Note: 301014_1_En_OFC -- 301014_1_En_BookFrontmatter_OnlinePDF -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Acronyms -- 301014_1_En_1_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 1 The Utility of Effective Theories -- 1.1 Definition of Effective Theories and Their Purpose -- 1.2 Galileo's Law of Falling Bodies as an Effective Theory -- References -- 301014_1_En_2_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 2 Harmonic Oscillator as an Effective Theory -- 2.1 Basics of the Harmonic Oscillator -- 2.2 Ubiquity of the Harmonic Oscillator -- 2.3 First Theory -- 2.4 Second Theory -- 2.5 Fancy Explanations -- 2.6 Third Theory -- 2.7 Deep Theory Conjecture -- 2.8 Ultimate Test? -- 301014_1_En_3_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 3 Effective Theories of Classical Gravity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Orbits in Newton's Theory -- 3.2.1 Orbital Solution -- 3.2.2 The Hamiltonian and Veff Description -- 3.3 Perihelion Precessions from Perturbations -- 3.3.1 1/r2 Correction to the Central Potential -- 3.3.2 1/r3 Correction to the Central Potential -- 3.4 Philosophical Challenges to Newton's Theory -- 3.5 Effective Theories -- 3.5.1 Application to Newton's Gravitation -- 3.5.2 Inevitable Perihelion Precession -- 3.6 Mercury's Anomalous Perihelion Precession -- 3.6.1 Analyzing Bob's 1/r2 Correction Theory -- 3.6.2 Analyzing Alice's 1/r3 Correction Theory -- 3.6.3 Gerber's ``Utterly Worthless'' Theory -- 3.7 Perturbation from General Relativity -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- 301014_1_En_4_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 4 Effective Theories and Elementary Particle Masses -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Problem of Mass in Chiral Gauge Theories -- 4.3 Standard Model Electroweak Theory -- 4.4 The Special Case of Neutrino Masses -- 4.5 Natural Effective Theories, the Higgs Boson, and the Hierarchy Problem -- References -- 301014_1_En_5_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 5 Effective Theories and Theory Choice -- 5.1 Introduction. , 5.2 The Standard Model's Triumphs and Woes -- 5.3 Theory Choice Among Practitioners -- 5.4 The Standard Model Versus the Effective Standard Model -- 5.5 Richter's IBE Criteria -- 5.6 Thagard's IBE Criteria -- 5.7 Non-negotiable Attributes of a Best Explanation -- 5.8 Effective Field Theories and Consistency -- 5.9 Relation to Thagard's Analogy Criterion -- 5.10 Summary: The Preeminence of Consistency -- 5.11 Implications for the LHC and Beyond -- References -- 301014_1_En_6_Chapter_OnlinePDF -- 6 Correction to: Effective Theories in Physics -- Correction to: J. D. Wells, Effective Theories in Physics, SpringerBriefs in Physics, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34892-1.

Note: Intro -- Parts of this thesis have been published in the following journal -- Supervisor's Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- References -- 2 Basic Theory of FEL -- Abstract -- 2.1 Energy Exchange Equation -- 2.2 Phase Evolution Equation -- 2.3 Resonance Condition and Pendulum Equation -- 2.4 Equations for Harmonic Generation Seeded FEL Schemes -- 2.4.1 HGHG-FEL [1, 2] -- 2.4.2 EEHG-FEL [4, 5] -- References -- 3 Theoretical Studies on Novel High-Gain Seeded FEL Schemes -- Abstract -- 3.1 The Electron Beam Phase Space Manipulation Techinique -- 3.2 Pre-density Modulation of the Electron Beam for Enhancing Seeded FELs -- 3.3 The Echo-Enabled Staged Harmonic Generation -- 3.3.1 Analytical Calculations -- 3.3.2 Hard X-Ray FEL Based on the EESHG Scheme -- 3.4 Phase-Merging Enhanced Harmonic Generation -- 3.4.1 Principles of PEHG -- 3.4.2 Three-Dimensional Manipulation for Realizing the Phase Merging Effect -- 3.4.3 Generation of Soft X-Ray Radiation Based on a Single Stage PEHG -- 3.5 Generating Stable Attosecond X-Ray Pulse Trains with a Mode-Locked Seeded FEL -- 3.5.1 Mode-Locking of a Seeded FEL -- 3.5.2 Generation of Intense APTs -- 3.6 Chirped Pulse Amplification of a Seeded FEL -- 3.6.1 Chirped Pulse Amplification in a Seeded FEL -- 3.6.2 Start-to-End Simulations Based on the SDUV-FEL -- 3.7 Slippage Effect on Energy Modulation in Seeded FELs -- 3.7.1 Energy Modulation with Slippage Effect -- 3.7.2 HGHG and EEHG with Short Seed Laser Pulses -- 3.7.3 3D Simulations for SXFEL -- 3.7.4 Slippage-Boosted by a Sub-harmonic Modulator -- References -- 4 Experimental Studies on Novel High-Gain Seeded FEL Schemes -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction of the SDUV-FEL -- 4.2 Measurement of the Slice Energy Spread of Electron Beam via CHG -- 4.2.1 CHG Based Energy Spread Measurement Method. , 4.2.2 Experimental Results at the SDUV-FEL -- 4.3 Experimental Studies of the EEHG -- 4.3.1 Energy Chirp Effects on HGHG and EEHG -- 4.3.2 Design Studies for the EEHG Experiment at the SDUV-FEL -- 4.3.3 Experimental Results of EEHG Lasing at the SDUV-FEL -- 4.4 Experimental Studies of the Cascaded HGHG -- 4.4.1 Design Studies for the Cascaded HGHG Experiment at the SDUV-FEL -- 4.4.1.1 Theoretical Optimization of the Cascaded HGHG -- 4.4.1.2 Start-to-End Simulation Results for the Cascaded HGHG Experiment -- 4.4.1.3 Demonstration of the ``Fresh Bunch'' Technique -- 4.4.2 Experimental Results of the Cascaded HGHG Experiment at the SDUV-FEL -- References -- 5 Conclusions and Prospects -- Abstract.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- General Review of the Development of Ecology in China -- Brief Introductory Description and Analysis on Selected Areas of Ecological Research -- Challenges and Perspectives of Development of Ecology in China -- Conclusion -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part IBiodiversity Conservationand Its Application -- 1 Biodiversity Inventory and Researches -- Abstract -- 1 Progress on Biodiversity Inventory and Researches in China -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Progress of the Study on Inventory of Biodiversity in China -- 1.2.1 Progress on Identification and Inventory of Biodiversity -- 1.2.2 Inventory and Database of Biodiversity -- 1.2.3 Study of Categories and Criteria and Assessment of Endangerment Status of Biodiversity -- 1.2.4 Policy Systematic on Biodiversity -- 1.3 Conclusion and Discussion -- 2 Survey, Catalog, Evaluation, and Conservation of Crop Germplasm Resources -- 2.1 Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources -- 2.2 Evaluation and Catalog of Crop Germplasm Resources -- 2.2.1 Characterization and Evaluation -- 2.2.2 Unified Catalog -- 2.3 Conservation and Monitoring of Crop Germplasm Resources -- 2.4 Outlook -- 3 Conservation of Genetic Resources -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Concept and Category of Genetic Resources -- 3.3 Strategies for Genetic Resource Conservation -- 3.4 Challenge of Genetic Resource Conservation -- 3.5 Conclusion and Discussion -- 4 Cultural Diversity and Biological Diversity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Relationship of Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity -- 4.2.1 The Coevolutional Relationship of Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity -- 4.2.2 The Interdependency of Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity -- 4.2.3 Culture Expresses Human Interactions and Biological Species -- 4.3 Biodiversity as the Material Basis for Building-up Human Cultures -- 4.3.1 Linguistic Culture and Biodiversity. , 4.3.2 Believe Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.3 Landscape---Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.4 Agroculture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.5 Forest Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.6 Medical Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.7 Food Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.3.8 Folklore Culture and Biodiversity -- 4.4 Trends and Progress on the Study of Biodiversity and Cultural Diversity -- 4.4.1 Studies on Cultural Value and Ecosystem -- 4.4.2 Culture-Disappearing Accelerates Biodiversity Lost -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Biodiversity Conservation and Its Research Process -- Abstract -- 1 Wildlife Conservation and Research -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Status of Terrestrial Vertebrates -- 1.3 Case Studies -- 1.3.1 Giant Panda -- 1.3.2 Milu -- 1.3.3 Przewalski's Wild Horse -- 1.3.4 Wildlife Trade -- 1.4 Conclusion and Discussion -- 2 Biodiversity and Conservation of Birds in China -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biodiversity and Distribution -- 2.3 China Avian Endemism and Biodiversity Conservation Priority -- 2.4 Phylogeography and Molecular Ecology -- 2.5 Conservation and Management of Rare and Endangered Species -- 2.6 Wild Bird Diseases and Eco-health -- 2.7 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- 3 Biodiversity Evaluation and Monitoring -- Abstract -- 1 Indicators and Assessment of 2010 Global Biodiversity Target -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Indicators -- 1.3 Results -- 1.3.1 Status and Trends of the Components of Biological Diversity -- 1.3.2 Threats to Biodiversity -- 1.3.3 Response -- 1.4 Discussion -- 2 Invasive Alien Species in China -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Eco-impact Mechanisms and Management Basis of IAS -- 2.2.1 Ecological Impacts of Important IAS -- 2.2.2 Invasion and Expansion Mechanisms of Major IAS -- 2.2.3 Management Strategies of Invasive Alien Species -- 2.3 Conclusion and Prospect -- References. , 4 Technology and Perspective of Sustainable Biodiversity Utilization -- Abstract -- 1 Conservation and Utilization of Medicinal Bioresources -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Advances -- 1.2.1 Investigation and Collation of Medicinal Bioresources -- 1.2.2 Protection of Endangered Medicinal Bioresources -- 1.2.3 Mechanism Researches About Environmental Impact on Quality Formation of Medicinal Bioresources -- 1.2.4 Regionalization of CMM for Cultivation -- 1.2.5 Ecological Farming of Medicinal Plants -- 1.2.6 Bioengineering Researches of Medicinal Bioresources -- 1.3 Discussion and Conclusion -- 2 Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics Research in China -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Development of Global Ocean Ecosystem Dynamics with Scientific Questions in China -- 2.3 General Review of the Development of GLOBEC Studies in China -- 2.3.1 China GLOBEC-I Project -- 2.3.2 China GLOBEC-II Project -- 2.3.3 China GLBOEC-III/IMBER-I Project -- 2.4 Perspectives of the Development of GLOBEC -- 3 Overyielding and Efficient Resource Utilization in Intercropping via Interspecific Below-Ground Interactions -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Interspecific Root Interactions Play an Important Role in the Yield Advantage of Intercropping -- 3.3 Complementary Utilization of Nitrogen Between Intercropped Nonlegume/Legume Species -- 3.4 Interspecific Facilitation of Phosphorus Uptake by Intercropped Species -- 3.5 Maize Improves Iron Nutrition of Intercropped Peanut -- 3.6 Yield Advantage, Nutrient Acquisition and Competition-Recovery Production Principle -- 3.7 Root Distribution and Interactions Between Intercropped Species -- 4 Intercropping and Disease Management -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effects and Mechanisms on Rice Genetic Diversity for Blast Disease -- 4.2.1 Rice Genetic Diversity for Preventing Prevalence of the Disease. , 4.2.2 The Effect of Rice Genetic Diversity on Population Genetic Structure of M. oryzae -- 4.3 Multi-effects and Mechanisms of Maize Intercropping with Soybean -- 4.3.1 Change of Light Intensity and Humidity -- 4.3.2 Stomata Characteristics of Leaf Lower Epidermis -- 4.3.3 Photosynthetic Characteristics -- 4.4 Summary and Future Prospects -- 5 Ecological Management of Agricultural Pest Insects -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Ecological Management Methods to Control Aphids -- 5.2.1 Cotton Aphid -- 5.2.2 Wheat Aphids -- 5.3 Discussion -- 6 Agricultural Heritage Research in China: Progresses and Perspectives -- References -- 5 Case Study of Species and Population Conservation -- Abstract -- 1 Historical Perspectives and Current Status of Mangrove Ecological Research in China -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical Perspectives -- 1.3 Recent Developments in Mangrove Research -- 1.4 Conclusion and Discussion -- 2 Ecological Issues of Mulberry and Sustainable Development -- 3 Ecosystem Management in the Natural Rubber Industry -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ecosystem Management in the Natural Rubber Industry -- 3.2.1 Ecological Engineering of Rubber Plantation -- Environmental Selection Engineering -- Variety Selection and Cultivate Engineering -- Population Match Engineering -- Soil and Water Conservation Engineering -- Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Engineering -- Eco-physiological Regulation Engineering -- 3.2.2 Natural Rubber Industry Ecosystem Regulation -- Structural Regulation -- Institutional Regulation -- Functional Regulation -- 3.2.3 Ecosystem Evaluation and Sustainable Management -- Ecosystem Service Functional Valuation -- Ecological Footprint Accounting and Analysis -- Ecological Audits -- Ecological Compensation Mechanism Establish -- 4 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- Part IIEcosystem Management. , 6 Classification and Research Methods of Ecosystem -- Abstract -- 1 Typical Ecotones in China -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification and Basic Characteristics of Ecotones -- 1.2.1 Classification of Ecotones -- 1.2.2 Basic Characteristics -- Forest--Steppe Ecotone in Northern China -- Farming--Pastoral Ecotone in Northern China -- Desert--Oasis Ecotone in Northwest China -- The Chuan-Dian Farming--Pastoral Ecotone in Southwest China -- Eastern Marine-Terrestrial Interlaced Zone -- 1.3 Conclusion and Discussion -- 2 Eco-environmental Security Assessment -- 3 Landscape Ecological Studies in China -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Recent Progresses on Landscape Ecological Studies in China -- 3.2.1 Landscape Pattern Change and Its Multiple Scale Effects in the Loess Plateau -- 3.2.2 Landscape Pattern Analysis and Optimization of Landscape Eco-Network -- 3.2.3 Ecosystem Service Land and Landscape Security Design -- 3.2.4 Forest Landscape Modeling for Pest/Fire Control -- 3.2.5 Location-Weighted Landscape Index and Soil Erosion Risk Assessment -- 3.2.6 Landscape Pattern Index for Soil Erosion Assessment at Multiple Scales -- 3.2.7 Rural Landscape Analysis and Environmental Conservation -- 3.2.8 Landscape Health Assessment -- 3.2.9 Oasis Landscape and Sustainable Development -- 3.2.10 Landscape Fragmentation and Biodiversity Conservation -- 3.3 Conclusions and Remarks -- 4 Coupling Analysis of Landscape Pattern and Ecological Processes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Quantification of Landscape Pattern -- 4.3 Scale Dependence of Landscape Evolution -- 4.4 Driving Mechanisms of Landscape Pattern Change -- 4.5 Coupling of Landscape Pattern and Ecological Processes -- 4.5.1 The Theoretical Framework of Coupling Study -- 4.5.2 Models for Landscape Pattern and Ecological Processes -- 4.5.3 Influences of Landscape Pattern on Various Ecological Processes. , 4.6 Conclusion and Discussions.