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  • Cambridge University Press (CUP)  (17)
  • 11
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    Improving the productivity and sustainability of terrestrial and aquatic food production systems: future perspectives
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2011
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 149, No. S1 ( 2011-02), p. 1-7
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 149, No. S1 ( 2011-02), p. 1-7
    Abstract: To meet the increasing global demand for food that is predicted over the coming decades it will be necessary to increase productivity and to do this in a way that is sustainable and efficient in its use of resources. Productivity is currently determined by the intrinsic genetic potential of the domestic plants and animals on which mankind is dependent as well as by components of the biophysical environment (temperature, water availability and quality, soil fertility, parasites, pathogens, weeds) from which terrestrial or aquatic food production is derived. Within certain limits, it is possible to manipulate plant and animal genotypes, the production environment, and the inevitable interaction between these factors, to relax constraints on productivity and potential output. Looking to the future, increased scientific understanding will undoubtedly permit this manipulation to be achieved more effectively, thus enabling the scale of production to be elevated predictably while reducing reliance on non-renewable inputs and limiting the use of more forest, grassland, wetland or coastal margin. The present paper introduces a collection of reviews that were commissioned as part of the UK's Government Office of Science Foresight Project on Global Food and Farming Futures which reports early in 2011. The reviews explore opportunities for advances in science and technology to impact in coming decades on the sustainable productivity of terrestrial and aquatic food production systems. Collectively, they describe many of the approaches currently being considered to define, remove or relax the different genetic or environmental constraints limiting sustainable food production. These include: potential impacts of climate change on aquatic systems, the application of biotechnology, genetics and the development of systems to improve livestock, fish and crop production; approaches to the management of parasites and pathogens; weed control in crops; management of soil fertility; approaches to countering problems of water shortage; reducing post-harvest wastage; the role of advanced engineering and the potential for increasing food production in urban environments.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859611000074
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2011
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  • 12
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    Phosphorus balance and use efficiency on 21 intensive grass-based dairy farms in the South of Ireland
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2015
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 153, No. 3 ( 2015-04), p. 520-537
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 153, No. 3 ( 2015-04), p. 520-537
    Abstract: Given the finite nature of global phosphorus (P) resources, there is an increasing concern about balancing agronomic and environmental impacts from P usage on dairy farms. Data from a 3-year (2009–2011) survey were used to assess farm-gate P balances and P use efficiency (PUE) on 21 intensive grass-based dairy farms operating under the good agricultural practice (GAP) regulations in Ireland. Mean stocking rate (SR) was 2·06 livestock units (LU)/ha, mean P surplus was 5·09 kg/ha, or 0·004 kg P/kg milk solids (MS), and mean PUE was 0·70. Phosphorus imports were dominated by inorganic fertilizer (7·61 kg P/ha) and feeds (7·62 kg P/ha), while exports were dominated by milk (6·66 kg P/ha) and livestock (5·10 kg P/ha). Comparison to similar studies carried out before the introduction of the GAP regulations in 2006 indicated that P surplus, both per ha and per kg MS, has significantly decreased (by 74 and 81%, respectively) and PUE increased (by 48%), mostly due to decreased inorganic fertilizer P import and improvements in P management. There has been a notable shift towards spring application of organic manures, indicating improved awareness of the fertilizer value of organic manures and good compliance with the GAP regulations regarding fertilizer application timing. These results suggested a positive impact of the GAP regulations on dairy farm P surplus and PUE, indicating an improvement in both environmental and economic sustainability of dairy production through improved resource use efficiencies. Such improvements will be necessary to achieve national targets of improved water quality and increased dairy production. Results suggest that optimizing fertilizer and feed P imports combined with improved on-farm P recycling are the most effective way to increase PUE. Equally, continued monitoring of soil test P (STP) and P management will be necessary to ensure that adequate soil P fertility is maintained. Mean P surplus was lower and PUE was much higher than the overall mean surplus (15·92 kg P/ha) and PUE (0·47) from three studies of continental and English dairy farms, largely due to the low import system that is more typical in Ireland, with seasonal milk production (compact spring calving), low use of imported feeds and high use of grazed grass.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859614000641
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2015
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  • 13
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    Effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature on seed quality
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2013
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 151, No. 2 ( 2013-04), p. 154-162
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 151, No. 2 ( 2013-04), p. 154-162
    Abstract: Successful crop production depends initially on the availability of high-quality seed. By 2050 global climate change will have influenced crop yields, but will these changes affect seed quality? The present review examines the effects of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and temperature during seed production on three seed quality components: seed mass, germination and seed vigour. In response to elevated CO 2 , seed mass has been reported to both increase and decrease in C 3 plants, but not change in C 4 plants. Increases are greater in legumes than non-legumes, and there is considerable variation among species. Seed mass increases may result in a decrease of seed nitrogen (N) concentration in non-legumes. Increasing temperature may decrease seed mass because of an accelerated growth rate and reduced seed filling duration, but lower seed mass does not necessarily reduce seed germination or vigour. Like seed mass, reported seed germination responses to elevated CO 2 have been variable. The reported changes in seed C/N ratio can decrease seed protein content which may eventually lead to reduced viability. Conversely, increased ethylene production may stimulate germination in some species. High-temperature stress before developing seeds reach physiological maturity (PM) can reduce germination by inhibiting the ability of the plant to supply the assimilates necessary to synthesize the storage compounds required for germination. Nothing is known concerning the effects of elevated CO 2 on seed vigour. However, seed vigour can be reduced by high-temperature stress both before and after PM. High temperatures induce or increase the physiological deterioration of seeds. Limited evidence suggests that only short periods of high-temperature stress at critical seed development stages are required to reduce seed vigour, but further research is required. The predicted environmental changes will lead to losses of seed quality, particularly for seed vigour and possibly germination. The seed industry will need to consider management changes to minimize the risk of this occurring.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859612000263
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2013
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  • 14
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    Temperate grassland: key developments in the last century and future perspectives
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 144, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 503-523
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 144, No. 6 ( 2006-12), p. 503-523
    Abstract: In temperate regions, grassland provides most of the feed requirements for ruminants. Its management has implications for landscape and environmental quality as well as agricultural production. The present paper reviews the key developments in grassland management, production and utilization during the 20th century, focusing primarily on the UK but drawing on research and practice from other areas. Increased production from grassland has arisen from improved understanding of soil and plant nutrition, plant physiology and cultivar improvement, while improved understanding of feed evaluation, ruminant nutrition, grazing management and silage technology have contributed to increased utilization of grassland under grazing and cutting. Permanent and long-term swards occupied most of the total grassland area at both the beginning and end of the century, but inputs of nitrogen resulted in greatly increased herbage production, particularly from the 1960s; this, combined with reseeding and early cutting for silage, led to reduced botanical diversity with ryegrass dominance in lowland areas. Forage legumes were highly regarded at the beginning of the century, then decreased in many areas, but are again recognized as having a key role in low- and medium-input systems. Recognition of the environmental implications of grassland management has increased since the 1980s. This includes the need to reduce nutrient emissions in grassland agriculture, and also the role of grassland in biodiversity protection, carbon sequestration and landscape quality. Research is increasingly focused on addressing these issues and on integrating agricultural management with environmental protection. Improved nutrient management, legume-based systems and agri-environmental schemes, as well as interest in the food quality attributes of particular systems and grassland communities, are important in the medium term. In the longer term the effects of population increase, competition for other land uses and the impacts of climate change could impact on global food supplies and affect future grassland management in the temperate zones.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859606006496
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 15
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    Applying innovations and new technologies for international collaborative wheat improvement
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2006
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 144, No. 2 ( 2006-04), p. 95-110
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 144, No. 2 ( 2006-04), p. 95-110
    Abstract: Despite the successes of the Green Revolution, about a billion people are still undernourished and food security in the developing world faces new challenges in terms of population growth, reduced water resources, climate change and decreased public sector investment. It is also becoming widely recognized that poverty is a cause of environmental degradation, conflict and civil unrest. Internationally coordinated agricultural research can play a significant role in improving food security by deploying promising new technologies as well as adapting those with well-established impact. In addition to the genetic challenges of crop improvement, agriculturalists must also embrace the problems associated with a highly heterogeneous and unpredictable environment. Not only are new genetic tools becoming more accessible, but a new generation of quantitative tools are available to enable better definition of agro-ecosystems, of cultivar by environment interactions, and of socio-economic issues, while satellite imagery can help predict crop yields on large scales. Identifying areas of low genetic diversity – for example as found in large tracts of South Asia – is an important aspect of reducing vulnerability to disease epidemics. Global strategies for incorporating durable disease resistance genes into a wider genetic background, as well as participatory approaches that deliver a fuller range of options to farmers, are being implemented to increase cultivar diversity. The unpredictable effects of environment on productivity can be buffered somewhat by crop management practices that maintain healthy soils, while reversing the consequences of rapid agricultural intensification on soil degradation. Conservation agriculture is an alternative strategy that is especially pertinent for resource-poor farmers. The potential synergy between genetic improvement and innovative crop management practices has been referred to as the Doubly Green Revolution. The unique benefits and efficiency of the international collaborative platform are indisputable when considering the duplications that otherwise would have been required to achieve the same impacts through unilateral or even bilateral programmes. Furthermore, while the West takes for granted public support for crucial economic and social issues, this is not the case in a number of less-developed countries where the activities of International Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs) and other development assistance organizations can provide continuity in agricultural research and infrastructure.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859606005879
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2006
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  • 16
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    Impacts of climate change on potential geographical cultivation areas of longan ( Dimocarpus longan ) in China
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2020
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 158, No. 6 ( 2020-08), p. 471-478
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 158, No. 6 ( 2020-08), p. 471-478
    Abstract: Longan is an economically important sub-tropical fruit tree native to southern China and southeast Asia. Its production has been affected significantly by climate change, but the underlying reasons remain unclear. Herein, the potential growing areas of longan were simulated by the Maxent model under current and future conditions. The results showed excellent prediction performance, with an area under curve of 〉 0.9 for model training and validation. The key environmental variables identified were mean temperature of the coldest quarter, minimum temperature of the coldest month, annual mean temperature and mean temperature of the driest quarter. The optimum suitable areas of longan were found to be concentrated mainly in south-western, southern and eastern China, with a slight increase in optimum suitable areas under two different emission scenarios of three global climatic models. However, its future potential growing areas were predicted to differ among provinces or cities. Suitable growing areas in Sichuan, Jiangxi, Guangxi and Chongqing will first increase and then remain approximately unchanged between the 2050s and 2070s; those in Yunnan, Guangdong and Hainan will remain approximately unchanged from the present to the 2070s; those in Fujian and Guizhou will fluctuate slightly from the present to the 2050s and then increase to the 2070s; those in Taiwan will first decrease and then increase. In summary, the major future production areas of longan will be Guangdong, Hainan and Guangxi provinces, followed by Chongqing, Yunnan, Fujian and Taiwan. Thus, this study serves as a useful guide for the management of longan.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859620000842
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2020
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  • 17
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    Integration of measures to mitigate reactive nitrogen losses to the environment from grazed pastoral dairy systems
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2014
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 152, No. S1 ( 2014-12), p. 45-56
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 152, No. S1 ( 2014-12), p. 45-56
    Abstract: The need for nitrogen (N) efficiency measures for dairy systems is as great as ever if we are to meet the challenge of increasing global production of animal-based protein while reducing N losses to the environment. The present paper provides an overview of current N efficiency and mitigation options for pastoral dairy farm systems and assesses the impact of integrating a range of these options on reactive N loss to the environment from dairy farms located in five regions of New Zealand with contrasting soil, climate and farm management attributes. Specific options evaluated were: (i) eliminating winter applications of fertilizer N, (ii) optimal reuse of farm dairy effluent, (iii) improving animal performance through better feeding and using cows with higher genetic merit, (iv) lowering dietary N concentration, (v) applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) and (vi) restricting the duration of pasture grazing during autumn and winter. The Overseer ® Nutrient Budgeting model was used to estimate N losses from representative farms that were characterized based on information obtained from detailed farmer surveys conducted in 2001 and 2009. The analysis suggests that (i) milk production increases of 7–30% were associated with increased N leaching and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emission losses of 3–30 and 0–25%, respectively; and (ii) integrating a range of strategic and tactical management and mitigation options could offset these increased N losses. The modelling analysis also suggested that the restricted autumn and winter grazing strategy resulted in some degree of pollution swapping, with reductions in N leaching loss being associated with increases in N loss via ammonia volatilization and N 2 O emissions from effluents captured and stored in the confinement systems. Future research efforts need to include farm systems level experimentation to validate and assess the impacts of region-specific dairy systems redesign on productivity, profit, environmental losses, practical feasibility and un-intended consequences.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859613000956
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2014
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