Description: Purpose: If immune cells are involved in tumor surveillance and have a prognostic impact in most primary tumors, little is known about their significance in metastases. Because patients' survival is heterogeneous, even at metastatic stages, we hypothesized that immune cells may be involved in the control of metastases. We therefore characterized the tumor immune microenvironment and its prognostic value in colorectal and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) metastases, and compared it to primary tumors. Experimental Design: We analyzed by immunohistochemistry ( n = 192) and qPCR ( n = 32) the immune environments of colorectal carcinoma and RCC lung metastases. Results: Metastases from colorectal carcinoma and RCC have different immune infiltrates. Higher densities of DC-LAMP + mature dendritic cells ( P 〈 0.0001) and lower densities of NKp46 + NK cells ( P 〈 0.0001) were observed in colorectal carcinoma as compared to RCC metastases, whereas densities of T cells were similar. High densities of CD8 + and DC-LAMP + cells correlated with longer overall survival (OS) in colorectal carcinoma ( P = 0.008) and shorter OS in RCC ( P 〈 0.0001). High NK-cell densities were associated with improved survival in RCC ( P = 0.002) but not in colorectal carcinoma. Densities of immune cells correlated significantly from primary to relapsing metastases for the same patient. A T H 1 orientation was found in colorectal carcinoma metastases, whereas a heterogeneous immune gene expression was found in RCC metastases. Conclusions: Our results show a major prognostic value of the immune pattern (CD8 + /DC-LAMP + cell densities) in colorectal carcinoma and RCC, reproducible from primary to metastatic tumors, although with opposite clinical impacts, and highlight the role of the tumor cell in shaping its immune environment. Clin Cancer Res; 19(15); 4079–91. ©2013 AACR .

Description: Progressive hydrothermal alteration and mineral precipitation can modify the physical properties and mechanical behavior of the affected rocks, increasing the probabilities of phreatic or hydrothermal explosive eruptions. In this work we focus on the study of rock alteration and hydrothermal system of Deception Island, which is one of the most active volcanoes in Antarctica. A characterization of the pre-caldera and syn-caldera rock alterations has been done as a starting point for the understanding of the past and present hydrothermal system in the island. The alteration processes that have affected pre-caldera deposits are related to low temperature (〈200 oC) fluids, with pervasive palagonitisation and precipitation of smectite and zeolite. In some samples carbonate has also been detected. This alteration is consistent with rocks located at the first 500-600 meters depth of the pre-caldera shield volcano, in which the upper part of the sequence was affected by low-temperature acidic hydrothermal fluids that would have caused the dissolution of some phenocrysts and the consequent precipitation of magnesite. An extended palagonitisation characterize the syn-caldera deposits, but smectite and zeolite have also been identified. This is consistent with syn-depositional and meteoric alteration. Therefore, in the studied samples there is no evidence of persistent hydrothermal alteration that could be related to the current hydrothermal system. This work is part of the CSIC Interdisciplinary Thematic Platform (PTI) Polar zone Observatory (PTI-POLARCSIC) activities. This research was partially funded by the MINECO VOLCLIMA (CGL2015-72629-EXP) and HYDROCAL (PID2020-114876GB-I00) MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 research projects. This research is also supported by the PREDOCS-UB grant.