Stages of e-Waste Recycling -- 1.4 Generation of e-Waste Globally -- 2 Methods and Materials -- 2.1 Ecological Footprint of e-Waste Recycling (EFER) -- 2.2 Economic Assessment -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 EF of Electricity Use -- 3.2 EF of Transportation -- 3.3 Water Use -- 3.4 Land -- 3.5 Labour -- 3.6 Economic Assessment -- 3.7 Global Ecological Footprint of e-Waste Recycling -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Ecological Footprint Assessment of Concrete Using e-Waste -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Plain Cement Concrete with e-Waste Use -- 1.2 Procedure of Sample Preparation of Plain Cement Concrete -- 1.3 Limitation -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Ecological Footprint of Concrete (EFC) -- 2.2 Economic Assessment -- 2.3 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Ecological Footprint of Concrete Manufacturing -- 3.2 Economic Assessment of Concrete -- 3.3 Sustainable Recycling Index (SRI) -- 3.4 Compressive Strength -- 4 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editor -- Blockchain Technology: A Fundamental Overview -- 1 Blockchain Fundamental -- 1.1 Background and Evolution -- 1.2 Blockchain Definition -- 2 Blockchain Components -- 3 Blockchain Features -- 4 Blockchain Architecture -- 5 How Does Blockchain Work? -- 6 Blockchain Categorization -- 7 Blockchain Regulations and Organization Incorporation -- 8 Blockchain Usage -- 9 The Future of Blockchain Technology: Artificial Intelligent and Digital Privacy -- References -- Fundamentals of Blockchain and New Generations of Distributed Ledger Technologies. Circular Economy Case Uses in Spain -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Evolution of Blockchain Technology -- 3 A Definition of Blockchain -- 4 Key Concepts -- 5 The "Actors" in a DLT -- 6 The Constituent Elements of a Blockchain -- 7 Governance Conditions for Future Applications -- 8 New Generations of Blockchain -- 8.1 Hashgraph -- 8.2 Dag -- 8.3 Holochain -- 8.4 Chia Network -- 8.5 DFinity -- 8.6 Neural Distributed Ledger (NDL) -- 9 The Concept of Token: "Tokenization" -- 10 Uses and Applications. The Spanish Case -- 10.1 Climate Trade -- 10.2 Telos-Based CTIC Logistics Traceability Application -- 10.3 Food Track, Food Supply Chain Traceability -- 10.4 CircularChain, a Blockchain Platform for Packaging Recycling -- 11 Conclusions -- References -- Security Magnification in Supply Chain Management Using Blockchain Technology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Overview of Blockchain -- 3.1 Types of Blockchain -- 3.2 Characteristics of Blockchain -- 3.3 Key Components of Blockchain -- 4 Supply Chain Management -- 4.1 Motivation Behind Applying Blockchain Technology in SCM -- 4.2 Advantages of Leveraging Blockchain -- 4.3 Leveraging SCM in Industries with Blockchain Technology -- 4.4 Use Cases of Blockchain in SCM -- 5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions. , References -- "Implementation of Blockchain Technologies in Smart Cities, Opportunities and Challenges" -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blockchain Enabling Technology Types -- 3 Accompanying Features of the Blockchain Technology -- 4 Smart City-The Origins -- 5 Smart Cities-The Concept -- 6 The Smart City-The Model -- 7 Primary Objectives of the Smart Cities -- 8 Smart City as a Summation of Paradigms -- 9 Composing Elements of the Smart Cities -- 10 Application of the Blockchain Technology in the Smart Cities -- 11 Application of Blockchain Technology in the Development of the Smart Cities -- 12 Digital Identity -- 13 SSI Digital Identity -- 14 Blockchain Architecture for Smart Cities -- 15 Opportunities in the Application of the Blockchain Technology -- 16 Conclusion -- References -- Blockchain Technology Enables Healthcare Data Management and Accessibility -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Blockchain Overview -- 3 Key Blockchain Technology Features -- 3.1 Decentralization -- 3.2 Trust and Transparency -- 3.3 Traceability and Auditability -- 3.4 Persistency and Immutability -- 3.5 Privacy and Anonymity -- 4 Benefits of Blockchain in Healthcare -- 4.1 Decentralized Medical Data Management -- 4.2 Data Protection -- 4.3 Ownership of Medical Data -- 4.4 Control Pharmaceutical Supply Chain -- 4.5 Availability and Accessibility of Medical Data -- 5 Blockchain Application in Healthcare Sector -- 5.1 Mobile Health (mHealth) -- 5.2 Healthcare Data Management -- 5.3 Pharmaceutical Tracing and Supply Chain -- 5.4 Health Insurance Claims -- 5.5 Health Education and Clinical Trials Research -- 6 Case Study (e-Health Estonia) -- 7 Processes Improved Through Blockchain -- 7.1 Patient Record Management -- 7.2 Maintaining Consistent Permissions -- 7.3 Protecting Telehealth Systems -- 7.4 Clinical Trials and Precision Medicine -- 7.5 Optimizing Health Insurance Coverage. , 7.6 Medical Billing Systems -- 7.7 Enhancing Privacy of Patients' Data -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Blockchain as a Service: A Holistic Approach to Traceability in the Circular Economy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 New Paradigms: The Circular Economy and Blockchain Technology -- 2.1 Introduction to the Circular Economy -- 3 A Blockchain Integration Model for the Circular Economy. A BaaS Approach -- 3.1 Blockchain and the Circular Economy -- 3.2 The BaaS Approach -- 3.3 A Specific, Neural Distributed Network-Based Solution -- 4 Implications and Challenges -- References -- The Smart City, Smart Contract, Smart Health Care, Internet of Things (IoT), Opportunities, and Challenges -- 1 The Smart Contract -- 2 The Opportunities in the Application of the Blockchain Technology in Smart Health Care -- 3 Opportunities in Utilizing Smart Contracts in Smart Health Care -- 4 Smart Contract Applications -- 5 Blockchain Implementation Challenges in Smart Cities -- 6 Smart City, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) Opportunities and Challenges -- 7 Security Issues with Internet of Things (IoT) Devices in Context of Smart Cities -- 8 Challenges in Connecting Citizens and Smart Cities -- 9 Smart City, Blockchain, and Internet of Things (IoT) Opportunities -- 10 Conclusion -- References -- Applications of Blockchain Technology for a Circular Economy with Focus on Singapore -- 1 Blockchain -- 1.1 Blockchain Overview -- 1.2 Characteristics of Blockchain -- 2 Circular Economy (CE) -- 2.1 The Concept of Circular Economy -- 2.2 Circular Economy Challenges -- 2.3 Ecosystem Economy and the Cities' Role in Driving CE -- 2.4 Circular City -- 2.5 Sustainable Development -- 3 Application Scenarios of Blockchain Technology for a CE -- 3.1 Focus on Singapore -- 4 Challenges of Applying the Blockchain Technology to the CE -- 5 Suggestions for Way Forward -- 6 Conclusion. , References -- Leveraging Blockchain Technology in Sustainable Supply Chain Management and Logistics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Basics of Blockchain -- 3.1 History of Blockchain -- 3.2 Architecture of Blockchain -- 3.3 Types of Blockchain -- 3.4 Working of Blockchain -- 4 Supply Chain Management -- 4.1 Motivation for Applying Blockchain in SCM -- 4.2 How Blockchain Can Be Implemented? -- 4.3 Opportunities for Integration of Blockchain and SCM -- 5 Conclusion -- References.