Note: Intro -- The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Also Available Electronically -- Aims and Scope -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Nile River Biography and its Journey from Origin to End -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Key Facts of the Nile -- 2.1 Key Problems -- 3 Geography and Voyage of the Nile River and Its Basins -- 3.1 The Course of the Nile -- 3.2 Catchment Areas, Dams, and Lakes -- 3.3 The Sudd Swamp and Jonglei Canal -- 4 Climate and Rain -- 4.1 Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall Distribution [1, 2] -- 4.3 Evapotranspiration -- 4.3.1 Water Loss from the Earth´s Surface -- 4.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Evapotranspiration Trends -- 4.3.3 A Diverse and Highly Variable Climate -- 5 Lakes of the Nile Basin -- 5.1 Great Equatorial Lakes Nile [20-22] -- 5.1.1 Lake Victoria [14] -- 5.1.2 Lake Kyoga -- 5.1.3 Lake Albert and Semliki River -- 5.1.4 Lake George -- 5.1.5 Lake Edward -- 5.2 Eastern Nile Subbasin Lakes -- 5.2.1 Lake Tana -- Wetlands -- The Sudd and Machar Swamp in South Sudan -- Mara Wetland -- The Ethiopian Wetlands -- Wetlands in Rwanda -- Dams of Different Kinds, Financed in Different Ways -- The Aswan High Dam and Lake Nasser, Egypt -- Tekeze Dam and Renaissance Reservoir in Ethiopia -- The Sinnar, Jebel Aulia, and Khashm El-Girba Dams in Sudan -- Roseires and Merowe Reservoirs in Sudan -- Owen Falls Dam in Uganda -- References -- Part I: The Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- Estimating the Life Time Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir Using Numerical Simulation of Nubia Lake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 3 Simulation Model (CCHE2D) -- 4 Boundary and Initial Conditions -- 5 Model Calibration -- 6 Model Verification -- 7 Predication of Life Time Span of AHDR -- 7.1 Using the Traditional Method -- 7.2 Using the CCHE2D Simulation Model -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations. , Appendix: Initial and Boundary Conditions Data of Section 4 -- References -- A Satellite Remote Sensing Approach to Estimate the Lifetime Span of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Area -- 2.1 The First Part (Lake Nasser) -- 2.2 The Second Part (Lake Nubia) -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Bathymetric Data -- 3.1.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 3.1.2 Topographic Maps -- 3.2 Sediment Data -- 3.3 Remote Sensing Data -- 3.4 Water Levels Data -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 4.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 4.3 Studying the Dead Zone Capacity -- 4.4 Studying the Live Zone Capacity -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for Lake Nasser -- 5.1.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 5.2 Results for Lake Nubia -- 5.2.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- Dead Zone Bed Surfaces -- Live Zone Bed Surfaces -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for Lake Nasser -- 6.1.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Traditional Method -- 6.1.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2 Discussions for Lake Nubia -- 6.2.1 Sedimentation in Dead Zone -- The Present Method -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.2.2 Sedimentation in Live Zone -- The RS/GIS Approach -- The Cross-Section (Traditional) Method -- 6.3 Lifetime Span of AHDL -- 6.3.1 The Present Method (RS/GIS Approach) -- 6.3.2 The Traditional Method -- 6.4 Comparisons -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Estimating the Sediment and Water Capacity in the Aswan High Dam Lake Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Collection -- 2.1 The Study Area -- 2.2 In Situ Data -- 2.2.1 Hydrographic Survey Data -- 2.2.2 Water Levels Data. , 2.2.3 Inflow Velocity Data -- 2.2.4 Inflow Quantity Data -- 2.3 Satellite Images (Remote Sensing Data) -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Water Surface Areas Extraction -- 3.2 Prediction of the 3D Bed Surfaces -- 3.3 Change Detection Technique -- 3.4 Establishing Maps of Changes -- 3.5 Generation of the Inflow Velocity Contour Maps -- 3.6 Establishing the Rating Curves -- 3.7 Rating Curves Equations and Their Validation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Creation of the 3D Bed Profiles -- 4.2 Maps of Changes -- 4.3 Velocity Maps -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sediment and Erosion Changes -- 5.2 Effect of Inflow Quantity on Sediment and Erosion Amounts -- 5.3 Effect of Inflow Velocity on Sediment and Erosion in the Lake Bed Surface -- 5.4 Rating Curves and Their Validation -- 5.4.1 Volume/Level Relation -- 5.4.2 Area/Level Relation -- 5.5 Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.6 Effect of Sediment and Erosion Amounts on Water Capacity of the Study Area -- 5.7 Application and Comparisons -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Quality Assessment of Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 1 Introduction -- 2 State of the Art -- 2.1 Water Quality Indices -- 2.2 Trophic Status Indices -- 3 Case Study: Aswan High Dam Reservoir -- 3.1 Study Area -- 3.2 Data Collection -- 3.3 Historical Review and Research Deficits -- 3.4 Methodology -- 3.4.1 NSF WQI -- 3.4.2 CCME WQI -- 3.4.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.4.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5 Results and Discussions -- 3.5.1 NSF WQI -- 3.5.2 CCME WQI -- 3.5.3 Carlson TSI -- 3.5.4 LAWA TI -- 3.5.5 Results Summary -- 3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Work -- 3.6.1 Conclusions -- 3.6.2 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Part II: The Nile from Aswan to its Promontories -- Morphological Variation of the Nile River First and Second Reaches Using RS/GIS Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Description of the Study Areas. , 2.1 The Reach from Aswan City to Esna Barrages -- 2.2 The Reach from Esna Barrages to Nagaa Hammady Barrages -- 3 Collected Data -- 3.1 Satellite Data -- 3.2 Digital Maps -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Pre-processing of Landsat Satellite Images -- 4.2 Generating of (Land-Water) Maps -- 4.3 Reference Maps -- 4.4 Accuracy Assessment of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 4.5 Surface Changes Detection Using All Water Indices -- 4.6 Accuracy Assessment of Change Detection -- 4.7 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Results for the First Reach -- 5.1.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.1.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.1.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 5.2 Results for the Second Reach -- 5.2.1 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps -- 5.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 5.2.3 Generation of (Land-Water) Maps Using NDWI Index Only -- 5.2.4 Multi-Temporal Change Detection Using the Most Suitable Technique -- 6 Discussions -- 6.1 Discussions for the First Reach -- 6.1.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.1.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.2 Discussions for the Second Reach -- 6.2.1 Accuracy of (Land-Water) Maps Generation -- 6.2.2 Surface Change Detection -- 6.3 Validation Check of the Generated Maps of Changes -- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Bed Morphological Changes of the Nile River DS Major Barrages -- 1 Introduction -- 2 River Nile Flow -- 3 Numerical Modeling of River Morphological Changes -- 4 Reach DS New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.1 New Naga-Hammadi Barrage -- 4.2 Available Data -- 5 Deterministic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 5.1 Erosion and Deposition Patterns -- 5.2 Bed Level Changes -- 5.3 Navigation Conditions Changes -- 5.4 Effect of Bed Material Uniformity. , 6 Stochastic Simulations of Riverbed Morphology -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Egyptian Part of the Nile River from Aswan to El-Minia -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Ionizing Radiation -- 1.2 Radioactive ``Half-Lives´´ -- 1.3 Definitions and Units -- 1.4 Sources of Ionizing Radiation Exposure -- 1.5 Radiation Background -- 1.6 Radiation Detection -- 1.6.1 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 1.6.2 Scintillation Detectors -- 1.6.3 Semiconductor Detectors -- 1.7 Quality Control -- 2 Natural Radioactivity -- 2.1 Uranium and Thorium Series -- 2.2 Single Occurrence 40K -- 3 Black Sand -- 4 Pathways of Radioisotopes to Aquatic System (Rivers) -- 5 Distribution of Natural Radioactivity in the Upper Egypt Nile River -- 5.1 238U, 232Th, and 40K Activity Concentrations -- 6 Division the Area of Interest into Four Regions [20] -- 6.1 The First Section -- 6.2 The Second Section -- 6.3 The Third Section -- 6.4 The Fourth Section -- 7 Factors Affecting the Distribution of Radioactivity in Sediments Along the Nile River from El-Minia to Aswan -- 8 Absorbed Dose Rate -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Water Quality and Bed Sediments of the Nile River from Aswan to Assiut, Egypt -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Water Resources in Egypt -- 2.2 Sources of the River Nile -- 2.2.1 Ethiopian Sources -- The Blue Nile -- The Baro-Akobo-Sobat River -- The Atbara River -- 2.2.2 Equatorial Sources -- The White Nile -- Victoria Lake -- 3 Material and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Water Quality -- 4.1.1 Temperature -- 4.1.2 Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 4.1.4 Total Suspended Solids -- 4.1.5 Total Dissolved Solids -- Nile Water Quality Compared to Some Major Rivers and Lakes -- 4.1.6 The pH Values -- 4.1.7 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 4.1.8 Nutrients -- 4.1.9 Orthophosphate -- 4.1.10 Total Phosphorus. , 4.1.11 Organic Matter.