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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Water -- Pollution. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (329 pages)
    Edition: 2nd ed.
    ISBN: 9783527626670
    Language: English
    Note: Risk Analysis of Water Pollution -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Water Resources: Quantity and Quality -- 1.1 Water Pollution and Risk Analysis -- 1.1.1 A Systemic View of Water Resources -- 1.1.1.1 Examples of Application -- 1.1.2 The New Paradigm of Water Quality -- 1.1.2.1 Human Well-being and Health -- 1.1.2.2 Ecological Impacts and Biodiversity -- 1.1.2.3 Fishing and Oyster Farming -- 1.1.2.4 Tourism -- 1.1.2.5 Algal and Chlorophyllic Photosynthesis -- 1.1.2.6 Zooplankton Growth -- 1.1.2.7 Bacteria -- 1.1.3 Integrated Water Resources Management -- 1.2 Water Pollution in Transboundary Regions -- 1.2.1 The UNECE Convention (Helsinki, 1992) -- 1.3 The EU Water Framework Directive -- 1.4 Uncertainties in Water Resources Management -- 1.5 Environmental Risk Assessment and Management -- 1.6 Aim and Organisation of the Book -- 1.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- 2 Risk Identification -- 2.1 Definition of Risk -- 2.2 Typology of Risks and the Precautionary Principle -- 2.2.1 Unacceptable versus Acceptable Risks -- 2.2.2 Controllable versus Uncontrollable Risks -- 2.2.3 Gradual versus Sudden Risks -- 2.2.4 The Precautionary Principle -- 2.3 Uncertainties in Water Pollution Problems -- 2.3.1 Aleatory Uncertainties or Randomness -- 2.3.2 Epistemic or Man-induced Uncertainties -- 2.4 Water Quality Specifications -- 2.4.1 Water Quality Standards -- 2.4.2 Effluent Standards -- 2.5 Probabilistic Risk and Reliability -- 2.6 Fuzzy Risk and Reliability -- 2.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- 3 Risk Quantification -- 3.1 Stochastic Approach -- 3.1.1 Direct Evaluation -- 3.1.1.1 Margin of Safety -- 3.1.1.2 The Safety Factor -- 3.1.2 Second-Moment Formulation -- 3.1.3 Frequency Analysis of Data -- 3.1.3.1 Probability Distribution of Extremes -- 3.1.3.2 Analysis of Frequency. , 3.1.4 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.4.1 Deterministic Modelling -- 3.1.4.2 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Fuzzy Set Theory -- 3.2.1 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.1.1 Fuzzy Regression as an Extension of Interval Analysis -- 3.2.1.2 Statistical Regression -- 3.2.1.3 Interval Regression -- 3.2.1.4 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.2 Fuzzy Modelling -- 3.3 Time Dependence and System Risk -- 3.3.1 Failure and Reliability Functions -- 3.3.2 Failure Rate and Hazard Function -- 3.3.3 Expected Life -- 3.3.4 System Risk and Reliability -- 3.3.4.1 Series Systems -- 3.3.4.2 Parallel Systems -- 3.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- 4 Risk Assessment of Environmental Water Quality -- 4.1 Risk in Coastal Water Pollution -- 4.1.1 Uncertainties in Coastal Water Quality Processes -- 4.1.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 4.1.2.1 Molecular Diffusion -- 4.1.2.2 Turbulent Diffusion -- 4.1.2.3 Turbulent Dispersion -- 4.1.2.4 Growth Kinetics -- 4.1.2.5 Coastal Circulation -- 4.1.3 Random Walk Simulation -- 4.1.4 Dispersion by Wind-generated Currents -- 4.2 Risk in River Water Quality -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation -- 4.2.2.1 Physically Based Mathematical Models -- 4.2.2.2 Numerical Simulation -- 4.2.3 Time Series of Water Quality Data -- 4.2.4 Risk Assessment -- 4.3 Risk in Groundwater Contamination -- 4.3.1 Importance of Groundwater Resources -- 4.3.1.1 Groundwater in the Hydrological Cycle -- 4.3.1.2 Steps in Groundwater Development -- 4.3.2 Properties and Field Investigation of Groundwater Systems -- 4.3.2.1 Water in Geological Formations -- 4.3.2.2 Space and Time Scales -- 4.3.3 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties -- 4.3.3.1 Scale Effects -- 4.3.3.2 Measurements and Field Investigations -- 4.3.4 Conceptual and Mathematical Models -- 4.3.4.1 Conceptual Models and Flow Equations -- 4.3.4.2 Analytical Solutions. , 4.3.5 Spatial Variability and Stochastic Modelling -- 4.3.5.1 Uncertainties in Aquifer Contamination Studies -- 4.3.5.2 Stochastic Description -- 4.3.6 Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution -- 4.3.6.1 Immiscible Fluids -- 4.3.6.2 Solute Transport and Random Walks -- 4.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- 5 Risk Management -- 5.1 Performance Indices and Figures of Merit -- 5.2 Objective Functions and Optimisation -- 5.2.1 Economic Optimisation under Certainty and under Risk -- 5.2.2 Optimisation Methods -- 5.2.2.1 Mathematical Programming -- 5.2.3 Discontinuous Decision Problems -- 5.3 Basic Decision Theory -- 5.3.1 Main Elements of Decision Making -- 5.3.1.1 Decision under Certainty -- 5.3.1.2 Decision under Risk -- 5.3.1.3 Decision under Uncertainty or Imprecision -- 5.3.1.4 Decision under Conflict -- 5.3.2 Decision Criteria -- 5.3.2.1 Decision Making under Uncertainty -- 5.3.2.2 Decision Making under Risk -- 5.3.3 Baye's Analysis and Value of Information -- 5.3.3.1 Perfect Information -- 5.3.3.2 Imperfect Information -- 5.4 Elements of the Utility Theory -- 5.5 Multi-objective Decision Analysis -- 5.5.1 Feasible, Non-dominated and Efficient Solutions -- 5.5.2 Solution Procedures and Typology of MCDA Techniques -- 5.6 Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- 6 Case Studies -- 6.1 Coastal Pollution: the Thermaikos Gulf (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.1.1 Description of the Thermaikos Gulf -- 6.1.2 Water Circulation Patterns -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Assessment -- 6.1.4 Risk of Pollution under Climate Change -- 6.1.4.1 Temperature and Climate Change -- 6.1.4.2 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 6.2 River Water Quality: the Axios River (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.2.1 Present Situation -- 6.2.1.1 Axios River -- 6.2.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 6.3 Groundwater Pollution: the Campaspe Aquifer (Victoria, Australia) -- 6.3.1 The Study Area -- 6.3.2 Risk of Salinisation. , 6.3.2.1 Groundwater Hydrodynamics -- 6.3.2.2 Random Walk Simulation -- Appendix A: The Probabilistic Approach -- A.1 Basic Probability -- A.2 The Multiplicative Law -- A.3 Statistical Independence -- A.4 Rare Events -- A.5 Theorem of Total Probability -- A.6 Bayes' Theorem -- A.7 Random Variables -- A.7.1 Discrete Random Variables -- A.7.2 Continuous Random Variables -- A.8 Expectation, Variance and Standard Deviation -- A.9 Derived Distributions -- A.10 Two-dimensional Distributions -- A.11 Functions of Random Vectors -- A.11.1 Sum of Random Variables -- A.11.2 Difference of Random Variables -- A.11.3 Product of Random Variables -- A.11.4 Ratio of Random Variables -- Appendix B: The Fuzzy Set Theory -- B.1 Basic Definitions -- B.2 Fuzzy Sets -- B.3 h-Level Sets, Normal and Convex Fuzzy Sets -- B.4 Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.1 L-R Representation of a Fuzzy Number -- B.4.2 Triangular and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.3 Support and h-Level of a Fuzzy Number -- B.5 Cartesian Product -- B.6 Extension Principle -- B.7 Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Numbers as Extension of Interval Analysis -- B.8 Arithmetic Operations on Intervals -- B.8.1 Addition and Subtraction of Intervals -- B.8.2 Multiplication and Division of Intervals -- B.8.3 Addition of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.4 Subtraction of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.5 Multiplication of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.6 Division of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.7 Minimum and Maximum of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.8 Mean and Width of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.9 Convolution of Fuzzy Numbers -- Appendix C: Hints for Answering Questions and Solutions to Problems -- C.1 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- C.2 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- C.3 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- C.4 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- C.5 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Engineering instruments. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (734 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527620739
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey, Volume-2 -- Contents -- Volume 2: Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, Part I -- List of Contributors -- 1 Definitions and Typical Examples -- 2 Historical Remarks -- 3 Chemical Sensor Technologies: Empirical Art and Systematic Research -- 4 Specific Molecular Interactions and Detection Principles -- 5 Specific Features of Electrochemical Sensors -- 6 Multicomponent Analysis in Chemical Sensing -- 7 Liquid Electrolyte Sensors: Potentiometry, Amperometry, and Conductometry -- 8 Solid State Electrochemical Sensors -- 9 Electronic Conductance and Capacitance-Sensors -- 10 Field Effect Chemical Sensors -- Device Principles -- Ion-Sensitive FETs -- Field Effect Gas Sensors -- 11 Calorimetric Chemical Sensors -- 12 Optochemical Sensors -- 13 Mass-Sensitive Devices -- Index -- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Trees. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (381 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527627479
    Language: German
    Note: Intro -- Anbau und Nutzung von Bäumen auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichis -- Teil 1: Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - Stand des Wissens -- 1.1 Einleitung -- 1.2 Definition und Entwicklung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Deutschland -- Literatur -- 2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- 2.1 Agrarrecht der Europäischen Union -- 2.2 Bundeswaldgesetz -- 2.3 Gleichstellungsgesetz -- 2.4 Grünland -- 2.5 Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz -- 2.6 Bundes-Umweltverträglichkeits-Prüfungsgesetz -- 2.7 Bundesnaturschutzgesetz -- 2.8 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 3 Auswirkungen von absehbarem Klimawandel auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 3.1 Absehbarer Klimawandel - was wird sich nach heutigem Kenntnisstand ändern? -- 3.1.1 Historischer Klimawandel -- 3.1.2 Aktueller Klimawandel -- 3.2 Potentiale von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen -- 3.2.1 Das Waldwachstumsmodell 4C -- 3.2.2 Modellanwendung: Simulationsstudie Ostdeutschland -- 3.2.3 Ergebnisse für Ostdeutschland -- 3.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 4 Standortsbasierte Leistungsschätzung in Agrarholzbeständen in Brandenburg und Sachsen -- 4.1 Herleitung von Pappeln- und Weiden-Ertragsfunktionen für Brandenburg -- 4.1.1 Schätzung der Wasserversorgung -- 4.1.2 Bonitierung der Agrarholzbestände über die Bestandeshöhe -- 4.1.3 Herleitung standortsbezogener Erträge mit der Boundary-Line-Methode -- 4.1.4 Schätzung der standortsbezogenen Massenleistungen -- 4.2 Aufstellung von Standort-Leistungsbeziehungen für Pappeln in Sachsen -- 4.3 Bewertung der Untersuchungsansätze und der Datengrundlage -- 4.4 Agrarholzvorzugsstandorte in Brandenburg -- 4.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 5 Leistungsvermögen und Leistungserfassung von Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.1 Ertragsleistungen von Kurzumtriebsplantagen. , 5.1.1 Pappel -- 5.1.2 Weide -- 5.1.3 Robinie -- 5.1.4 Zusammenfassende Bewertung -- 5.2 Ertragsermittlung in Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.2.1 Vollerntemethode -- 5.2.2 Teilerntemethode -- 5.2.3 Probebaumverfahren (Stockerntemethode) -- 5.2.4 Regressionsmethode -- 5.2.5 Vergleichende Bewertung der Verfahren -- 5.3 Ausblick -- 5.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 6 Begründung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen: Baumartenwahl und Anlageverfahren -- 6.1 Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.1 Anforderungen an Baumarten für Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 6.1.2 Standortsabhängige Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.3 Zielstellungsbedingte Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.4 Klon- und Sortenwahl -- 6.1.5 Pflanzmaterial -- 6.2 Planung und Anlage -- 6.2.1 Flächenauswahl unter Berücksichtigung der Ernteverfahren -- 6.2.2 Räumliche Ordnung und Pflanzverband -- 6.2.3 Flächenvorbereitung und Pflanzzeitpunkt -- 6.2.4 Pflanzverfahren und Technik -- 6.2.5 Manuelle Pflanzung -- 6.2.6 Maschinelle Pflanzung -- 6.3 Weitere Bewirtschaftungsaspekte -- 6.3.1 Wildmanagement und Zäunung -- 6.3.2 Mäuse -- 6.3.3 Begleitvegetation -- 6.3.4 Rückschnitt -- 6.3.5 Düngung -- 6.3.6 Landschaftspflegerische Begleitmaßnahmen -- 6.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 7 Bewirtschaftungsstrategien von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 7.1 Überblick über die Bewirtschaftungsstrategien -- 7.2 Nutzungsstrategien -- 7.2.1 Stoffliche Nutzung -- 7.2.2 Energetische Nutzung -- 7.2.3 Weitere Nutzungsoptionen -- 7.3 Anbaustrategien -- 7.3.1 Anbau auf Marginalstandorten -- 7.3.2 Schaffung großer Leitbeispiele („Leuchttürme") -- 7.3.3 Schnellwachsende Hölzer als Landschaftselemente -- 7.3.4 Anbau auf Grünlandflächen -- 7.4 Plantagenstruktur und Nachhaltigkeit -- 7.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 8 Abiotische und biotische Schadfaktoren in Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 8.1 Abiotische Schadfaktoren -- 8.1.1 Trockenheit -- 8.1.2 Frost -- 8.1.3 Wind -- 8.2 Biotische Schadfaktoren. , 8.2.1 Begleitvegetation -- 8.2.2 Pilze, Bakterien und Viren -- 8.2.3 Insekten -- 8.2.4 Säugetiere -- 8.3 Allgemeine Empfehlungen zum vorbeugenden Schadensmanagement sowie zu Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen -- 8.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 9 Technologien der Ernte und Rodung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 9.1 Erntetechnik -- 9.1.1 Verfahrensübersicht -- 9.1.2 Stammholzlinien -- 9.1.3 Bündellinien -- 9.1.4 Hackgutlinien -- 9.2 Rodetechnik -- 9.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 10 Logistische Bereitstellung von Agrarholz für regionale Nutzungen am Beispiel von Brandenburg -- 10.1 Rahmenbedingungen für die zukünftige Bereitstellung von Agrarholz in Brandenburg -- 10.2 Anforderungen möglicher Abnehmer an die Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3 Technische Elemente der Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3.1 Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsprozesse: Ernte und Bringung zum Feldrand -- 10.3.2 Lagerung und Trocknung -- 10.3.3 Umschlag und Transport -- 10.4 Bewertung abnehmerorientierter Bereitstellungsketten -- 10.4.1 Lagerung und Trocknung von Hackschnitzeln zur Belieferung mittelgroßer Strom- und Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.2 Ganzjährige Belieferung kleiner Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.3 Ganzjährige Belieferung von Abnehmern industrieller Größenordnung -- 10.5 Zusammenfassende Empfehlungen für den Aufbau von Bereitstellungsstrukturen -- 10.6 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 11 Regionale Wertschöpfungsketten im Rahmen der Nutzung von schnellwachsenden Baumarten im ländlichen Raum am Beispiel Südbrandenburgs -- 11.1 Hintergründe des verstärkten Anbaus schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2 Regionale Lösungsmöglichkeiten zum Anbau schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2.1 Der „Energiewald Lauchhammer" - eine Möglichkeit der großflächigen Etablierung von schnellwachsenden Bäumen. , 11.2.2 Die Erzeugergemeinschaft „Biomasse Schraden e.V." - eine Möglichkeit der regionalen Wertschöpfung mit schnellwachsenden Baumarten durch Interessenbündelung -- 11.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 12 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Einordnung der Holzerzeugung in die Anbaustruktur landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen -- 12.1 Arbeitsgänge bei der Bewirtschaftung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen - zur Variationsbreite der Kosten -- 12.1.1 Flächenvorbereitung, Pflanzung und Pflege -- 12.1.2 Ernte und Transport -- 12.1.3 Rückwandlung der Fläche -- 12.2 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 12.2.1 Methode -- 12.2.2 Wirtschaftlichkeitsermittlung anhand verschiedener Berechnungsansätze -- 12.3 Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit dem Marktfruchtanbau -- 12.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 13 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz: Verfahrensvergleich mit landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen im regionalen Kontext -- 13.1 Welches Ziel wird mit der ökonomischen Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz verfolgt? -- 13.2 Vorgehensweise bei der Bewertung -- 13.3 Zur Ökonomie der Produktionsverfahren -- 13.4 Abhängigkeit von Standortfaktoren -- 13.5 Szenarienanalyse auf Verfahrensebene -- 13.6 Verlauf der Barwerte bei Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.7 Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz im regionalen Kontext -- 13.8 Verfügbarkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.9 Abschließende Bewertung der Ökonomie von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.10 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 14 Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz - ein Widerspruch? -- 14.2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext nachhaltiger Entwicklung und landschaftsökologischer Potenziale -- 14.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext biologischer Vielfalt -- 14.4 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Landschaftsbild. , 14.5 Flächenauswahl für die Anlage von Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.6 Fazit -- 14.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 15 Monetäre Bewertung ökologischer Leistungen des Agrarholzanbaus -- 15.1 Monetäre Bewertung und ökologisch erweiterte Nutzen-Kosten-Analysen -- 15.2 Agrarholzanbau und dessen monetäre Bewertung -- 15.2.1 Holzerträge -- 15.2.2 Klimaschutz -- 15.2.3 Grundwasserhaushaltsregulierung -- 15.2.4 Biodiversität -- 15.2.5 Weitere ökosystemare Wirkungen -- 15.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 16 Wasserhaushalt von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.1 Erfassung der Komponenten des Wasserhaushalts -- 16.2 Untersuchungen zum Wasserhaushalt -- 16.3 Erste Messergebnisse einer Versuchsfläche in Sachsen -- 16.4 Wasserverbrauch von Pappel-KUP im Vergleich zu anderen Landnutzungsformen -- 16.5 Langfristige Veränderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.6 Schlussfolgerungen -- 16.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 17 Modellierung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts von Pappel-Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Brandenburg -- 17.1 Kenngrößen der Kohlenstoffspeicherung -- 17.1.1 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffflüsse -- 17.1.2 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Biomasse -- 17.1.3 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Streuschicht und im Boden -- 17.2 Modellierungsansatz -- 17.2.1 Das shortcar-Modell -- 17.2.2 Datenaufarbeitung und Modellparametrisierung -- 17.2.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion -- 17.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 18 Ökologische Bewertung des Zukunftsrohstoffs Agrarholz -- 18.1 Bewertungsfragestellungen -- 18.2 Ökobilanz, Untersuchungsrahmen und Datengrundlagen -- 18.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse -- 18.3.1 Vergleichende Betrachtung der Nutzungspfade -- 18.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 19 Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus bei Landwirten -- 19.1 Methodik -- 19.2 Ergebnisse. , 19.2.1 Einflussfaktoren auf die Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Cooking, Mediterranean - Health aspects. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (416 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781118713389
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Overview -- 1.1 Development of the MedDiet -- 1.1.1 A brief history of the MedDiet -- 1.1.2 The traditional MedDiet and present day MedDiets -- 1.1.3 International differences -- 1.1.4 National representations of the MedDiet -- 1.1.5 Sources of information for the general public -- 1.2 Lifestyle factors -- 1.2.1 Meal patterns -- 1.2.2 Siestas -- 1.2.3 Physical activity -- 1.2.4 Sunshine -- 1.3 Health benefits -- 1.3.1 Mediterranean dietary patterns -- 1.3.2 Endorsements -- 1.4 The MedDiet, past, present and future -- 1.4.1 Current trends -- 1.4.2 The Greek experience -- 1.4.3 Not all bad news -- 1.4.4 Future prospects -- References -- SECTION 1: CONSTITUENTS -- 2 Constituents and Physiological Effects of Mediterranean Plant Foods -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Carbohydrates -- 2.2.1 Glycaemic index -- 2.2.2 Honey -- 2.2.3 Physiological effects of carbohydrates -- 2.2.4 Fibre -- 2.3 Fats -- 2.4 Organic acids -- 2.5 Minerals -- 2.6 Vitamins -- 2.6.1 Water soluble vitamins -- 2.6.2 Fat soluble vitamins -- 2.7 Phytochemicals -- 2.7.1 Classes of phytochemicals -- 2.7.2 Sensory properties of phytochemicals -- 2.7.3 Phenolics -- 2.7.4 Terpenes -- 2.7.5 Sulphur-containing compounds -- 2.7.6 Polyacetylenes -- 2.7.7 Nitrogen-containing compounds -- 2.8 Mediterranean plants as medicines -- References -- 3 Influences of the Supply Chain on the Composition of Mediterranean Plant Foods -- 3.1 Significance of the supply chain -- 3.2 Growth conditions -- 3.2.1 A brief overview of plant metabolism -- 3.2.2 Soil -- 3.2.3 Sun -- 3.2.4 Water -- 3.2.5 Other environmental factors -- 3.3 Plant cultivar -- 3.4 Food retailers and food processing -- 3.4.1 Anatomical distribution of nutrients -- 3.4.2 Freshness -- References -- 4 Influences of Food Preparation and Bioavailability on Nutritional Value -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Food preparation -- 4.2.1 Chopping -- 4.2.2 Cooking -- 4.3 Nutrient bioavailability -- 4.3.1 Pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals -- 4.3.2 Liberation -- 4.3.3 Absorption -- 4.3.4 Distribution -- 4.3.5 Metabolism -- 4.3.6 Excretion -- 4.3.7 Inter-individual variations in phytochemical pharmacokinetics -- References -- 5 Guide to the Composition of Mediterranean Plant Foods -- 5.1 Types of plant foods consumed as part of a MedDiet -- 5.1.1 Consumption -- 5.1.2 Diversity of consumption -- 5.2 Vegetables -- 5.2.1 Green leafy vegetables -- 5.2.2 Other green vegetables -- 5.2.3 Root vegetables -- 5.2.4 Alliums -- 5.2.5 Solanaceous vegetables -- 5.2.6 Legumes -- 5.3 Wheat products -- 5.4 Fruits -- 5.4.1 Citrus fruits -- 5.4.2 Apples and related fruits -- 5.4.3 Stone fruits -- 5.4.4 Grapes -- 5.4.5 Other berries -- 5.4.6 Pomegranates -- 5.4.7 Figs -- 5.4.8 Dates -- 5.4.9 Olives -- 5.5 Herbs and spices -- 5.6 Nuts and seeds -- 5.6.1 Nuts -- 5.6.2 Seeds -- References -- 6 Olive Oil and Other Fats -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Olive oil -- 6.2.1 Consumption and production -- 6.2.2 Origin and varieties of olive trees -- 6.2.3 Olive oil production -- 6.2.4 Traceability and European regulations -- 6.2.5 Biochemical composition -- 6.3 Other fat sources -- 6.3.1 Nuts and seeds -- 6.3.2 Herbs and spices -- 6.3.3 Meat and dairy -- 6.3.4 Eggs -- 6.3.5 Fish and shellfish -- References -- 7 Wine and Other Drinks -- 7.1 Wine -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Production -- 7.1.3 Composition -- 7.1.4 Metabolism of wine -- 7.1.5 Consumption patterns and health -- 7.1.6 The resveratrol controversy -- 7.2 Aniseed-flavoured spirits -- 7.2.1 Consumption -- 7.2.2 Composition -- 7.2.3 Physiological effects -- 7.3 Tea -- 7.3.1 Consumption -- 7.3.2 Composition -- 7.3.3 Physiological effects -- 7.4 Coffee -- 7.4.1 Consumption -- 7.4.2 Composition and physiological effects -- References. , SECTION 2 HEALTH EFFECTS -- 8 Epidemiological Methods -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study designs -- 8.2.1 Descriptive epidemiology -- 8.2.2 Ecological studies -- 8.3 Analytical epidemiology -- 8.3.1 Case-control and prospective studies -- 8.4 Intervention studies -- 8.5 Expression and interpretation of data from epidemiological studies -- 8.6 Dietary patterns -- 8.6.1 A priori dietary patterns -- 8.6.2 A posteriori dietary patterns -- 8.7 Criteria for judging epidemiological data -- References -- 9 General Mechanisms for Disease Prevention -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods for studying the effects of nutrients on disease mechanisms -- 9.2.1 General considerations -- 9.2.2 In vitro models -- 9.2.3 Animal models -- 9.2.4 Human intervention studies -- 9.3 Oxidative stress -- 9.3.1 What are free radicals? -- 9.3.2 Production of reactive species -- 9.3.3 Effects of reactive species -- 9.3.4 Antioxidant defences -- 9.3.5 Measuring antioxidant activity -- 9.3.6 Antioxidant activity in the Mediterranean diet -- 9.3.7 Limitations of the dietary antioxidant theory -- 9.4 Inflammation -- 9.4.1 The inflammatory response -- 9.4.2 The MedDiet and inflammation -- 9.4.3 n-3 Fatty acids -- 9.4.4 Phenolics -- 9.4.5 Pro-inflammatory foods -- 9.5 Modulation of cell signalling pathways by phenolics -- 9.5.1 Cell signalling pathways in disease -- 9.6 Gene interactions -- 9.6.1 Genetic predisposition to diet - nutrigenetics -- 9.6.2 Effects of diet on gene expression -- 9.7 Increased stress resistance -- 9.7.1 The general concept -- 9.7.2 Mechanistic basis of hormesis -- 9.8 Nutrient interactions and the Mediterranean dietary pattern -- 9.8.1 Minimising spikes in plasma concentrations -- 9.8.2 Synergistic interactions -- References -- 10 Metabolic Disorders -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Obesity -- 10.2.1 Introduction -- 10.2.2 Epidemiology -- 10.2.3 Mechanisms. , 10.3 Metabolic syndrome -- 10.3.1 Introduction -- 10.3.2 Epidemiology -- 10.3.3 Mechanisms -- 10.4 Type 2 diabetes -- 10.4.1 Introduction -- 10.4.2 Epidemiology -- 10.4.3 Mechanisms -- References -- 11 Cardiovascular Diseases -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Nutrition and the biology of CVD -- 11.2.1 Atherogenesis -- 11.2.2 Cardiac arrhythmias -- 11.3 Epidemiological evidence and mechanisms -- 11.3.1 Fat and fatty acids -- 11.3.2 Plant food constituents -- 11.3.3 Whole foods -- 11.3.4 Dietary patterns -- References -- 12 Cancers -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nutritional factors and the biology of cancer -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 Carcinogenesis -- 12.2.3 The issue of selectivity -- 12.2.4 Mediterranean dietary pattern and cancer prevention -- 12.3 Epidemiological evidence and mechanisms -- 12.3.1 Fats -- 12.3.2 Plant food constituents -- 12.3.3 Tea -- 12.3.4 Coffee -- 12.3.5 Wine and alcohol -- 12.3.6 Plant foods -- 12.3.7 Dietary patterns -- References -- 13 Neurological and Other Disorders -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Dementias -- 13.2.1 Introduction -- 13.2.2 Epidemiology -- 13.2.3 Mechanisms -- 13.3 Parkinson's disease -- 13.3.1 Introduction -- 13.3.2 Epidemiology -- 13.3.3 Mechanisms -- 13.4 Depression -- 13.4.1 Introduction -- 13.4.2 Epidemiology -- 13.4.3 Mechanisms -- 13.5 Rheumatoid arthritis -- 13.5.1 Introduction -- 13.5.2 Epidemiology -- 13.5.3 Mechanisms -- 13.6 Age-related macular degeneration -- 13.6.1 Introduction -- 13.6.2 Epidemiology -- 13.6.3 Mechanisms -- 13.7 All cause mortality -- 13.7.1 Fruit and vegetables -- 13.7.2 Alcohol -- 13.7.3 Wine -- 13.7.4 Dietary pattern -- 13.8 General conclusions -- References -- 14 Public Health Issues -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Public health and its objectives -- 14.1.2 The challenges of public health in Europe -- 14.2 Which MedDiet? -- 14.3 Which constituents are important in the MedDiet?. , 14.3.1 Olive oil -- 14.3.2 Cereals and legumes -- 14.3.3 Fruit and vegetables -- 14.3.4 Herbs and spices -- 14.3.5 Meat and dairy products -- 14.3.6 Wine and tea -- 14.3.7 How can the Mediterranean dietary pattern be implemented? -- 14.4 Transferring the Mediterranean dietary pattern -- 14.4.1 Public health recommendations and education -- 14.4.2 Governments' and communities' food policies -- 14.4.3 Individual choices and attitudes -- References -- SECTION 3 APPENDICES -- Appendix 1 Abbreviations -- Appendix 2 Epidemiological Studies -- Index.
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    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Glass-ceramics. ; Silicon crystals. ; Nucleation. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (136 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781118558928
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- CRYSTALS IN GLASS -- CONTENTS -- Foreword -- Introduction: 36 Years of Research and Discoveries about Glass Crystallization -- Glass Myth Shattered (Science Now, May 16, 1998) -- Acknowledgments -- Letter from S. D. Stookey - The Inventor of Glass-ceramics -- Crystals in Glass - A Celebration of Science and Art -- Internal Nucleation in Glasses -- Lithium Disilicate Crystals in an Isochemical Glass -- Spherulitic Crystals in a Stoichiometric Barium Disilicate Glass -- Internal Crystallization in Ti-cordierite Glass -- Papaya-seed-like Nanocrystals in Fresnoite Glass -- Lithium Diborate Crystals in an Isochemical Glass -- Internal Crystal in a Diopside Glass -- Lithium Niobium Disilicate (Double) Crystals in a Nonstoichiometric Glass -- Crystals in Li2O-Doped Soda-lime-silica Glasses -- Textured Worm-like Crystals in a Bioactive Glass Fiber -- Liquid-liquid Phase Separation and Crystallization in Photo-thermo-refractive Glass -- Star-like Crystals in the Volume of PTR Glass -- Cristobalite Crystals in PTR Glass -- Surface Layer and Internal Crystallization in PTR Glass -- The Courtyard Effect in Stoichiometric Soda-lime-silica Glass -- The Courtyard Effect in Stoichiometric Soda-lime-silica Glass -- The Courtyard Effect-LS Crystals in a Eutectic Glass -- Hematite Crystals in Soda-lime-silica Glass -- Ionic Conducting Glass-ceramics -- Surface Nucleation on Glasses -- Surface Crystallization of Lithium Diborate Glass -- Cordierite Crystal on the Surface of a Cordierite Glass -- Surface Nucleation on Cordierite Glass -- Nucleation on Scratches, Cracks, and Bubbles -- Crystals on Bubble Surfaces in a Diopside Glass -- Surface Crystallization on a Calcium Phosphate Glass -- Surface Crystallization on Ca-rich Diopside Glass -- Surface Crystallization on Ca-rich Diopside Glass. , Wollastonite Needles in a Commercial Window (Soda-lime-silica) Glass -- Needle-like Crystals on CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- "Onion-rings" 1Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2 Crystals on the Surface an Isochemical Glass -- Laser-induced Surface Crystallization of Sm2O3-Bi2O3-B2O3 Glass -- Viscous Sintering with Concurrent Crystallization -- Sintering with Concurrent Surface Crystallization of Diopside Glass Spheres -- Sintering with Concurrent Crystallization of Two Diopside Glass Spheres -- Sintering and Surface Crystallization of Spherical Soda-lime-silica Glass Particles -- Eutectic Crystallization -- Crystallization Propagating from the Surface of a CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- Eutectic Crystallization on a CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- Eutectic Crystallization of CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- Hummingbird-like Crystals on the Surface of a Eutectic CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- Orchid-like Crystallization in a Eutectic CaO-Li2O-SiO2 Glass -- Star-fruit-like Crystals in a Eutectic Glass -- Cracks and Bubbles in Glass-ceramics -- Self-cracking of Crystals in Isochemical Glass -- Spontaneous Crack Propagation in a Bioactive Glass-ceramic -- Toughening of a Glass-ceramic by Crack De. ection -- Toughening of a Dental Glass-ceramic by Crack De. ection -- Nucleation of Bubbles in a Bio Glass-ceramic -- Reviews of "Crystals in Glass: A Hidden Beauty" -- About the Author.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Porous materials. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (368 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781119460374
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.1 What are the Metal-Organic Frameworks? -- 1.2 Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.3 Structural Highlights of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.4 Expansion of Metal-Organic Frameworks Structures -- 1.5 High Thermal and Chemical Stability -- 1.6 Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Pillar-Layer Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Topology and Diversity in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.4 Linkers in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Rigid and Flexible Pillars -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Introduction to N-donor Pillars -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bipyridine -- 4.3 Dabco -- 4.4 Imidazole and Pyrazole -- 4.5 Triazole and Tetrazole -- 4.6 Pyrazine and Pipyrazine -- 4.7 Amide, Imide, Amin and Azine/Azo Spacer -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Introduction to Aromatic and Aliphatic Pillars -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Non-Interpentrated Frameworks -- 5.3 Frameworks with Interpenetration -- 5.4 Control over Interpenetration -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Introduction to O-Donor Pillars -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Stability and Interpenetration in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.1 Stability in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.2 Interpenetration in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Properties and Applications of Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gas Storage and Separation in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.3 Catalysis in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.4 Adsorptive Removal and Separation of Chemicals in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.5 Sensing in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References. , Glossary -- Subject Index -- End User License Agreement.
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  • 7
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    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Pharmaceutical biotechnology. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (390 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780470627297
    Series Statement: Chemical Biology of Enzymes for Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Applications Series ; v.3
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- ENZYME TECHNOLOGIES -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Preface -- PART A NEW APPROACHES TO FINDING AND MODIFYING ENZYMES -- 1 Functional Metagenomics as a Technique for the Discovery of Novel Enzymes and Natural Products -- 2 Directed Enzyme and Pathway Evolution -- 3 Combining Natural Biodiversity and Molecular-Directed Evolution to Develop New Industrial Biocatalysts and Drugs -- 4 Principles of Enzyme Optimization for the Rapid Creation of Industrial Biocatalysts -- PART B BIOCATALYTIC APPLICATIONS -- 5 Enzyme Catalysis in the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients -- 6 Enzymatic Processes for the Production of Pharmaceutical Intermediates -- 7 Novel Developments Employing Redox Enzymes: Old Enzymes in New Clothes -- PART C BIOSYNTHETIC APPLICATIONS -- 8 Drug Discovery and Development by Combinatorial Biosynthesis -- 9 Reprogramming Daptomycin and A54145 Biosynthesis to Produce Novel Lipopeptide Antibiotics -- 10 Pathway and Enzyme Engineering and Applications for Glycodiversification -- Index.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Silicon carbide. ; Semiconductors. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (530 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527629060
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Silicon Carbide: Volume 1: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Volume 1 Silicon Carbide: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Part A Growth of SiC -- 1 Bulk growth of SiC - review on advances of SiC vapor growth for improved doping and systematic study on dislocation evolution -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Experiments -- 1.3 Results and discussions -- 1.4 Spatial distribution of dislocations in SiC -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Bulk and epitaxial growth of micropipe-free silicon carbide on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Search for stable rhombohedral facets in 6H- and 4H-SiC -- 2.3 PVT growth of bulk 6H- and 4H-SiC on rhombohedral (011n) facets -- 2.4 Homoepitaxial Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth and development of a fast growth technique -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental -- 3.3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth -- 3.4 Fast epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Fabrication of high performance 3C-SiC vertical MOSFETs by reducing planar defects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reduction of planar defects in 3C-SiC -- 4.3 Performance of vertical MOSFETs -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part B Characterization of Defects and Material Properties -- 5 Identification of intrinsic defects in SiC: Towards an understanding of defect aggregates by combining theoretical and experimental approaches -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Assessing the identity of defects in SiC -- 5.3 Vacancy-related defects -- 5.4 Vacancy aggregation and its consequences -- 5.5 Carbon interstitial-related defects and high-frequency vibrations -- 5.6 The carbon aggregation and its implications. , 5.7 Summary and outlook -- References -- 6 EPR identification of intrinsic defects in SiC -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Isolated vacancy -- 6.3 Pulsed ELDOR of TV2a: Observation of missing central line -- 6.4 Divacancy -- 6.5 Antisites and antisite-vacancy pairs -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrical and topographical characterization of aluminum implanted layers in 4H silicon carbide -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental -- 7.3 Electrical characterization -- 7.4 Topographical characterization -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Optical properties of as-grown and process-induced stacking faults in 4H-SiC -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural aspects -- 8.3 Imaging techniques -- 8.4 Optical SFs signature -- 8.5 More realistic type-II QW model -- 8.6 Transfer matrix method -- 8.7 Focussing on a single QW -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Characterization of defects in silicon carbide by Raman spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Experimental setup -- 9.3 Polytype conversion in 3C-SiC grown by chemical vapor deposition -- 9.4 Electronic Raman studies of shallow donors in silicon carbide -- 9.5 Graphene layers on SiC-surfaces -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 Lifetime-killing defects in 4H-SiC epilayers and lifetime control by low-energy electron irradiation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experimental -- 10.3 Results and discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Identification and carrier dynamics of the dominant lifetime limiting defect in n- 4H-SiC epitaxial layers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Defects in 4H-SiC epilayers -- 11.3 Identification of the lifetime killer -- 11.4 Carrier dynamics at the Z1/2 defect -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- 12 Optical beam induced current measurements: principles and applications to SiC device characterization -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theory and principle of OBIC: calculation of the current. , 12.3 Description of the experimental set-up -- 12.4 Study of device termination technique -- 12.5 Determination of carrier lifetime -- 12.6 Determination of ionization coefficients -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Measurements of impact ionization coefficients of electrons and holes in 4H-SiC and their application to device simulation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Experiments -- 13.3 Modeling of anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- 13.4 Application to device simulation of power devices -- 13.5 Summary and conclusions -- Appendix A: Interpolation formula for anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- Appendix B: Scaling properties in the design of power devices -- References -- 14 Analysis of interface trap parameters from double-peak conductance spectra taken on N-implanted 3C-SiC MOS capacitors -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Experimental -- 14.3 Experimental results -- 14.4 Model -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- 15 Non-basal plane SiC surfaces: Anisotropic structures and low-dimensional electron systems -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Crystal structure and bulk truncated surface termination -- 15.3 Experimental procedures -- 15.4 Hydrogen etching -- 15.5 a-plane and m-plane surfaces -- 15.6 Surface phases on SiC (1 102) -- 15.7 The SiC(1102) surface -- 15.8 Summary -- References -- Part C Novel Applications -- 16 Comparative columnar porous etching studies on n-type 6H SiC crystalline faces -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Experimental -- 16.3 Results and discussion -- 16.4 Summary -- References -- 17 Micro- and nanomechanical structures for silicon carbide MEMS and NEMS -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Single crystalline SiC -- 17.3 Polycrystalline SiC -- 17.4 Amorphous SiC -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Epitaxial graphene: a new material -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Experimental aspects. , 18.3 Comparison of graphene and FLG on SiC(0001) and SiC (000 1) -- 18.4 Band structure of FLG near the K-point -- 18.5 Summary and outlook -- References -- 19 Density functional study of graphene overlayers on SiC -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Method -- 19.3 Structural properties -- 19.4 Electronic structure -- 19.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.
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    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Environmental chemistry. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (313 pages)
    Edition: 3rd ed.
    ISBN: 9783527623655
    Language: German
    Note: Intro -- Umweltanalytik mit Spektrometrie und Chromatographie -- Vorwort zur 3. Auflage -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- 1 Einleitung -- 2 Laborgestaltung -- 3 Managementstrategien für Umweltlabore -- 3.1 Selbstmanagement -- 3.2 Teammanagement -- 3.3 Labormanagement -- 3.3.1 Zertifizierung -- 3.3.2 Akkreditierung -- 3.3.3 Grundsätze der Guten Laborpraxis (GLP) -- 3.4 Beziehungsmanagement -- 3.4.1 Der König Kunde -- 3.4.2 Staatliche Institutionen -- 3.4.3 Auditoren -- 3.4.4 Kundendienst -- 3.4.5 Zulieferer -- 3.5 Zukunftsaspekte -- 4 Umweltgesetzgebung -- 4.1 Trink- und Brauchwasser -- 4.1.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.1.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.2 Mineral- und Tafelwasser -- 4.2.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.2.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.3 Badewasser -- 4.3.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.3.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.4 Oberirdische Gewässer -- 4.4.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.5 Abwasser -- 4.5.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.5.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.6 Sickerwasser und Grundwasser -- 4.6.1 E.U Richtlinien -- 4.6.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.7 Nutz- und Kulturböden -- 4.7.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.7.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.8 Altlasten -- 4.8.1 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.9 Klärschlamm -- 4.9.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.9.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.10 Abfall -- 4.10.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.10.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien -- 4.11 Gefahrstoffe -- 4.11.1 E.U. Richtlinien -- 4.11.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien, usw. -- 4.12 Immissionsschutz -- 4.12.1 E.U.-Richtlinien -- 4.12.2 Nationale Gesetze, Empfehlungen, Beurteilungskriterien, usw. , 4.13 Bezugsquellen von Gesetzen, Verordnungen, Richtlinien, usw. -- 4.14 Bezugsquellen für Bundesländer spezifische Umweltgesetze -- 4.15 Bezugsquellen von nationalen und internationalen Analysenverfahren -- 5 Untersuchungsstrategie -- 5.1 Gesetzliche Vorgaben -- 5.2 Von der Analysenstrategie bis zur Interpretation und Dokumentation von Analysendaten -- 5.3 Auswahlkriterien für Analysenverfahren -- 5.3.1 Vorgaben für das Analysenverfahren aus der Umweltgesetzgebung -- 5.3.2 Auswahl des geeigneten Analysengerätes -- 5.3.3 Analytische Sicherheit -- 5.3.4 Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen -- 6 Probenahme -- 6.1 Probenahme von Gasen -- 6.1.1 Probenahme mittels einer Gasmaus -- 6.1.2 Probenahme durch Sammeln von Aerosolen und Staubpartikeln auf Filtern -- 6.1.3 Probenahme durch Absorption der zu analysierenden Stoffe in Flüssigkeiten -- 6.1.4 Probenahme durch Adsorption der zu bestimmenden Komponenten an Adsorptionsmaterialien -- 6.2 Probenahme von Flüssigkeiten -- 6.3 Probenahme von Feststoffen -- 6.3.1 Probenahme von Böden -- 6.3.2 Probenahme von Schlämmen -- 6.3.3 Probenahme von Sedimenten -- 6.3.4 Probenahme von Abfällen und Müll -- 6.3.5 Probenahme von Altlasten-Verdachtsflächen -- 7 Konservierung und Lagerung von Umweltproben -- 8 Probenvorbereitung -- 8.1 Physikalische Probenvorbereitungstechniken -- 8.1.1 Bestimmung des Trockenrückstandes nach DIN 38414-2 (DEV-S 2) bei 105C -- 8.1.2 Bestimmung und Herstellung der Trockenmasse durch Gefriertrocknung -- 8.1.3 Trocknung von Bodenproben an der Luft -- 8.1.4 Zerkleinern und Sieben -- 8.2 Lösungen, Eluate und Aufschlüsse -- 8.2.1 Lösungen -- 8.2.2 Eluate -- 8.2.3 Aufschlüsse -- 8.3 Abtrennungs- und Anreicherungsverfahren -- 8.3.1 Adsorption und Absorption von gasförmigen Proben -- 8.3.2 Purge- und Trapverfahren -- 8.3.3 Dampfraumanalyse -- 8.3.4 Flüssig-Flüssig-Extraktion -- 8.3.5 Festphasenextraktion. , 8.3.6 Soxhlet-Extraktion -- 8.3.7 Extraktion mit überkritischen Gasen -- 8.4 Clean-up-Verfahren -- 9 Vor-Ort-Analytik -- 9.1 Sensorbasierte Messmethoden -- 9.2 Nicht sensorbasierte Messmethoden -- 9.2.1 UV/VIS-Spektrometrie (UV/VIS) -- 9.2.2 Infrarot-Spektrometrie (IR) -- 9.2.3 Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie (AAS) -- 9.2.4 ICP-Atomemissions-Spektrometrie (ICP-AES) -- 9.2.5 ICP-Massenspektrometrie (ICP-MS) -- 9.2.6 Gaschromatographie (GC) und GC-Massenspektrometrie (GC-MS) -- 9.2.7 Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie (HPLC) -- 9.2.8 Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) -- 10 Instrumentelle Analysenverfahren -- 10.1 Spektrometrie -- 10.1.1 UV/VIS-Spektrometrie (UV/VIS) -- 10.1.2 Fluoreszenz-Spektrometrie (FLUO) -- 10.1.3 Infrarot-Spektrometrie (IR) -- 10.1.4 Atomabsorptions-Spektrometrie (AAS) -- 10.1.5 ICP-Atomemissions-Spektrometrie (ICP-AES) -- 10.1.6 ICP-Massenspektrometrie (ICP-MS) -- 10.1.7 Atomfluoreszenz-Spektrometrie (AFL) -- 10.2 Chromatographie -- 10.2.1 Gaschromatographie (GC) -- 10.2.2 Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeits-Chromatographie -- 10.2.3 Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (DC) -- 10.3 Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) -- 11 Analytische Qualitätssicherung (AQS) -- 11.1 AQS-Systeme im Überblick -- 11.1.1 Zertifizierung auf der Basis von DIN EN ISO 9000 ff -- 11.1.2 Akkreditierung nach DIN EN ISO 17025 -- 11.1.3 Grundsätze der Guten Laborpraxis (GLP) -- 11.1.4 Notifizierung für die Fachmodule Umweltanalytik durch die Bundesländer -- 11.2 Einführung eines AQS-Systems -- 11.2.1 Akkreditierung nach DIN EN ISO 17025 -- 11.2.2 Notifizierung für entsprechende Fachmodule -- 11.3 AQS-Maßnahmen in der Laborpraxis -- 12 Labordatenverwaltung -- 13 Interpretation und Dokumentation von Analysendaten -- Sachregister.
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  • 10
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,
    Keywords: Health risk assessment. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (241 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783527622368
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- The Role of Evidence in Risk Characterization -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- References -- I From Scientific Analysis to Risk Policy -- 2 Risk Assessment and Risk Communication for Electromagnetic Fields: A World Health Organization Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptual Framework for Risk Assessment -- 2.3 EHC on EMFs -- 2.3.1 ELF Fields -- 2.3.2 Static Fields -- 2.4 Comparison Between the WHO ELF-EHC and the California Report -- 2.5 Communicating about Risks of EMFs -- 2.6 Discussion -- Appendix 1 -- References -- 3 Characterizing Evidence and Policy Making -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Science-based Evidence -- 3.2.1 From Basic Research to Recommendations -- 3.2.2 Officially Appointed Expert Committees and Self-appointed Experts -- 3.2.3 Communication of Recommendations -- 3.3 Society-based Evidence -- 3.4 Policy Making -- 3.4.1 Role of Policy Drafters in Policy Making -- 3.4.2 Role of Politicians in Policy Making -- 3.4.3 Policy Making and the Media -- 3.4.4 Policies -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Evidence Characterization in Different Research Areas -- 4 Basic Principles and Evidence Characterization of the Data from Genetox Investigations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cell Cycle -- 4.3 Test Systems -- 4.3.1 COMET Assay to Evaluate Primary DNA Damage -- 4.3.2 Chromosomal Aberrations -- 4.3.3 Micronuclei -- 4.3.4 Sister Chromatid Exchanges -- 4.3.5 Other Assay Systems and Endpoints -- 4.4 Methodological Aspects -- 4.4.1 In Vitro Studies -- 4.4.1.1 CAs in HPLs -- 4.4.1.2 CAs in Fibroblasts -- 4.4.1.3 MN -- 4.4.1.4 SCEs -- 4.4.1.5 Metabolic Activation -- 4.4.2 In Vivo Studies -- 4.4.2.1 Mammals -- 4.4.2.2 Humans -- 4.5 GLP -- 4.6 Evidence Characterization and Interpretation of Genetox Results -- 4.6.1 Interpretation of Data from One Endpoint. , 4.6.2 Interpretation of Data from Four Endpoints -- 4.6.3 Interpretation of Data from Three Endpoints -- 4.6.4 Interpretation of Data from Two Endpoints -- 4.7 Genetox Studies with Electromagnetic Fields -- References -- 5 Animal Studies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Exposure Systems -- 5.3 Sham Exposure and Cage Controls -- 5.4 Replication Studies -- 5.5 Interpretation of Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Epidemiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Types and Risk Estimation -- 6.3 Making Sense of Conflicting Results -- 6.3.1 Temporal Relation Consistent with Cause and Effect -- 6.3.2 Strength of the Association -- 6.3.3 Dose-Response Relationship -- 6.3.4 Consistency Within and Across Studies -- 6.3.5 Specificity -- 6.3.6 Absence of Bias and Confounding -- 6.3.7 Biological Plausibility -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Principles and Practice of Evidence Characterization in Environmental Clinical Case Studies -- 7.1 Clinical Environmental Medicine -- 7.2 Assessment of Health Complaints -- 7.2.1 Environmental Attribution -- 7.2.2 Case History -- 7.3 Exposure Assessment and Evaluation -- 7.3.1 Biomonitoring -- 7.3.2 Effect and Susceptibility Monitoring -- 7.3.3 On-site Inspection -- 7.3.4 Ambient Monitoring -- 7.4 Interdisciplinary Clinical Diagnostics -- 7.4.1 Evaluation of Clinical Cases -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- III Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Procedures for Characterizing Evidence -- 8 Characterizing Evidence with Evidence-based Medicine -- 8.1 What is Evidence-based Medicine? -- 8.2 EbM Process -- 8.3 Five Steps of EbM -- 8.3.1 Asking Answerable Questions -- 8.3.2 Finding the Best Available Evidence -- 8.3.3 Critical Appraisal -- 8.3.4 Acting on the Evidence -- 8.3.5 Evaluate your Performance -- 8.4 Comparing the EbM to Other Approaches of Characterizing Evidence -- References. , 9 The IARC Monographs' Approach to Characterizing Evidence -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pertinent Data for Carcinogen Identification -- 9.3 International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluations -- 9.3.1 Evaluating Epidemiologic Studies -- 9.3.2 Evaluating Bioassays in Experimental Animals -- 9.3.3 Evaluating Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data -- 9.3.4 Overall Evaluation -- 9.4 Hazard versus Risk -- 9.5 Ensuring Impartial Evaluations -- 9.6 Characterizing Evidence in the Future -- References -- 10 The Swiss Health Risk Approach -- 10.1 Background -- 10.2 Aims -- 10.3 Approach -- 10.3.1 Evidence Rating -- 10.3.2 Relevance to Health -- 10.3.3 Exposure Levels -- 10.3.4 Summary Scheme -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 Gradual Rating of the Evidence -- 10.4.2 Source-specific Evaluation -- 10.4.3 Lack of Data -- 10.4.4 Publication Bias -- 10.4.5 Rating of the Study Quality -- 10.4.6 Meta-analyses -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Procedures for Characterizing Evidence: German Commission on Radiation Protection (Strahlenschutzkommission) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Assessment of Scientific Evidence -- 11.3 Relevance to Human Health -- 11.4 Weight of Evidence -- 11.5 Multidisciplinary Assessment -- 11.6 Regulations -- 11.7 Precautions -- 11.8 Electromagnetic Interference -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Lessons from the California Electromagnetic Field Risk Assessment of 2002 -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Policy Questions and Questions about Causal Claims and Arguments -- 12.3 Bradford Hill's and Koch's Questions -- 12.4 The Asymmetry of Some "Rule In" Tests -- 12.5 Toulmin's Argument Anatomy and Bayes' Theorem as a Universal Warrant -- 12.6 Special Importance of Coherence -- 12.7 Plausibility, Experimentation and Analogy -- 12.8 Causal Arguments Can Become More Transparent but Will Always Involve Judgment -- References. , 13 Evidence Maps - A Tool for Summarizing and Communicating Evidence in Risk Assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Evidence Maps Approach -- 13.2.1 Background -- 13.2.2 Structure of Evidence Maps -- 13.2.3 Constructing an Evidence Map: Cancer Epidemiology -- 13.3 Insights from the Process of Building Evidence Maps -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- IV Psychological and Ethical Aspects in Dealing with Conflicting Data and Uncertainty -- 14 Perception of Uncertainty and Communication about unclear Risks -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Uncertainty in Risk Assessment -- 14.3 Uncertainty Communication and Lay Persons' Perception of Uncertainty Information -- 14.3.1 Intuitive Toxicology: How do Nonexperts Understand the Risk Assessment Framework? -- 14.3.2 How do People Understand Information about Relative Risks -- 14.3.3 Information about Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: How do Nonexperts Cope With It? -- 14.3.4 Uncertainty Descriptions: How do People Understand Qualitative, Quantitative and Visual Expression? -- 14.3.5 Contextual Effects -- 14.4 Lay Peoples' Perception of Precautionary Measures -- 14.5 Outlook and Conclusions -- References -- 15 Ethical Guidance for Dealing with Unclear Risk -- 15.1 Ethical Guidance in Cases of Unclear Risk - The Challenge -- 15.2 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.2.1 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in General -- 15.2.2 Unclear Risk: Nonstandard Situations with Respect to Risk -- 15.2.3 Moral Conflicts in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.3 Ethical Approaches to (Unclear) Risk -- 15.3.1 Consequentialist Approach -- 15.3.2 Principle of Pragmatic Consistency -- 15.3.3 "Imperative of Responsibility" (Jonas) -- 15.3.4 Projected Time -- 15.3.5 Deontological Advice -- 15.3.6 Interim Conclusions (1) -- 15.4 Operative Approaches -- 15.4.1 Precautionary Principle. , 15.4.2 Principle of Prudent Avoidance -- 15.4.3 Interim Conclusions (2) -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- V Practical Implications -- 16 Lessons Learned: Recommendations for Communicating Conflicting Evidence for Risk Characterization -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Guiding Principles in Risk Communication -- 16.2.1 Prudence -- 16.2.1.1 Assess the Underlying Problem -- 16.2.1.2 Both Content and Process do Matter -- 16.2.2 Transparency -- 16.2.2.1 Make Your Expertise Transparent -- 16.2.2.2 Describe the Context of Your Work and the Process of Arriving at the Conclusion -- 16.2.2.3 Reveal your Evaluation Framework -- 16.2.2.4 Describe the Rules that You Use for Evaluating the Weight of Evidence -- 16.2.3 Impartiality -- 16.2.3.1 Give the Pros and Cons of Your Assessment -- 16.2.3.2 Depict the Remaining Uncertainties but Do Not Forget to Point Out the Evidence Already Available -- 16.2.4 Reasonableness -- 16.2.4.1 Explain the Process of Evaluating Evidence -- 16.2.4.2 Explain the Relevance of the Endpoints for Evaluating Human Health Risks -- 16.2.4.3 Put the Available Evidence in Perspective -- 16.2.4.4 Support Accessibility of Critical Information -- 16.2.4.5 Assess the Potential Risk -- 16.2.4.6 Put the Potential Risk in Perspective -- 16.2.5 Clarity -- 16.2.5.1 Give No More Information than Necessary -- 16.2.5.2 Be Aware of Your Language -- 16.2.5.3 Test the Perceptions of your Communication Formats -- 16.2.6 Responsibility -- 16.2.6.1 How Much Evidence is Evidence Enough for Taking Action? -- References -- Index.
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