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  • OceanRep  (3)
  • OceanRep: Conference paper  (3)
  • 1
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    Classification of manganese nodule estimates: can we reach the “measured resource” level? (2016)
    In:  [Paper] In: 45. Underwater Mining Conference - Resource and Environmental Assessments for Seafloor Mining Development, 09.-13.10.2016, Incheon, Korea .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-06-19
    Description: A mineral resource estimation can be realized using a classical geostatistical approach based on variography and kriging. The results of such an estimation are the absolute tonnages of a certain area, the distribution of the resources within the area as well as the absolute and relative prediction errors and their spatial distribution (Akin & Siemens, 1988). For a mining project it is also necessary to classify the resource estimate as “inferred”, “indicated” or “measured” mineral resource (e.g., JORC 2012). In order to do this we used two different statistical key values (according to Benndorf, 2015): the accuracy of the resource calculation (i.e., the relative prediction error) as well as the continuity of the mineral resource and its measured content (i.e., the range of the variogram). In this contribution we will present some results of the classical geostatistical resource estimation and will discuss whether it is possible to reach the “measured resource” level with the common seafloor sampling tools.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 2
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    Methods of Manganese Nodule Exploration in the German License Area (2013)
    In:  [Paper] In: UMI 2013 - 42. Underwater Mining Conference, 21.-29.10.2013, Rio de Janeiro and Porto de Galinhas, Brazil .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-08
    Description: Between 2008 and 2013, the German Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR) carried out five exploration cruises to the German license area in the eastern Pacific Nodule Belt. The first two expeditions were mainly dedicated to multibeam mapping to obtain an overview of the seafloor topography and acoustic backscatter strength. These data were used to identify ten to fourteen prospective nodule fields for potential future mining, which together cover about 16% of the total license area of 75,000 km2. During the last three cruises, three of these potential mining areas were explored in detail. For this purpose, the BGR developed a suite of exploration methods to map nodule size distributions and nodule abundances. These methods include acoustic surveys with vessel-based multibeam systems as well as near-bottom video mapping complemented by in situ sampling. The economically most valuable field has a size of ca. 2,000 km2, of which 34% is covered by medium to large nodules (〉 4 cm long axis of nodules) with an average abundance of 22.4 kg/m2 and 44% is covered by small nodules (〈 4 cm) with a mean abundance of 17.5 kg/m2. The total mass of nodules in this field comprises more than 30 million tons wet weight and could sustain deep-sea mining for at least 10 years.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
  • 3
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    Seabed Classification Using a Bag-of-Prototypes Feature Representation (2014)
    In:  [Paper] In: International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 24.08.2014 , Stockholm, Sweden . 2014 ICPR Workshop on Computer Vision for Analysis of Underwater Imagery ; pp. 17-24 .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-03-15
    Description: The increasing scientific and economic interest in the visual exploration and monitoring of marine areas is creating huge amounts of new underwater image and video data and approaches to computationally assisted analysis are desperately needed. In this paper we propose an image patch feature representation concept, the Bag of Prototypes (BoP), to cope with the individual problems in underwater image analysis. We consider the case of seafloor classification, which is relevant in many contexts such as habitat mapping or the exploration of mineral resources and show, that the BoP concept allows an efficient and accurate tile-wise estimation of poly-metallic nodule coverage in relation to two differently acquired gold standards.
    Type: Conference or Workshop Item , NonPeerReviewed
    DOI: 10.1109/CVAUI.2014.9
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    OceanRep: Conference paper
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