Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Reviewers List -- Climate and Water Resources -- 1 Paleoclimatic Registers from Semi-arid Costal Sediments of Southeastern India: A Multi Proxy Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Regional Climate -- 2.2 Regional Stratigraphy and Geomorphology -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Field Work and Sample Collection -- 3.2 Laboratory Analyses -- 3.2.1 Geochemical Analysis -- 3.2.2 Magnetic Measurement -- 3.2.3 X-ray Diffraction Analysis -- 3.2.4 Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Magnetic Parameters -- 4.2 Variation of Magnetic Parameters -- 4.3 Relationship Between Magnetic Parameters and Geochemical Data -- 4.4 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) 33 -- 4.5 Mineral Inference with XRD Analysis -- 4.6 Depositional Period-OSL Chronology -- 4.7 Comparison Between Magnetic Parameters and XRD Analysis -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Collective Impact of Upstream Anthropogenic Interventions and Prolonged Droughts on Downstream Basin's Development in Arid and Semi-arid Areas: The Diyala Transboundary Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methodology -- 2.1 Case Study Area -- 2.2 Data Availability -- 2.3 Characterization of Hydrologic Alteration -- 2.4 Comparison of Monthly Percentiles Between Pre- and Post-alteration Periods -- 2.5 Magnitude of Annual Extreme Conditions -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Scenarios Based Climate Projection for Oman Water Resources -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oman's Rainfall Regimes and Mechanisms -- 2.1 Mobile Upper Troughs -- 2.2 Khareef Drizzle -- 2.3 Tropical Cyclones -- 2.4 Orographic Convective Rain -- 3 Data Set and Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Rainfall Change (2041-2060) -- 4.2 Rainfall Change (2061-2080). , 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Study of Rainfall Variations in Tessa Subwatershed of Medjerda River in Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Detection of Ruptures Within the Rainfall Series -- 3.3 Index of Nicholson -- 3.4 Computation of Average Rainfall -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Detection of Ruptures -- 4.2 Index of Nicholson -- 4.3 Variation in the Average Rainfall -- 4.3.1 Average Rainfall in the Monthly Scale -- 4.3.2 Average Rainfall in the Seasonal Scale -- 4.3.3 Average Rainfall in the Annual Scale -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Spatial and Temporal Variability Analysis Using Modelled Precipitation Data in Upper Catchment of Chambal Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Climate -- 3 Materials and Method -- 3.1 Data and Software Used -- 3.2 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Rainfall Time-Series -- 4.2 Spatial Interpolation -- 4.3 Intra-annual Variability -- 5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 6 Recent Observed Climate Change Over Oman -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Set -- 2.1 Data -- 2.2 Quality Control -- 2.3 Homogeneity Checks -- 3 Methods -- 3.1 Trends -- 3.2 Area Averaging -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Temperature Trends -- 4.1.1 Mean Temperature -- 4.1.2 Mean Maximum Temperature -- 4.1.3 Mean Minimum Temperature -- 4.1.4 Precipitation Trends -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Groundwater Resources -- 7 Significance of Silica Analysis in Groundwater Studies of Domestic Shallow Wells in Parts of Jeli District, Kelantan, Malaysia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Assessment of Global Change Impacts on Groundwater Resources in Souss-Massa Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of the Souss-Massa Basin. , 3 Drought Characterization in the Souss-Massa Basin -- 3.1 FAO Climatic Aridity Index -- 3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index SPI -- 4 Climate Change Projections -- 5 Water Balance and Water Demand in Souss-Massa Basin and Impact of Climate Change -- 6 Water Quality Monitoring -- 7 Groundwater Modelling -- 8 Water Management Gaps and Predicted Scenarios -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 9 An Overview of Stable Isotopes in Northern Oman's Main Aquifers as an Insight into Recharge Process -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Local Meteoric Water Line in Oman -- 4 Hydrological Processes: Evaporation, Water-Rock Interaction and Recharge -- 5 Modelling of the Interaction Between Aquifers -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Satellite-Based Estimates of Groundwater Storage Changes at the Najd Aquifers in Oman -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Study Area -- 4 Data Processing and Methodology -- 4.1 GRACE Products -- 4.2 Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) -- 4.3 Groundwater Storage Anomalies Estimation from GRACE/GLDAS Data -- 4.4 Groundwater Storage Anomalies Estimates from Groundwater Levels -- 5 Impacts of Precipitation on GRACE TWS Anomalies -- 6 Comparison of GRACE-TWS Estimates Versus In Situ Changes in Groundwater -- 7 Groundwater Distribution Maps Over Najd Aquifers -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Refrences -- Water Resources Management -- 11 Geological Assessment of Water-Based Tourism Sites in Jeli District, Kelantan, Malaysia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 General Geology -- 5 Potential Water-Based Tourism Sites -- 5.1 Pergau Lake -- 5.2 Jeli Hot Spring -- 5.3 Rual River -- 5.4 Lata Renyok Waterfall -- 6 Geological Assessment -- 7 Water Quality Analysis -- 8 Water-Based Tourism Activities. , 9 Evaluation -- 10 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- 12 Mapping and Modelling of Areas at Risk of Erosion: Case of Aures Center (Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presentation of the Study Area -- 3 Methodological Approaches -- 3.1 Field Data Collection -- 3.2 Database and Management of Different Layers of the Model -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 The Rainfall Erosivity Factor (R) -- 4.2 The Topographic Factor (LS) -- 4.3 The K-Factor (Soil Erodibility) -- 4.4 Land Use Factor (C) -- 4.5 Erosion Control Practices Factor (P) -- 4.6 Synthetic Map of Soil Losses by Water Erosion -- 4.6.1 Soil Loss Rate in (t/ha/year) in the Center of the Aures -- 4.6.2 Soil Loss Rate in (t/ha/year) for Each Type of Land Use -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Evaluation of Water Erosion Risk in Tunisian Semi Arid Area -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 2.1 Reminders -- 2.2 El Gouazine Basin -- 3 Description of Erosion Factors -- 3.1 Factor of Rainfall Aggressiveness (R) -- 3.1.1 Factor of Rainfall Erosivity R According to USLE -- 3.1.2 Factor of Rainfall Erosivity R According to MUSLE -- 3.1.3 Factor of Rainfall Erosivity R According to RUSLE -- 3.2 Factor of Vegetation Cover C -- 3.3 Factor Practices of Anti-erosive P -- 3.4 Topographic Factor Handset (LS) -- 3.4.1 Factor of Practices LS According to USLE/MUSLE -- 3.4.2 Factor of Practices LS According to RUSLE -- 3.5 Map of Soil Loss -- 3.6 Method of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) -- 4 Assessment of Erosion -- 4.1 The Application of USLE Model -- 4.2 The Application of the RUSLE Model -- 4.2.1 Map of Erosion for R (Monthly) of Arldous 1980 -- 4.2.2 Case of the RUSLE Model with R (15 min) -- 4.2.3 Case of the Model of Wischmeier Revised (RUSLE) with R (30 Min) -- 4.2.4 The Application of the Model of Williams (MUSLE). , 4.2.5 Loss in Soil by the Formula FAO -- 5 Comparative Analysis of Results Obtained -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Hydrological Modeling of Sediment Transport in the Semi-arid Region, Case of Soubella Watershed in Algeria -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction and State of the Art -- 2 The Study Area -- 3 Hydrologic Data -- 4 Suspended Sediment Yields -- 5 Hydrologic Sediment Transport Modeling -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A New Innovative Tool to Measure Soil Erosion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methods and Materials -- 4 Development, Calibration and Installation -- 5 Preliminary Results and Conclusions -- References -- Salinity and Desalination -- 16 Heavy Minerals and Granulometric Studies in Coastal Sediments from Keelakarai to Periyapattinam, Gulf of Mannar, East Coast of India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Granulometricstudies -- 4.1.1 Mean (Mz) -- 4.1.2 Standard Deviation (σ1) -- 4.1.3 Skewness (Ski) -- 4.1.4 Kurtosis (KG) -- 5 Heavy Mineral Studies -- 5.1 Separation Using Bromoform -- 6 Frantz Isodynamic Separator -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Aquatic Mollusks: Occurrences, Identification and Their Use as Bioindicators of Environmental Conditions (Salinity, Trace Elements and Pollution Parameters) in Jordan -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Overview About the Mollusks of Jordan -- 4 Mollusks as Indicators of Environmental Conditions in Jordan -- 4.1 Mollusks and Habitat -- 4.2 Mollusks and Salinity -- 4.3 Mollusac and Pollution -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Techno-economical Comparison of MED and RO Seawater Desalination in a Large Power and Water Cogeneration Plant in Iran -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Case Study of Cogeneration System -- 2.1 Water Block. , 2.1.1 MED Technology.