Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Global Change The Scientific Background -- 1 Regionalisation of Climate Scenarios for the Western Baltic Sea -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.2.1 The Forcing Scenarios -- 1.2.2 The Regional Ocean Model -- 1.2.3 Statistical Comparison -- 1.3 Validation -- 1.3.1 Atmospheric Forcing -- 1.3.2 Temperature and Salinity -- 1.3.3 Sea Surface Elevation -- 1.4 Climate Projections for the Western Baltic Sea -- 1.4.1 Atmospheric Forcing -- 1.4.2 Sea Surface Temperature -- 1.4.3 Water Exchange -- 1.4.4 Bottom Salinity -- 1.4.5 Stratification -- 1.4.6 Storm Surges -- 1.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Climate Change Impacts on the Baltic Sea -- 2.1 The Baltic Sea and Climate Change -- 2.2 A Case Study with Transient Simulations -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Methods -- 2.2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3 Summary -- References -- 3 The CO2 System of the Baltic Sea: Biogeochemical Control and Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Basic Principles of the Marine CO2 System -- 3.2.1 Chemical Equilibria -- 3.2.1.1 Equilibria in Seawater -- 3.2.1.2 Equilibrium Between Dissolved and Gaseous CO2 -- 3.2.1.3 Equilibrium Between Solid and Dissolved Calcium Carbonate -- 3.2.2 Characteristic Variables of the CO2 System -- 3.3 The Baltic Sea CO2 System -- 3.3.1 Large Scale Distribution of Total CO2 and Alkalinity -- 3.3.2 Biological Processes and the Surface Water CO2 System -- 3.3.3 Organic Matter Decomposition and Deep Water CO2 Accumulation -- 3.4 Anthropogenic Perturbations -- 3.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Climate Change Impacts on Coastal Waters of the Baltic Sea -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Controlling Parameters in the Baltic Sea -- 4.2.1 Water Exchange with the North Sea -- 4.2.2 Direct Influences -- 4.2.3 Indirect Influences from the River Basin. , 4.3 Interactions Between Ecosystem and Anthropogenic Uses -- 4.4 Consequences for Anthropogenic Uses -- References -- 5 Global Change Impacts on Agricultural Land Use in the German Baltic Sea Catchment Area -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Agricultural Land Use in the Baltic Coastal Zone of Germany -- 5.3 Climate Change Effects on Crop Yields -- 5.3.1 Crop Yield Estimation -- 5.3.2 Climate Data -- 5.3.3 Projections for 2021--2040 and 2041--2060 -- 5.4 Modelling Global Change Impacts on Agricultural Land Use in Germany -- 5.4.1 Structure of the Model RAUMIS -- 5.4.2 Baseline Definitions -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Crop Yields and Land Use -- 5.5.2 Nitrogen Surplus -- 5.6 Conclusions for the Baltic Coastal Zone of Germany -- References -- Part II Sea-Level Rise and Coastal Protection -- 6 Climate Change and the Need for Integrated Coastal Risk Management in the Baltic Sea -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Regional Overview -- 6.2 Sea Level Rise Scenarios -- 6.3 Integrated Coastal Risk Management -- 6.4 Outlook -- References -- 7 Climate Change and Coastal Protection: Adaptation Strategies for the German Baltic Sea Coast -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sea Level Rise -- 7.2.1 Mean Sea Level -- 7.2.2 Storm Surge Water Levels -- 7.3 Waves and Sea State -- 7.3.1 Average Sea State -- 7.3.2 Extreme Events -- 7.4 Consequences for Coastal Flood and Erosion Protection -- 7.4.1 Flood Defence -- 7.4.2 Sediment Transport and Protection of Sandy Coasts -- 7.4.3 Consequences -- References -- 8 Natural Development and Human Activities on Saaremaa Island (Estonia) in the Context of Climate Change and Integrated Coastal Zone Management -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Data and Methods -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Observed Climate Change -- 8.4.2 Changes in Hydrodynamics -- 8.4.3 Shore Evolution. , 8.5 Historical Background of Coastal Population and Land Use: Changes in Coastal Land Cover Pattern -- 8.6 Some Aspects of Coastal Zone Management -- 8.7 Outlook -- References -- 9 Coastal Erosion Along the Portuguese Northwest Coast Due to Changing Sediment Discharges from Rivers and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Portuguese Northwest Coast -- 9.3 Sedimentary Changes -- 9.3.1 Coastal Erosion -- 9.3.2 River Sediment Supply Reduction -- 9.3.3 Sediment Retention in Reservoirs -- 9.3.4 Beach Nourishment with Sediments from Reservoirs -- 9.3.4.1 Sediments Availability in Portuguese Reservoirs -- 9.3.4.2 Sediments Treatment -- 9.4 Climate Change -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Changes and Spatial Planning -- 10 A Spatial Development Strategy for Climate Change The Western Pomerania Example -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Regional Description -- 10.3 Regional Climate Change Scenarios and Consequences -- 10.4 General Objectives and Thematic Scope of the Regional Spatial Development Strategy -- 10.5 Strategic Spatial Approaches for Protecting Regional Biodiversity -- 10.5.1 Adaptation to Climate Change -- 10.5.2 Strategic Orientation of Spatial Planning to Protect Regional Biodiversity -- 10.5.3 Interactions with Other Fields of Action -- 10.5.4 Qualitative Contributions of a Durably Safeguarded Biodiversity to Climate Protection -- 10.6 Strategic Spatial Approaches for Protecting Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery -- 10.6.1 Adaptation to Climate Change -- 10.6.2 Strategic Orientation of Spatial Planning Towards Protecting Agriculture and Forestry -- 10.6.3 Interactions with Other Important Fields of Action -- 10.6.4 Qualitative Contributions of a Durably Protected Agriculture and Forestry to Climate Protection -- 10.7 Strategic Spatial Approaches to Securing the Ecological Water Cycle -- 10.7.1 Adaptation to Climate Change. , 10.7.2 Initial Strategic Considerations on the Adaptation Requirements of Water Management -- 10.7.3 Settlement and Urban Development, Mobility, Tourism, Climate Protection and Energy -- 10.8 Discussion and Outlook -- References -- 11 Applying Climate Change Adaptation in Spatial Planning Processes -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conceptual Thoughts on Natural Hazards and Natural Processes -- 11.3 The Role of Natural Hazards, Risk and Climate Change in Spatial Planning -- 11.4 Natural Hazards and Spatial Planning -- 11.5 Adaptation Concepts -- 11.6 Integrating Natural Hazards and Climate Change Adaptation into Planning Practices -- 11.7 Example Espoo, Finland -- 11.8 Discussion -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 The Impact of Driving Forces and Protection Policies on Future Coastal Landscapes: A Case Study of Latvia -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Spatial Data -- 12.2.3 Statistics -- 12.2.4 Coastal Geological Processes -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Land Cover Status -- 12.3.2 Land Cover Changes and the Main Human-Induced Driving Forces -- 12.3.3 Erosion Risks and Impact on Coastal Landscapes -- 12.3.4 Impact of Nature Protection Policies -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Adaptation to Changes -- 13 Adaptation of Urban Regions of the Baltic Sea Coast to Climate Change: Challenges and Approaches -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Particularities of Coastal Urban Regions and Relevance of Spatial Planning -- 13.2.1 Particular Conditions of Coastal Urban Regions -- 13.2.2 Relevance of Urban and Regional Planning in Adapting to Climate Change in Coastal Urban Regions -- 13.3 Examples of Approaches for Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts of Selected Urban Regions of the Baltic Sea Coast: Stockholm Region and Copenhagen -- 13.3.1 The Stockholm Region. , 13.3.1.1 Background and Climate Change Impacts -- 13.3.1.2 Approaches for Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts -- 13.3.2 Copenhagen -- 13.3.2.1 Background and Climate Change Impacts -- 13.3.2.2 Approaches for Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts -- 13.4 Challenges for Planning and Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation -- 13.4.1 First Approach: Comprehensive Approach and Integration of Sectoral Planning -- 13.4.2 Second Approach: Regional Focus -- 13.4.3 Third Approach: Iterative Adaptation Planning -- 13.4.4 First Field of Activity: Building Aspects -- 13.4.5 Second Field of Activity: Open Spaces -- 13.4.6 Third Field of Activity: Infrastructure and Public Services -- 13.4.7 Fourth Field of Activity: Complex and Spatially Relevant Social Processes -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- Interviews -- 14 Adaptation to Climate Change: Viniculture and Tourism at the Baltic Coast -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Viniculture as Climate Indicator -- 14.3 Climate Chance and Viniculture Future Perspectives -- 14.4 Coastal Viniculture A Contribution to Sustainable Agriculture -- 14.5 Viniculture A Profitable Business in the North -- 14.6 Viniculture and Tourism A Synergy to Develop the Countryside -- 14.7 Adaptation to Climate Change Options and Obstacles -- 14.8 Concluding Remarks Wine and Climate Change Communication -- References -- 15 Emerging Climate Change Coastal Adaptation Strategies and Case Studies Around the World -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Overview of National Coastal Adaptation Policy Strategies: The Riparian States of the Baltic Sea, European and Other Examples -- 15.3 International Case Studies of Actual Regional Adaptation Practices -- 15.3.1 Introduction -- 15.3.2 Bras d'Or Case Study (Nova Scotia, Canada) -- 15.3.3 Chesapeake Bay (Maryland, United States) -- 15.3.4 Wadden Sea (Netherlands) -- 15.3.5 Lake Balaton (Hungary). , 15.3.6 Northeastern Coastal Region of Morocco (Nador and Berkane).