Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword: Cyanobacteria Biotechnology -- Acknowledgments -- Part I Core Cyanobacteria Processes -- Chapter 1 Inorganic Carbon Assimilation in Cyanobacteria: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Engineering -- 1.1 Introduction - The Need for a Carbon‐Concentrating Mechanism -- 1.2 The Carbon‐Concentrating Mechanism (CCM) Among Cyanobacteria -- 1.2.1 Ci Uptake Proteins/Mechanisms -- 1.2.2 Carboxysome and RubisCO -- 1.3 Regulation of Ci Assimilation -- 1.3.1 Regulation of the CCM -- 1.3.2 Further Regulation of Carbon Assimilation -- 1.3.3 Metabolic Changes and Regulation During Ci Acclimation -- 1.3.4 Redox Regulation of Ci Assimilation -- 1.4 Engineering the Cyanobacterial CCM -- 1.5 Photorespiration -- 1.5.1 Cyanobacterial Photorespiration -- 1.5.2 Attempts to Engineer Photorespiration -- 1.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 Electron Transport in Cyanobacteria and Its Potential in Bioproduction -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Electron Transport in a Bioenergetic Membrane -- 2.2.1 Linear Electron Transport -- 2.2.2 Cyclic Electron Transport -- 2.2.3 ATP Production from Linear and Cyclic Electron Transport -- 2.3 Respiratory Electron Transport -- 2.4 Role of Electron Sinks in Photoprotection -- 2.4.1 Terminal Oxidases -- 2.4.2 Hydrogenase and Flavodiiron Complexes -- 2.4.3 Carbon Fixation and Photorespiration -- 2.4.4 Extracellular Electron Export -- 2.5 Regulating Electron Flux into Different Pathways -- 2.5.1 Electron Flux Through the Plastoquinone Pool -- 2.5.2 Electron Flux Through Fdx -- 2.6 Spatial Organization of Electron Transport Complexes -- 2.7 Manipulating Electron Transport for Synthetic Biology Applications -- 2.7.1 Improving Growth of Cyanobacteria -- 2.7.2 Production of Electrical Power in BPVs -- 2.7.3 Hydrogen Production -- 2.7.4 Production of Industrial Compounds. , 2.8 Future Challenges in Cyanobacterial Electron Transport -- References -- Chapter 3 Optimizing the Spectral Fit Between Cyanobacteria and Solar Radiation in the Light of Sustainability Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Molecular Basis and Efficiency of Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- 3.3 Fit Between the Spectrum of Solar Radiation and the Action Spectrum of Photosynthesis -- 3.4 Expansion of the PAR Region of Oxygenic Photosynthesis -- 3.5 Modulation and Optimization of the Transparency of Photobioreactors -- 3.6 Full Control of the Light Regime: LEDs Inside the PBR -- 3.7 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Part II Concepts in Metabolic Engineering -- Chapter 4 What We Can Learn from Measuring Metabolic Fluxes in Cyanobacteria -- 4.1 Central Carbon Metabolism in Cyanobacteria: An Overview and Renewed Pathway Knowledge -- 4.1.1 Glycolytic Routes Interwoven with the Calvin Cycle -- 4.1.2 Tricarboxylic Acid Cycling -- 4.2 Methodologies for Predicting and Quantifying Metabolic Fluxes in Cyanobacteria -- 4.2.1 Flux Balance Analysis and Genome‐Scale Reconstruction of Metabolic Network -- 4.2.2 13C‐Metabolic Flux Analysis -- 4.2.3 Thermodynamic Analysis and Kinetics Analysis -- 4.3 Cyanobacteria Fluxome in Response to Altered Nutrient Modes and Environmental Conditions -- 4.3.1 Autotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.2 Photomixotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.3 Heterotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.4 Photoheterotrophic Fluxome -- 4.3.5 Diurnal Metabolite Oscillations -- 4.3.6 Nutrient States' Impact on Metabolic Flux -- 4.4 Metabolic Fluxes Redirected in Cyanobacteria for Biomanufacturing Purposes -- 4.4.1 Restructuring the TCA Cycle for Ethylene Production -- 4.4.2 Maximizing Flux in the Isoprenoid Pathway -- 4.4.2.1 Measuring Precursor Pool Size to Evaluate Potential Driving Forces for Isoprenoid Production -- 4.4.2.2 Balancing Intermediates for Increased Pathway Activity. , 4.4.2.3 Kinetic Flux Profiling to Detect Bottlenecks in the Pathway -- 4.5 Synopsis and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Synthetic Biology in Cyanobacteria and Applications for Biotechnology -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Getting Genes into Cyanobacteria -- 5.2.1 Transformation -- 5.2.2 Expression from Episomal Plasmids -- 5.2.3 Delivery of Genes to the Chromosome -- 5.3 Basic Synthetic Control of Gene Expression in Cyanobacteria -- 5.3.1 Quantifying Transcription and Translation in Cyanobacteria -- 5.3.2 Controlling Transcription with Synthetic Promoters -- 5.3.2.1 Constitutive Promoters -- 5.3.2.2 Regulated Promoters that Are Sensitive to Added Compounds (Inducible) -- 5.3.2.3 CRISPR Interference for Transcriptional Repression -- 5.3.3 Controlling Translation -- 5.3.3.1 Ribosome Binding Sites (Cis‐Acting) -- 5.3.3.2 Riboswitches (Cis‐Acting) -- 5.3.3.3 Small RNAs (Trans‐Acting) -- 5.4 Exotic Signals for Controlling Expression -- 5.4.1 Oxygen -- 5.4.2 Light Color -- 5.4.3 Cell Density or Growth Phase -- 5.4.4 Engineering Regulators for Altered Sensing Properties: State of the Art -- 5.5 Advanced Regulation: The Near Future -- 5.5.1 Logic Gates and Timing Circuits -- 5.5.2 Orthogonal Transcription Systems -- 5.5.3 Synthetic Biology Solutions to Increase Stability -- 5.5.4 Synthetic Biology Solutions for Cell Separation and Product Recovery -- 5.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Sink Engineering in Photosynthetic Microbes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Source and Sink -- 6.3 Regulation of Sink Energy in Plants -- 6.3.1 Sucrose and Other Signaling Carbohydrates -- 6.3.2 Hexokinases -- 6.3.3 Sucrose Non‐fermenting Related Kinases -- 6.3.4 TOR Kinase -- 6.3.5 Engineered Pathways as Sinks in Photosynthetic Microbes -- 6.3.6 Sucrose -- 6.3.7 2,3‐Butanediol -- 6.3.8 Ethylene -- 6.3.9 Glycerol. , 6.3.10 Isobutanol -- 6.3.11 Isoprene -- 6.3.12 Limonene -- 6.3.13 P450, an Electron Sink -- 6.4 What Are Key Source/Sink Regulatory Hubs in Photosynthetic Microbes? -- 6.5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Design Principles for Engineering Metabolic Pathways in Cyanobacteria -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cofactor Optimization -- 7.2.1 Recruiting NADPH‐Dependent Enzymes Wherever Possible -- 7.2.2 Engineering NADH‐Specific Enzymes to Utilize NADPH -- 7.2.3 Increasing NADH Pool in Cyanobacteria Through Expression of Transhydrogenase -- 7.3 Incorporation of Thermodynamic Driving Force into Metabolic Pathway Design -- 7.3.1 ATP Driving Force in Metabolic Pathways -- 7.3.2 Increasing Substrate Pool Supports the Carbon Flux Toward Products -- 7.3.3 Product Removal Unblocks the Limitations of Product Titer -- 7.4 Development of Synthetic Pathways for Carbon Conserving Photorespiration and Enhanced Carbon Fixation -- 7.5 Summary and Future Perspective on Cyanobacterial Metabolic Engineering -- References -- Chapter 8 Engineering Cyanobacteria for Efficient Photosynthetic Production: Ethanol Case Study -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pathway for Ethanol Synthesis in Cyanobacteria -- 8.2.1 Pyruvate Decarboxylase and Type II Alcohol Dehydrogenase -- 8.2.2 Selection of Better Enzymes in the Pdc-AdhII Pathway -- 8.2.3 Systematic Characterization of the PdcZM-Slr1192 Pathway -- 8.3 Selection of Optimal Cyanobacteria "Chassis," Strain for Ethanol Production -- 8.3.1 Synechococcus PCC 6803 and Synechococcus PCC 7942 -- 8.3.2 Synechococcus PCC 7002 -- 8.3.3 Anabaena PCC 7120 -- 8.3.4 Nonconventional Cyanobacteria Species -- 8.4 Metabolic Engineering Strategies Toward More Efficient and Stable Ethanol Production -- 8.4.1 Enhancing the Carbon Flux via Overexpression of Calvin Cycle Enzymes -- 8.4.2 Blocking Pathways that Are Competitive to Ethanol. , 8.4.3 Arresting Biomass Formation -- 8.4.4 Engineering Cofactor Supply -- 8.4.5 Engineering Strategies Guided by In Silico Simulation -- 8.4.6 Stabilizing Ethanol Synthesis Capacity in Cyanobacterial Cell Factories -- 8.5 Exploring the Response in Cyanobacteria to Ethanol -- 8.5.1 Response of Cyanobacterial Cells Toward Exogenous Added Ethanol -- 8.5.2 Response of Cyanobacteria to Endogenous Synthesized Ethanol -- 8.6 Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Facilitate Robust Cultivation Against Biocontaminants -- 8.6.1 Engineering Cyanobacteria Cell Factories to Adapt for Selective Environmental Stresses -- 8.6.2 Engineering Cyanobacteria Cell Factories to Utilize Uncommon Nutrients -- 8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 9 Engineering Cyanobacteria as Host Organisms for Production of Terpenes and Terpenoids -- 9.1 Terpenoids and Industrial Applications -- 9.2 Terpenoid Biosynthesis in Cyanobacteria -- 9.2.1 Methylerythritol‐4‐Phosphate Pathway -- 9.2.2 Formation of Terpene Backbones -- 9.3 Natural Occurrence and Physiological Roles of Terpenes and Terpenoids in Cyanobacteria -- 9.4 Engineering Cyanobacteria for Terpenoid Production -- 9.4.1 Metabolic Engineering -- 9.4.1.1 Terpene Synthases -- 9.4.1.2 Increasing Supply of Terpene Backbones -- 9.4.1.3 Engineering the Native MEP Pathway -- 9.4.1.4 Implementing the MVA Pathway -- 9.4.1.5 Enhancing Precursor Supply -- 9.4.2 Optimizing Growth Conditions for Production -- 9.4.3 Product Capture and Harvesting -- 9.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Cyanobacterial Biopolymers -- 10.1 Polyhydroxybutryate -- 10.1.1 Introduction -- 10.1.2 PHB Metabolism in Cyanobacteria -- 10.1.3 Industrial Applications of PHB -- 10.1.3.1 Physical Properties of PHB and Its Derivatives -- 10.1.3.2 Biodegradability -- 10.1.3.3 Application of PHB as a Plastic. , 10.1.3.4 Reactor Types.