Note: Intro -- Organizational Structure of the Fifth World Landslide Forum -- Organizers -- Co-sponsors -- Supporting Organizations with Finance -- Organizing Committee -- Foreword by Mami Mizutori -- Foreword by the Assistant Director-General for the Natural Sciences Sector of UNESCO for the Book of the 5th World Landslide Forum -- Preface -- Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk -- Book Series: ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk -- The Letter of Intent 2005 and the First General Assembly 2005 -- The 2006 Tokyo Action Plan and the First World Landslide Forum 2008 -- The Second World Landslide Forum 2011 and the Third World Landslide Forum 2014 -- The Sendai Landslide Partnerships 2015 and the Fourth World Landslide Forum 2017 -- The Fifth World Landslide Forum 2020 and the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 -- Call for Partners of KLC2020 -- Eligible Organizations to be Partners of the KLC2020 -- Appendix: World Landslide Forum Books -- Contents -- Forum Lectures and Special Lectures -- 1 On the Prediction of Landslides and Their Consequences -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Landslide Prediction -- Where Landslides Occur and Where They can be Expected -- Landslide Detection and Mapping -- Susceptibility Modelling and Zonation -- Predicting Non-susceptible Landslide Areas -- Predicting When Landslides Can Occur -- Process-Based Models -- Rainfall Thresholds -- Geographical Landslide Early Warning Systems -- Long-Term Landslide Projections -- Size and Number of Landslides -- Landslide Consequences -- Vulnerability -- Risk to the Population -- Final Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Design Recommendations for Single and Dual Debris Flow Barriers with and Without Basal Clearance -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Framework for Dual Rigid Barriers -- Velocity Attenuation Impact Model -- Overflow Dynamics -- Landing. , Physical Modelling of Flow-Barrier Interaction -- Five Metre-Long Flume Modelling -- Twenty-Eight-Metre-Long Flume Modelling -- Observed Impact Mechanisms -- Single Rigid Barrier -- Single Flexible Barrier -- Rigid Barrier with Basal Clearance -- Dual Rigid Barriers -- Estimating the Impact Load on Single Barriers with and Without Basal Clearance -- Evaluation of Analytical Framework for Dual Rigid Barriers -- Run-up velocity (vd) -- Overflow Distance (xi) -- Landing Factor (Cr) -- Impact Force on Second Rigid Barrier -- Summary and Conclusions -- Looking Ahead -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The Rockfall Failure Hazard Assessment: Summary and New Advances -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Challenges of Rockfall Hazards -- The Rockfall Risk and Hazard -- Hazard Versus Susceptibility -- Site-Specific or Regional Assessment -- Elements that Control the Rockfall Failure Hazard -- Geotechnical Basics -- Field Surveys -- 3D Techniques -- Geometrical Methods -- Using Slope -- Empirical Approaches -- Susceptibility to Earthquakes -- Kinematic Tests -- Pure Geometrical Kinematic Tests -- Kinematic Tests Integrating Stress Tensor -- Kinematic Tests Integrating Geomechanics and Probabilistic Approaches -- Kinematic Test in Real 3D -- Power Law and Inventories -- Volume Power Laws -- The Drawback of Power Laws -- Other Types of Inventories -- Hazard Rating Based on Geomechanics Factors -- Back Analysis -- Using Rockfall Modeling to Assess Failure Susceptibility -- Fragmentation at Source -- Remarks -- Processes Mainly Driven by Groundwater and Precipitation -- Weathering -- Rainfall Effect -- Rock Breathing -- Process Mainly Driven by Thermal Effects -- Sunshine Effect and Associated Thermal Effects -- Freezing and Thawing -- Rock Stability Degradation -- Short-Term Rockfall Forecast -- New Techniques -- Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements. , References -- 4 Progress and Lessons Learned from Responses to Landslide Disasters -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Types of Landslide Response -- Factors Affecting Landslide Response -- Mechanism and Type -- Number and Geographic Extent -- Size -- Potential for Continued Activity -- Location -- Cultural Setting -- Providing Event Context-Looking to the Past -- Addressing Ongoing Hazards-Focusing on the Present -- Acquiring Data-Improving the Future -- Progress in Responding to Landslide Disasters -- Preparation -- Advances in Technology -- Communications and Collaborations -- General Experiences -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Behind-the-Scenes in Mitigation of Landslides and Other Geohazards in Low Income Countries-in Memory of Hiroshi Fukuoka -- Abstract -- Introduction -- In Action -- Desk Study -- Diagnosis of Present Conditions -- Monitoring -- Conservation Policies and Management -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 The Impact of Climate Change on Landslide Hazard and Risk -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Causes and Impact of Climate Change -- Effects of Climate Change on Landslide Susceptibility -- Prediction of Climate Trends -- Potential Effects of Climate Change on Landslide Hazard -- A State-of-the-Art on Slope Safety Preparedness for the Impact of Climate Change: The 2015 International Forum -- Needs for Improved Climate Change Related Landslide Risk Management -- Recommendations for Improved Climate Change Related Landslide Risk Management -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Sendai Landslide Partnerships, Kyoto Landslide Commitment, and International Programme on Landslides -- 7 Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk -- Abstract -- Preparation Process of the KLC2020 -- Launching of the KLC2020. , Full text of Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 -- Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk -- A Call for Joining the Commitment -- Host Organization and Secretariat -- Appendix: Signatories of Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020 as of 23 June 2020 -- 8 International Consortium on Landslides (ICL): Proposing and Host Organization of SLP2015-2025 and KLC2020 -- Abstract -- Objectives -- Histories -- Activities -- Memberships and Benefits -- Call for ICL Members -- 9 The ICL Journal Landslides-16 Years of Capacity Development for Landslide Risk Reduction -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Categories of Articles in Landslides -- Journal Metrics -- Clarivate Analytics' Web of Knowledge (WoK) -- Elsevier SCOPUS Database -- Results and Discussion -- Impact and Rankings of Landslides -- Impact and Rankings of Landslides -- Highly Cited Papers in Landslides -- Most Downloaded Papers in Landslides -- Landslides' Best Paper Award -- Comparison Between SCI Journals: Landslides, Engineering Geology, Earth-Science Reviews, Geomorphology, and Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment -- International Cooperation as seen Through Multi-authorship of Published Articles in Landslides -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 UNITWIN-UNESCO/KU/ICL Landslide, Earthquake and Water-related Disaster Risk Management for Society and the Environment Cooperation Programme -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Products of UNITWIN-UNESCO/KU/ICL Cooperation Programme -- Recently published papers in Kyoto University of the UNITWIN-UNESCO/KU/ICL Network -- Appendix -- 11 International Programme on Landslides (IPL): A Programme of the ICL for Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Categories of Landslides (Core of All IPL Activities). , Management of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -- Activities of WCoEs -- Objectives of WCoE -- Criteria for WCoE Candidates -- Guidelines for WCoE -- Procedure for Identification of WCoEs -- Activities of IPL Projects -- Call for Cooperation to WCoEs and IPL Projects -- Appendix -- 12 SATREPS Project for Sri Lanka with Regard to "Development of Early Warning Technology of Rain-Induced Rapid and Long-Travelling Landslides" -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Outline of Project RRLL -- Main Implementing Agency and Collaborating Entities in Sri Lanka -- National Building Research Organization (NBRO), Ministry of Defence -- Department of Meteorology (DOM), Ministry of Defence -- Disaster Management Centre (DMC), Ministry of Defence -- Department of Irrigation (DOI), Ministry of Mahaweli, Agriculture, Irrigation and Rural Development -- Pilot Study Sites -- Aranayake Landslide Area -- Athwelthota Landslide Area -- Technologies to Be Developed -- Precise Weather Forecast in Mountain Regions -- Predicting Groundwater Pressure Build-Up, Identifying Locations of RRLLs and Their Moving Areas -- Effective Risk Communication and Public Education -- How the Project has Come Up with Conclusions of Official Agreements -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Central Asia-Rockslides' and Rock Avalanches' Treasury and Workbook -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Variability of Large-Scale Slope Failures Manifestations in Central Asia -- The Kokomeren Summer School on Rockslides and Related Phenomena -- Future Plans and Conclusive Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Results of Recent Monitoring Activities on Landslide Umka, Belgrade, Serbia-IPL 181 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Previous Monitoring Activities (2010-2014) -- Automated GNSS Monitoring -- Recent Monitoring Activities (2014-2019) -- Geodetic Benchmarks Survey. , UAV Imaging and Mapping.

Note: Intro -- Foreword for International Consortium on Landslides -- Foreword -- Preface: Landslide Science for a Safer Geoenvironment -- The International Consortium on Landslides (ICL) -- The International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -- The World Landslide Forum -- The First World Landslide Forum: Implementing the 2006 Tokyo Action Plan on the International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -- The Second World Landslide Forum: Putting Science into Practice -- The Third World Landslide Forum: Landslide Risk Mitigation Toward a Safer Environment -- Other ICL-IPL Activities -- Landslides: Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides -- IPL Projects -- ICL Regional and Thematic Networks -- World Centre of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction -- Objectives of WCoE: -- ICL Landslide Teaching Tools -- A Call for ICL-IPL Partners -- ICL-IPL Secretariat -- List of Editors -- Contents -- Activities of the International Programme on Landslides (IPL): IPL Projects and World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk ... -- IPL Programme -- Overview of IPL Projects -- Overview of the World Centres of Excellence on Landslide Risk Reduction 2011-2014 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part I: Plenary Lectures -- Plenary: Progress of Living with Landslide Risk in Europe -- Background -- Policy Context of the SafeLand Project -- Quantification of Landslide Hazard -- Overview of Existing Procedures -- Triggering of Precipitation-Induced Landslides and Their Run-Out -- Landslides Triggered by Anthropogenic Factors -- Experiences in China and India -- Landslide Databases -- Recommended Practice for Hazard and Risk Zonation -- Vulnerability to Landslides -- Tools and Guidelines for Landslide Risk Management -- Quantitative Risk Assessment -- Toolbox of Risk Mitigation Measures -- Stakeholder Involvement and Decision Making Process. , European Landslide Risk Hotspots -- Global Change Scenarios -- Remote Sensing Technologies and Early Warning Systems -- Remote Sensing for Landslide Detection, Monitoring and Rapid Mapping -- Early Warning Systems for Landslides -- Dissemination of Project Results -- Social Impact -- References -- Plenary: Progress in Regional Landslide Hazard Assessment-Examples from the USA -- Introduction -- Background -- History -- Examples of Progress in Regional Hazard Assessment -- Seattle Case Study -- Geomorphic Assessment of Landslides with LiDAR -- Assessment of Shallow Landslides Using a Physically Based Model -- Assessment of Large Landslides with the 3D Slope-Stability Model, SCOOPS -- Composite Landslide Assessment -- Standardized Methods and Rapid Assessments -- Oregon Landslide Mapping Protocol -- Oregon Shallow Landslide Susceptibility Protocol -- References -- Plenary: Progress in Landslide Dynamics -- Introduction -- The Landslide Ring-Shear Simulator -- Aim and Concept of the Landslide Ring-Shear Simulator -- Development of the Dynamic-Loading Ring-Shear Apparatus Series (from DPRI-1 to ICL-2) -- Application of the Landslide Ring-Shear Simulator -- Initiation and Motion of Landslides Triggered by Earthquakes (Higashi-Takezawa Landslide) -- Application to Landslide-Induced Debris Flows -- Development of a Numerical Simulation Using Measured Parameters -- Theory of the Integrated Simulation Model -- Effect of Soil Depth in the Landslide Mass on the Steady-State Shear Resistance -- Shear Resistance Reduction After Failure to the Steady State -- Effect of Saturation on Steady-State Shear Resistance -- Application of LS-RAPID Simulation to a Simple Slope Condition and the 2006 Leyte Landslide -- Application of LS-RAPID to a Simple Slope -- DL=10mm, DL=1,000mm -- DL=2,000mm, DU=5,000mm -- Time -- Safety Factors. , Application of LS-RAPID to the 2006 Leyte Landslide -- Explanation of Sliding-Surface Liquefaction in This Test Result -- Latest Progress of Landslide Dynamics -- Study of Dynamics of Submarine Megaslides -- Examination of Testing Conditions -- Examination of Loading Shear Stress -- Examination of Loading Duration -- Application of ICL-2 and LS-RAPID to the 1792 Unzen Mayuyama Landslides -- Significance and Difficulties in Social Implementation of the Landslide Dynamics -- References -- Part II: International Programme on Landslides -- Introduction: International Programme on Landslides-IPL -- References -- IPL Project 181: Study of Slow Moving Landslide Umka Near Belgrade, Serbia -- Introduction -- Project Description -- Results -- References -- Efforts in Landslide Risk Reduction in Asia -- Introduction -- Developing a Local-Government-Level Framework for Landslide-Risk Management -- Approaches for Increasing the Effectiveness of Landslide Early Warning Mechanisms -- Processes for Promoting Community-Based Landslide Risk Reduction Mechanisms for the Most Vulnerable Communities -- City Level Meetings and Workshops -- Orientation and Training Program for Volunteers and Community Facilitators -- Community Risk Assessment -- Hazard Assessment and Risk Profiling -- Early Warning and Monitoring System Development -- Development of Decision Support System at the City Level -- Installation of Rain Gauges at the Community Level and a Display System -- Collection and Processing of Rain Gauge Data at the Municipality Level -- Towards a Long-Term Landslide Risk Management Strategy -- References -- Study of Landslides in Flysch Deposits of North Istria, Croatia: Landslide Data Collection and Recent Landslide Occurrences -- Introduction. , IPL-184 Project: Study of Landslides in Flysch Deposits of North Istria, Croatia: Sliding Mechanisms, Geotechnical Properties,... -- Supplementation of the Existing Database -- Recent Landslide Occurrences 2010-2013 -- References -- ``Report a Landslide´´ A Website to Engage the Public in Identifying Geologic Hazards -- Introduction -- Methods and Approach -- Database Schema -- Questionnaire Design -- Acknowledging the User -- Review Process -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Discrete Boundary Shear Strength of a Landslide at High Rainfall Precipitation Zone in Sri Lanka -- Introduction -- Displacement History -- Strength Determination -- In-Situ Test Approach -- Laboratory Test Approach -- Laboratory Direct Shear and Ring Shear Test on Discrete Boundary Samples -- Conclusions -- References -- Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) Database Project -- Introduction -- Data and Methodology -- Project Background -- Previous Studies -- Reasons and Objectives -- Current State -- Project Foundation -- International Cooperation -- Database Webpage -- Future Perspectives -- Filling of the Database -- Data Analysis -- References -- Towards Landslide Instrumentation and Monitoring in Teziutln, Puebla, Mexico -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Site Location, Instrumentation and Monitoring -- Site Definition -- Instrumentation -- Results and Conclusions -- References -- Synoptic Pan-European Landslide Susceptibility Assessment: The ELSUS 1000 v1 Map -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Regionalisation of the Study Area -- Susceptibility Criteria -- Spatial Multi-criteria Evaluation -- Landslide Susceptibility Classification and Evaluation -- Accessibility to ELSUS 1000 v1 -- References -- Landslide Risk in South-East Nigeria: Important Facilities Under Serious Threat -- Introduction -- Apparatus and Procedure -- Results and Interpretation -- References. , Assessing Landslide Frequency for Landform Hazard Zoning Purposes -- Introduction -- Background -- Study Area -- Methods -- Results -- References -- Comparison of Soil Modulus E50 of Residual Soil Slope Failures in Two Different Rainfall Zones -- Introduction -- Rainfall in Sri Lanka -- Landslides and Rainfall Precipitations -- Methodology: Phase 1 -- Sampling of Soil -- Determination of E50, C, phi of Residual Soils -- Comparison of Results in Different Precipitation Zones -- References -- WCoE: Mechanisms of Landslides in Over-Consolidated Clays and Flysch and IPL-151 Project: Soil Matrix Suction in Active Land... -- Introduction -- Fields of Activities at UL FGG as WCoE 2011-2014 -- The ICL Adriatic-Balkan Regional Network -- The ICL Landslide Monitoring and Warning Thematic Network -- IPL-151 Project ``Soil Matrix Suction in Active Landslides in flysch: The Slano Blato Landslide Case´´ -- National Research Program ``Hydrotechnics, Hydraulics and Geotechnics´´ (2009-2013)´´ -- Stogovce Landslide -- Mathematical Modelling of Debris Flows -- Torrent Check Dams as Debris-Flow Sources -- Alpine Space EU Project PARAmount (2009-2012) -- References -- Slope Data Acquisition Along Highways in Sabah State for Hazard Assessment and Mapping -- Introduction -- Slope Maintenance Management in Sabah -- Current Situation -- Slope Maintenance Programmes Along Highways in State of Sabah -- Slope Data Acquisition Along Highways in the States of Sabah -- Objectives of Slope Data Acquisition -- Resources Necessary for the Project -- Work Plan -- Deliverables -- Expected Problems Encountered -- References -- Climate-Change Impacts on Embankments and Slope Stability in Permafrost Regions of Bei´an-Heihe Highway -- Introduction -- Study-Area Natural Condition -- Climate Change and Permafrost -- Impact of Seasonal Freeze-Thaw and Permafrost Degradation. , Mechanism and Evolution of Roadbed Uneven Settlement, Seasonal Dribbling Ice and Landslides.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Part I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Ecological Informatics: An Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data Management -- 1.3 Analysis and Synthesis -- 1.4 Communicating and Informing Decisions -- 1.5 Case Studies -- References -- Part II: Managing Ecological Data -- Chapter 2: Project Data Management Planning -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Components of a Data Management Plan -- 2.2.1 Context -- 2.2.2 Data Collection and Acquisition -- 2.2.3 Data Organization -- 2.2.4 Quality Assurance/Quality Control -- 2.2.5 Documentation -- 2.2.6 Storage and Preservation -- 2.2.7 Data Integration, Analysis, Modeling and Visualization -- 2.2.8 Data Policies -- Box 2.1 Recommended Data Citation Guidelines from Dryad Digital Repository (2016) -- 2.2.9 Communication and Dissemination of Research Outputs -- 2.2.10 Roles and Responsibilities -- 2.2.11 Budget -- 2.3 Developing and Using a Data Management Plan -- 2.3.1 Best Practices for Creating the Plan -- 2.3.2 Using the Plan -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Scientific Databases for Environmental Research -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Challenges for Scientific Databases -- 3.3 Examples of Scientific Databases -- 3.3.1 A Useful Analogy -- 3.3.2 Examples of Databases -- 3.4 Evolving a Database -- 3.4.1 A Strategy for Evolving a Database -- 3.4.2 Choosing Software -- 3.4.3 Database Management System (DBMS) Types -- 3.4.4 Data Models and Normalization -- 3.4.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Using a DBMS -- 3.5 Interlinking Information Resources -- 3.5.1 A Database Related to the Human Genome Project -- 3.5.2 Environmental Databases for Sharing Data -- 3.5.3 Tools for Interlinking Information -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Quality Assurance -- 4.3 Quality Control -- 4.3.1 Data Filters. , 4.3.2 Graphical QC -- 4.3.3 Statistical QC -- 4.3.4 Treatment of Errors and Outliers -- 4.4 Implementing QA/QC -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Metadata Descriptors -- 5.3 Metadata Standards -- 5.3.1 Dublin Core Metadata Initiative -- 5.3.2 Darwin Core -- 5.3.3 Ecological Metadata Language -- 5.3.4 GBIF Metadata Profile -- 5.3.5 FGDC CSDGM -- 5.3.6 ISO 19115 -- 5.4 Metadata Management -- 5.4.1 Metadata Tools -- 5.4.2 Best Practices for Creating and Managing Metadata -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Preserve: Protecting Data for Long-Term Use -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Preservation and Its Benefits -- 6.2 Practices for Preserving Ecological Data -- 6.2.1 Define the Contents of Your Data Files -- 6.2.2 Define the Parameters -- 6.2.3 Use Consistent Data Organization -- 6.2.4 Use Stable File Formats -- 6.2.5 Specify Spatial Information -- 6.2.6 Assign Descriptive File Names -- 6.2.7 Document Processing Information -- 6.2.8 Perform Quality Assurance -- 6.2.9 Provide Documentation -- 6.2.10 Protect Your Data -- 6.3 Prepare Your Data for Archival -- 6.4 What the Archive Does -- 6.4.1 Quality Assurance -- 6.4.2 Documentation and Metadata -- 6.4.3 Release of a Data Set -- 6.5 Data Users -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Appendix: Example R-Script for Processing Data -- References -- Chapter 7: Data Discovery -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Discovering Data Created by Others -- 7.2.1 Internet Search Engines -- 7.2.2 Data Repositories -- 7.2.3 Data Directories -- 7.2.4 Data Aggregators -- 7.3 Best Practices for Promoting Data Discovery and Reuse -- 7.3.1 Data Products -- Box 7.1 DataCite Recommendations for Data Citation -- Box 7.2 Dryad Digital Repository Data Citation Recommendations -- 7.3.2 Scientific Code -- References -- Chapter 8: Data Integration: Principles and Practice. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Essential Characteristics of All Data -- 8.3 Data as Records About Reality -- 8.4 Record-Keeping and Prose Documents as Data Integration Challenges -- 8.5 Formal Data Structures Facilitate Integration -- 8.5.1 Sets and Sequences -- 8.5.2 Matrices -- 8.5.3 Cross-classifications -- 8.5.4 Tables -- 8.5.5 Tables or Spreadsheets? -- 8.5.6 Tables or Cross-classifications? -- 8.5.7 Modeling True Tables -- 8.5.8 Need for Global Keys -- 8.6 Merging or JOINing Tables -- 8.6.1 APPENDING or Unioning -- 8.6.2 JOINs -- 8.7 The Datum Is the Atom -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Part III: Analysis, Synthesis and Forecasting of Ecological Data -- Chapter 9: Inferential Modelling of Population Dynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by the Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithm -- 9.2.1 Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium Microcystis in Lake Müggelsee (Germany) -- 9.2.2 Meta-Analysis of Population Dynamics of the Cyanobacterium -- 9.3 Inferential Modelling of Ecological Data by Regression Trees -- 9.3.1 Induction Algorithm of Regression Trees -- 9.3.2 Pruning of Regression Trees -- 9.3.3 Diatom Populations in Lake Prespa (Mazedonia) -- 9.3.4 Vegetation Status of Selected Land Sites in Victoria (Australia) -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Process-Based Modeling of Nutrient Cycles and Food-Web Dynamics -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Zero- and One-Dimensional Lake Models -- 10.2.1 Zero-Dimensional Model for the Phosphorus Cycle in a Hypereutrophic Wetland -- 10.2.2 One-Dimensional Model for Nutrient Cycles and Plankton Dynamics in Lakes and Reservoirs -- 10.3 Multi-dimensional Lake Models -- 10.3.1 Horizontal and Vertical Transport of Nutrients and Organisms -- 10.3.2 Multi-segment Lake Model for Studying Dreissenids and Macrophytes -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 11: Uncertainty Analysis by Bayesian Inference -- 11.1 Does Uncertainty Really Matter? -- 11.2 Hamilton Harbour -- 11.2.1 Introduction -- 11.2.2 Eutrophication Modeling to Elucidate the Role of Lower Food Web -- 11.2.3 Nutrient Export Modeling for the Hamilton Harbour Watershed -- 11.3 Bay of Quinte -- 11.3.1 Introduction -- 11.3.2 Modeling the Relationship Among Watershed Physiography, Land Use Patterns, and Phosphorus Loading -- 11.3.3 Eutrophication Risk Assessment with Process-Based Modeling and Determination of Water Quality Criteria -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 12: Multivariate Data Analysis by Means of Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Properties of a Self-Organizing Map -- 12.3 Data Preparation -- 12.3.1 Missing Values and Outliers -- 12.3.2 Data Transformation -- 12.3.3 Distance Measure -- 12.4 Self-Organizing Maps -- 12.4.1 Architecture -- 12.4.2 Learning Algorithm -- Box 12.1 Sequential Learning Algorithm of an SOM -- 12.4.3 Evaluation of Trained Map Quality -- 12.4.4 Optimum Map Size -- 12.4.5 Clustering SOM Units -- 12.4.6 Evaluation of Input Variables -- 12.4.7 Relations Between Biological and Environmental Variables -- 12.5 Application in Ecological Modelling -- 12.6 SOM Tools -- 12.7 Example of SOM Application -- 12.8 Advantages and Disadvantages -- 12.8.1 Utility for Training and Information Extraction -- 12.8.2 Visualization and Recognition -- 12.8.3 Architecture Flexibility -- 12.8.4 Flexibility in Combining with Other Models -- 12.8.5 Constraints on Measure Consistency and Output Variability -- 12.8.6 Necessity of Sufficient Data -- 12.9 Future Development -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: GIS-Based Data Synthesis and Visualization -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Synthesizing Species Distributions by Virtual Species. , 13.3 Cartograms to Synthesize and Visualize Sampling Effort Bias -- 13.4 Fuzzy Methods to Synthesize Species Distribution Uncertainty -- 13.5 Synthesis of Remote Sensing Data -- 13.5.1 Exploratory Data Analysis -- 13.5.1.1 Correlation of Remotely Sensed Bands by Hexagon Binning -- 13.5.1.2 Correlation Among Several Layers by Texture Measures -- 13.5.2 Fourier Transformations -- 13.6 Synthesizing Diversity Measurements from Space: The Case of Generalized Entropy -- 13.7 Neutral Landscapes -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: Communicating and Informing Decisions -- Chapter 14: Communicating and Disseminating Research Findings -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Publishing Research Findings -- 14.2.1 Scholarly Publications -- 14.2.1.1 Journal Articles -- 14.2.1.2 Abstracts -- 14.2.1.3 Technical Reports -- 14.2.1.4 Books and Book Chapters -- 14.2.2 Newspaper and Magazine Articles for General Audiences -- 14.2.3 Designing Effective Figures -- 14.3 Communicating Research Findings Outside of Publications -- 14.3.1 Simple Steps for Giving an Effective Presentation -- 14.3.2 Best Practices for Slides -- 14.3.2.1 Slide Design -- 14.3.2.2 Text Slides -- 14.3.2.3 Graphics -- 14.3.3 Handouts -- 14.3.4 Posters -- 14.4 Communication in a Virtual Environment -- 14.4.1 Websites -- 14.4.2 Types and Uses of Different Social Media -- 14.4.3 Simple Steps for Effective Use of Social Media -- 14.4.4 Understanding Your Social Media Impact -- 14.5 Metrics and Altmetrics -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15: Operational Forecasting in Ecology by Inferential Models and Remote Sensing -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Early Warning of HABs Based on Inferential Modelling -- 15.2.1 Cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis in Lake Wivenhoe (Australia) -- 15.2.2 Cyanotoxin Microcystins in Lake Vaal (South Africa) -- 15.3 Early Warning of HABs Based on Remotely-Sensed Data. , 15.3.1 Earth Observation of Water Quality Parameters.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Editor -- 1 Big Data: Who, What and Where? Social, Cognitive and Journals Map of Big Data Publications with Focus on Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Data and Basic Statistics -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Mapping the Cognitive Space -- 4.2 Mapping the Social Space -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Setting Up a Big Data Project: Challenges, Opportunities, Technologies and Optimization -- Abstract -- 1 How to Set Up a Big Data Project -- 2 Big Data Management Technologies -- 2.1 NoSQL Systems -- 2.2 NewSQL Systems -- 2.3 In-Memory Databases -- 2.4 Analytical Platforms -- 2.5 Hadoop Based Solutions -- 2.6 Big Data Streaming Systems -- 3 Big Data Benchmarking -- 3.1 Why Do We Need Big Data Benchmarking? -- 3.2 Big Data Benchmarking Challenges -- 3.3 Big Data Benchmarking Comparison -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Optimizing Intelligent Reduction Techniques for Big Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Manipulation Challenges -- 2.1 Spatial and Temporal Databases -- 2.2 Key-Value Stores and NoSQL -- 2.3 Data Handling and Data Cleaning -- 2.4 Big Data Processing Stack -- 2.5 Processing in Big Data Platforms -- 3 Big Data Reduction Techniques -- 3.1 Intelligent Reduction Techniques -- 3.2 Descriptive Analytics -- 3.3 Predictive Analytics -- 3.4 Prescriptive Analytics -- 4 CyberWater Case Study -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Performance Tools for Big Data Optimization -- 1 What Performance Tool the Users Really Need for Big Data Optimization? -- 2 Challenges of Ideal Performance Tool -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 2.2 Data Presentation -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 A Performance Tool for Tuning Experts: Sonata -- 3.1 Target Users -- 3.2 Design Considerations -- 3.3 Overall Architecture -- 3.4 Implementation Details. , 3.5 User Cases of Performance Analysis -- 3.6 Other Performance Analysis Tools -- 4 An Easy-of-Use Full-System Auto-Tuning Tool: Turbo -- 4.1 Target Users -- 4.2 Design Considerations -- 4.3 Overall Architecture -- 4.4 Implementation Details -- 4.5 Industrial Use Cases -- 4.6 Other Auto-Tuning Tools -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Optimising Big Images -- 1 Introduction: Big Image Processing Tasks -- 1.1 Types of Image Processing Tasks -- 2 Regularisation of Inverse Problems -- 3 Non-smooth Geometric Regularisers for Imaging -- 4 First-Order Optimisation Methods for Imaging -- 4.1 Remarks About Notation and Discretisation -- 4.2 Primal: FISTA, NESTA, etc. -- 4.3 Primal-Dual: PDHGM, ADMM, and Other Variants on a Theme -- 4.4 When the Proximal Mapping is Difficult -- 5 Second-Order Optimisation Methods for Imaging -- 5.1 Huber-Regularisation -- 5.2 A Primal-Dual Semi-smooth Newton Approach -- 5.3 A Note on Interior Point Methods -- 5.4 Methods for Non-convex Regularisers -- 6 Non-linear Operators and Methods for Iterative Regularisation -- 6.1 Inverse Problems with Non-linear Operators -- 6.2 Iterative Regularisation -- 7 Emerging Topics -- 7.1 Convex Relaxation -- 7.2 Decomposition and Preconditioning Techniques -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Interlinking Big Data to Web of Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interlinking Tools -- 2.1 Silk -- 2.2 LIMES -- 2.3 LODRefine -- 3 Interlinking Process -- 4 A Case Study for Interlinking -- 5 Conclusions and Future Directions -- References -- Topology, Big Data and Optimization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Topology -- 3 Persistence -- 3.1 Persistence Diagrams as Features -- 3.2 Cohomology and Circular Coordinates -- 4 Mapper -- 5 Optimization -- 6 Applications -- 6.1 Local to Global -- 6.2 Nonlinear Dimensionality Reduction -- 6.3 Dynamics -- 6.4 Visualization -- 7 Software and Limitations. , 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Applications of Big Data Analytics Tools for Data Management -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Big Data and Big Data Analytics -- 2.1 Big Data -- 2.2 Big Data Analytics -- 2.2.1 Principal Component Analysis -- 2.2.2 Fuzzy Logic -- 2.2.3 Fuzzy C-Means Clustering -- 2.2.4 Traditional Artificial Neural Networks -- 2.2.5 Traditional Genetic Algorithms -- 3 Applications of Data Analytics -- 3.1 Solar Energy Forecasting -- 3.2 Wind Energy Forecasting -- 3.3 Financial Data Analytics -- 3.3.1 Training Process -- 3.3.2 Biological Data Analytics -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Optimizing Access Policies for Big Data Repositories: Latency Variables and the Genome Commons -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Information Commons and Latency Variables -- 3 Evolution and Design of the Genome Commons -- 4 Latency Analysis and the Genome Commons -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Big Data Optimization via Next Generation Data Center Architecture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Challenges of Big Data Processing -- 1.2 DC Evolution: Limitations and Strategies -- 1.3 Vision on Future DC -- 2 DC3.0: HTC-DC -- 2.1 HTC-DC Overview -- 2.2 Key Features -- 2.3 Pooled Resource Access Protocol (PRAP) -- 2.4 Many-Core Data Processing Unit -- 2.5 NVM Based Storage -- 2.6 Optical Interconnects -- 2.7 DC-Level Efficient Programming Framework -- 3 Optimization of Big Data -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Big Data Optimization Within Real World Monitoring Constraints -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Monitoring -- 2.1 General Definition -- 2.2 Dike Monitoring Example -- 3 Big Data Related Constraints to Monitoring -- 3.1 The Big Data in Monitoring -- 3.1.1 Abstraction Level of Interpreted Information -- 3.1.2 Temporal Issues -- 3.1.3 Growth of Available Data -- 3.2 Performance -- 3.3 Availability. , 3.4 Reliability -- 4 Solutions Within Constraints -- 4.1 Approaches in Optimization -- 4.1.1 Data Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.2 Analysis Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.3 System Architecture Oriented Optimization -- 4.1.4 Goal Oriented Optimization -- 4.2 Summary of Optimizations and Constraints -- 4.2.1 Impact on Other Constraints -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Smart Sampling and Optimal Dimensionality Reduction of Big Data Using Compressed Sensing -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Notation and Fundamental Knowledge -- 2.2 Compressed Sensing and Sparse Reconstruction -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Feature Extraction -- 3.2 Smart Sampling -- 3.3 Classification and Evaluation -- 3.4 Dependance of Random Projections to Data Sparsity in Classification Problems -- 4 Experiments -- 4.1 Dataset Description -- 4.2 Sensitivity of Compressed Sensing to Randomness -- 4.3 Compressibility Estimation and Optimal Dimensionality Investigation -- 4.4 Investigating the Robustness of Hierarchical Compressed Sensing -- 4.5 Dependance of Random Projections to Data Sparsity -- 4.6 Comparison with Principal Component Analysis -- 5 Related Work -- 5.1 Dimensionality Reduction and Data Compression -- 5.2 Pattern Analysis Using Compressed Sensing -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Optimized Management of BIG Data Produced in Brain Disorder Rehabilitation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Dataspace Model -- 2.1 e-Science Life Cycle Activities -- 2.2 The Environment of Dataspaces in e-Science---a BIG Data Challenge -- 2.3 Relationships in the Scientific Dataspace -- 2.4 The e-Science Life Cycle Ontology and Towards Conceptualization in the Brain Damage Restoration Domain -- 3 Data Capture and Processing Model -- 3.1 Use-Cases -- 3.2 Indoor Treatment -- 3.3 Outdoor Treatment -- 3.4 Data Model -- 3.5 Event-Based Data -- 4 Towards the BDRI-Cloud. , 4.1 Motivation and System Usage -- 4.2 System Design -- 4.3 Architecture---a Service-Level View -- 5 Data Analysis and Visualization Services -- 5.1 Sequential Pattern Mining -- 5.2 Association Rule Mining -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Big Data Optimization in Maritime Logistics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Liner Shipping Network Design -- 2.1 Container Routing -- 3 Mat-Heuristic for Liner Shipping Network Design -- 4 Computational Results Using LINER-LIB -- 5 Empty Container Repositioning -- 5.1 Path Flow Formulation -- 6 Container Vessel Stowage Plans -- 6.1 Mathematical Model -- 7 Bunker Purchasing -- 7.1 Bunker Purchasing with Contracts -- 8 The Vessel Schedule Recovery Problem -- 8.1 Definitions -- 8.2 Mathematical Model -- 9 Conclusion and Future Challenges -- References -- Big Network Analytics Based on Nonconvex Optimization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Network Issues, Properties and Notations -- 2.1 Issues Concerning Network Analytics -- 2.2 Eminent Properties of Network -- 2.3 Graph Based Network Notation -- 3 Introduction to Nonconvex Optimization and Evolutionary Computation -- 3.1 What is Optimization -- 3.2 How to Tackle Optimization Problems -- 4 Community Structure Analytics -- 4.1 Description of Community Discovery -- 4.2 Qualitative Community Definition -- 4.3 Existing Approaches for Community Discovery -- 5 Optimization Models for Community Structure Analytics -- 5.1 Single Objective Optimization Model -- 5.2 Multi-objective Optimization Model -- 6 Network Data Sets -- 6.1 Artificial Generated Benchmark Networks -- 6.2 Real-World Networks -- 6.3 Famous Websites -- 7 Experimental Exhibition -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 16 Large-Scale and Big Optimization Based on Hadoop -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Air Traffic Flow Optimization -- 2.1 Problem Formulation -- 2.2 Dual Decomposition Method. , 3 Hadoop MapReduce Programming Model.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- An Overview of Conservation Paleobiology -- 1 Defining and Establishing Conservation Paleobiologyas a Discipline -- 2 Data in Conservation Paleobiology -- 3 Looking Forward -- References -- Should Conservation Paleobiologists Save the World on Their Own Time? -- 1 Always Academicize? -- 2 To Advocate, or Not to Advocate -- 3 Speaking Honestly to Power -- 4 From Pure Scientist to Honest Broker -- 5 Keeping It Real -- 6 Overcoming the Fear Factor -- 7 Later Is Too Late -- References -- Conceptions of Long-Term Data Among Marine Conservation Biologists and What Conservation Paleobiologists Need to Know -- 1 What is "Long Term"? -- 2 Survey Implementation -- 3 Survey Responses and What They Mean for Conservation Paleobiologists -- Conservation Goals -- Long-Term Data -- Environmental Stressors -- Baselines -- Challenges -- 4 Takeaways for Conservation Paleobiologists -- 5 Moving Forward -- Appendix 1: Survey Questions -- Appendix 2: Survey Population Selection -- Appendix 3: Categorization of Responses -- References -- Effectively Connecting Conservation Paleobiological Research to Environmental Management: Examples from Greater Everglades' Restoration of Southwest Florida -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining the Problem -- 3 Ensuring Success as a Conservation Paleobiologist -- Developing Partnerships and Collaborative Teams -- Becoming or Engaging a Liaison -- Participate in "Management Collaboratives" -- Compose Technical Reports in Addition to Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles -- Present Your Findings to Stake Holder Groups -- Attend and Present at Environmental Science and Restoration Conferences -- Train our Students -- Reward Faculty for Conducting Community-Engaged Scholarship -- Promote and Reward Community Service for Work with Environmental Agencies and NGOs. , 4 Case Studies from Greater Everglades' Restoration -- Case Study 1: Water Management of the Caloosahatchee River -- Case Study 2: Picayune Strand Restoration Project -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Using the Fossil Record to Establish a Baseline and Recommendations for Oyster Mitigation in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- Pleistocene Localities -- Field and Museum Sampling -- Oyster Size and Abundance Data -- Reconstructing Paleotemperature and Salinity -- Modern and Colonial Data -- 3 Results -- Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction of Holland Point -- Paleotemperature -- Paleosalinity -- Shell Height -- Growth Rate -- 4 Discussion -- Comparing Pleistocene to Modern Oysters -- Environmental Controls on Oyster Size -- Human Factors Influencing Oyster Size -- Implications for Restoration -- A Role for Conservation Paleobiology -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Coral Reefs in Crisis: The Reliability of Deep-Time Food Web Reconstructions as Analogs for the Present -- 1 Introduction -- Preserving the Past -- Endangered Coral Reefs -- 2 Fossilizing a Coral Reef -- Dietary Breadth -- Trophic Chains and Levels -- Modularity -- 3 Guild Structure and Diversity -- Identifying Guilds in a Food Web -- 4 Reconstructing the Community -- Diversity and Evenness -- Simulated Food Webs -- 5 Summary -- Appendix 1 -- Hypergeometric Variance -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Exploring the Species -Area Relationship Within a Paleontological Context, and the Implications for Modern Conservation Biology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Marine Refugia Past, Present, and Future: Lessons from Ancient Geologic Crises for Modern Marine Ecosystem Conservation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining Refugium. , A Species Must Have a Range Contraction, Range Shift, or Migration in Order to Escape the Onset of Global Environmental Degradation That Would Otherwise Cause Extinction of That Species -- Range Shifts -- Habitat Shifts -- Isolated Geographic Refugia -- Life History Refugia -- Cryptic Refugia -- Harvest Refugia -- The Environmental Conditions of a Refugium Are Sufficiently Habitable Such That the Species' Population Remains Viable During Its Time in the Refugium -- A Species' Population Is Smaller in the Refugium Than Its Pre-environmental Perturbation Size -- The Species Remains in the Refugium for Many Generations -- After the Environmental Crisis Ends, the Species Recovers by Inhabiting Newly Re-opened Habitats, Either Through Population Expansion or Through Adaptive Radiation -- Otherwise, the Refugium Became a Trap -- 3 Identifying Ancient Refugia -- Fossil Data -- Phylogeographic Studies -- Species Distribution Models -- 4 Lessons from the Past for Identifying Future Refugia -- As the Marine Environment Continues to Change, Refugia May Need to Shift -- Refugial Size and Connectivity Can Enhance Survivorship, But Can Also Have Evolutionary Consequences -- Conditions Inside Refugia May Not Necessarily Remain Pristine, But Will Need to Be of Sufficiently Lower Magnitude of Total Stress to Maintain Viable Populations -- Beware the Refugial Trap -- 5 Future Directions for Investigating Ancient Refugia -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Training Tomorrow's Conservation Paleobiologists -- 1 Business As Usual Is Not Enough -- 2 A Call to Action -- 3 Bridging the Gap -- Recommendation 1 -- Recommendation 2 -- Recommendation 3 -- Recommendation 4 -- Recommendation 5 -- Recommendation 6 -- 4 Okay, But… -- 5 In the Meantime… -- 6 A Bright Future -- References -- A Conceptual Map of Conservation Paleobiology: Visualizinga Discipline. , 1 Determining the Current State and Structure of Conservation Paleobiology -- 2 Mapping a Discipline -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Visualizations -- Text Co-Occurrence Visualizations -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Visualizations -- Bibliographic Coupling Visualizations -- 3 Bibliometric Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Authorship Networks -- Text Co-Occurrence Networks -- Bibliographic Co-Citation Networks -- Bibliometric Coupling Networks -- 4 The Intellectual Landscape -- 5 Emerging Frontiers -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Honorary Committee -- Scientific Committee -- Organizing Committee -- Contents -- Part IDecision Making -- 1 New Aggregation Methods for Decision-Making in the Selection of Business Opportunities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminares -- 2.1 The OWA Operator -- 2.2 The OWAAC Operator -- 2.3 The OWAD Operator -- 2.4 The OWAIMAM Operator -- 2.5 A New Method for Dealing with the Weight of the OWA Operator -- 3 Decision Making Approach for Starting New Business -- 4 Numerical Example -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Credit Analysis Using a Combination of Fuzzy Robust PCA and a Classification Algorithm -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Classification Procedure -- 2.1 Fuzzy Robust Principal Component Analysis (FRPCA) -- 2.2 Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier -- 2.3 Similarity Classifier -- 3 Classification Results with an Australian Credit Screening Dataset -- 3.1 Results from the Australian Credit Scoring Data with FRPCA and the Similarity Classifier -- 3.2 Results from the Australian Credit Scoring Data with FRPCA and Fuzzy k-Nearest Neighbor Classifier -- 3.3 Short Discussion About the Results -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuzzy TOPSIS for an Integrative Sustainability Performance Assessment: A Proposal for Wearing Apparel Industry -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Fuzzy Multi-criteria Decision-Making Method (MCDM) -- 2.1 Fuzzy Inference System -- 2.2 Fuzzy TOPSIS -- 3 Empirical Design -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 On the Orness of SUOWA Operators -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 3 Choquet Integral -- 3.1 Weighted Means and OWA Operators -- 3.2 SUOWA Operators -- 4 Orness Measures -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 OWA Operators in Portfolio Selection -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminares -- 2.1 The OWA Operator. , 2.2 Portfolio Selection with Markowitz Approach -- 3 The OWA Operator in Portfolio Selection -- 3.1 Asset Return and Risk Using OWA -- 3.2 Portfolio Mean Return and Risk Using OWA -- 3.3 Investor's Criteria for Mean-OWA -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIExpert Systems and Forgotten EffectsTheory -- 6 Application of the Forgotten Effects Model to the Agency Theory -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Recuperation of Forgotten Effects in the Resolution of the Agency Problem -- 2.1 The Main Agency Problems (Effects) -- 2.2 Mechanisms to Solve the Agency Problems (Causes) -- 2.3 Process Work Out for the Detection of Possible Forgotten Effects -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Determining the Influence Variables in the Pork Price, Based on Expert Systems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Experts -- 3 The Questionnaire -- 4 The Variables -- 5 The Process of Valuation from Experts and Making Expertons -- 6 Analyzing Results -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Forgotten Effects Analysis Between the Regional Economic Activity of Michoacan and Welfare of Its Inhabitants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Application of the Model -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Interval Numbers Versus Correlational Approaches Analyzing Corporate Social Responsibility -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background: CSR and Effectiveness -- 3 OWA Operators: UPA, UWA and UPWA -- 4 Procedure and Sample -- 5 Results and Conclusions -- References -- 10 Second-Order Changes on Personnel Assignment Under Uncertainty -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Employees Commitment Level Evaluation -- 2.2 Fuzzy SOC -- 3 Study Case -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IIIForecasting Models. , 11 Advanced Spectral Methods and Their Potential in Forecasting Fuzzy-Valued and Multivariate Financial Time Series -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches to Extracting Independent Factors from Signal Mixtures: The FastICA Algorithm -- 3 Singular Spectrum Analysis, Its Multivariate Extension, and the Recurrent SSA Forecasting Procedure -- 4 Applying MSSA to Forecasting Triangular-Shaped Fuzzy Monthly Exchange Rates -- 5 A Hybrid ICA-SSA Approach to Separating and Forecasting Independent Factors and then Remixing the Forecasts into the Observable Foreign Exchange Rates -- 6 Conclusion -- 12 Goodness of Aggregation Operators in a Diagnostic Fuzzy Model of Business Failure -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Diagnosis Model -- 3 Limitations of the Model -- 4 Grouping the Causes -- 4.1 The Aggregation Operators -- 4.2 Motion for Monitoring and Grouping of Causes -- 5 Goodness Index -- 6 Estimation of the Model -- 7 Empirical Verification of the Grouping -- 8 Conclusions -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- References -- 13 Forecasting Global Growth in an Uncertain Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Fuzzy Regression Model -- 4 Forecasting Model of GDP Growth Rate -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Fuzzy NN Time Series Forecasting -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nearest Neighbour Forecasting Method -- 2.1 One-Step-Ahead Forecasting -- 3 Fuzzy Logic -- 3.1 Classical and Fuzzy Sets -- 3.2 Fuzzy Operations -- 4 Fuzzy Nearest Neighbours -- 4.1 Fuzzy Linguistic Terms -- 4.2 Fuzzy Rules -- 4.3 Learning Phase -- 4.4 Fuzzy Forecasting -- 4.5 Multi-step Simultaneous Forecasting -- 5 Study Case -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Part IVFuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Sets -- 15 A Methodology for the Valuation of Quality Management System in a Fuzzy Environment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Proposed Methodology. , 2.1 Valuation of the Company with the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 2.2 Valuation of the Company Without the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 2.3 Valuation of the Quality System -- 3 Case Study -- 3.1 Valuation Assuming that It Has the Quality System Implementation -- 3.2 Valuation Assuming that It Has not the Quality System Implemented -- 3.3 Valuation of the ISO 9001 Quality System -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 A Qualitative Study to Strong Allee Effect with Fuzzy Parameters -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Allee Effect Equation with Fuzzy Parameters -- 3 Examples -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Distribution of Financial Resources Using a Fuzzy Transportation Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 2.1 Classic Transportation Problem -- 2.2 Elements of Fuzzy Sets -- 2.3 Ranking Fuzzy Numbers -- 3 Fuzzy Transportation Problem (FTP) -- 4 Determining the Optimal Structure in the Financing of a Firm -- 4.1 Application Case -- 5 Final Comments -- References -- 18 Clustering Variables Based on Fuzzy Equivalence Relations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Fuzzy Equivalence Relations -- 4 Proposed Method for Clustering Variables and Factor Analysis Based on Fuzzy Equivalence Relation -- 4.1 Empirical Example -- Variable Clustering -- 4.2 Empirical Example -- Factor Analysis -- 5 Some Interpretations of the Clustered Variables -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 19 Fuzzy EOQ Inventory Model With and Without Production as an Enterprise Improvement Strategy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stock Costs -- 3 Demand Behavior -- 4 Classical Economic Order(ing) Quantity (EOQ) -- 5 Classical Economic Order(ing) Quantity (EOQ) with Production -- 6 Case Analysis -- 7 Results -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Part VModelling and Simulation Techniques. , 20 A Bibliometric Overview of Financial Studies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Citation Structure in Finance -- 3 Journal Rankings -- 4 The Most Influential Papers in Finance -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 21 A Theoretical Approach to Endogenous Development Traps in an Evolutionary Economic System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ESO Systems -- 3 Economic Systems in Evolution -- 4 Economics ESO Systems -- 4.1 Development Traps and Unsuccessful EESO Systems -- 5 Discussion -- References -- 22 ABC, A Viable Algorithm for the Political Districting Problem -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Description -- 3 Heuristic Algorithms -- 3.1 Simulated Annealing -- 3.2 Simulated Annealing Adaptation -- 3.3 Artificial Bee Colony -- 3.4 Artificial Bee Colony Adaptation -- 4 Computational Experiments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Asymmetric Uncertainty of Mortality and Longevity in the Spanish Population -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Factor Models -- 3 Data and Results -- 4 Conclusions -- 24 Joint Modeling of Health Care Usage and Longevity Uncertainty for an Insurance Portfolio -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 2.1 Longitudinal Submodel: Random Intercept Model -- 2.2 Survival Submodel: PH Cox Model -- 2.3 Joint Model for Longitudinal and Survival Data -- 3 Results and Prediction -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 25 The Commodities Financialization As a New Source of Uncertainty: The Case of the Incidence of the Interest Rate Over the Maize Price During 1990--2014 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Commodities Financialization -- 3 The Interest Rate Incidence Over the Maize Price -- 3.1 VAR Model -- 3.2 Testing and Results -- 3.3 Period 1990--2003 -- 3.4 Period 2004--2014 -- 4 Conclusions -- 26 The Fairness/Efficiency Issue Explored Through El Farol Bar Model -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- List of Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Pamirian Spaces: Mapping Process Geographies in the Mountainous Periphery -- Introduction -- Protection of Indigenous Rights? -- Alai and Pamirs: Environmental Niche and Hub of Ecological Resources -- Border Processes -- Scope of the Volume -- References -- Pamir or Pamirs: Perceptions and Interpretations -- Introduction -- Colonial Exploration of the Pamirian Void -- Classification of Exclusion and Inclusion -- The Pamir Highway: An Internal Artery Motivating Cross-­Border Road Construction -- Regionalisation of the Pamirs: Introduction of the Various Pamirian Regions -- Importance of the Pamirian Knot -- References -- Archival Records -- Who Is Mapping the Pamirs? A Review on Plant and Vegetation Sciences -- Introduction -- Data Collection -- Discussion of the Dataset -- Results -- Paper Statistics -- Journal Statistics -- Author Statistics -- Coauthor Networks -- Discussion -- References -- Geomorphic Features of the Eastern Pamirs, with a Focus on the Occurrence of Intermontane Basins -- Introduction -- Regional Setting -- Tectonic Features -- Present and Past Climatic Features -- Intermontane Basins in the Eastern Pamirs -- Tectonic Basins -- Basins Related to Downstream Damming -- Glaciated Basins -- Alichur Pamir -- Great Pamir -- Little Pamir -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Water of the Pamir - Potential and Constraints -- Introduction -- Observed Glacier Changes -- Observed Runoff Changes -- Future Trends -- Conclusions -- References -- Khans, Kings, Communists, Warlords and Presidents: Afghan Kirghiz Socioeconomic Strategies for Extorting and Extracting from the State -- Introduction -- State-Society Relations: The Kirghiz Experience -- Political Capital -- Non-state Sources of Patronage -- A Direct Line to Kabul. , The Politics of State Patronage -- A Last Migration for the Afghan Kirghiz? -- References -- Changes in the Relationship Between Borders and Pastoral Mobility in Mountain Regions of Central Asia -- National Independence: An Obstacle for Transboundary Pastoral Mobility in Central Asia? -- Spatial Boundaries and Pastoral Mobility: A Tricky Relationship -- 'Containment of Chaotic Land Use' under Russia's Colonial Rule -- 'Nationalisation of the Means of Production' and Planned Economy in Soviet Times -- Contemporary Suppressed Transboundary Mobility -- Conclusion: Effects and Risks of Resource-Related 'Othering' Strategies -- Interview Partners -- References -- Seasonal Pasture Use and Vegetation Cover Changes in the Alai Valley, Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Set and Methods -- Interviews -- Satellite-Based Vegetation Index Data -- Grazing Intensity -- GIS -- Results -- Seasonal Pasture Use -- Changes in Vegetated Cover -- Analysis of Grazing Intensity -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Diversity of Seasonal Migration of Livestock in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Study Area and Method -- Movement Patterns of Livestock Grazing in the Eastern Alai Valley -- Sary-Tash -- Taldy-Suu -- Seasonal Pastoral Practise and Natural Environments in the Eastern and Western Alai Valley -- Discussion -- Comparison Between the Eastern and Western Valleys -- Inequality of Pastureland Use and Future Sustainability -- Conclusions -- References -- Kezüü and Novad: A Form of Pastoralism in the Eastern Alai Valley, Southern Kyrgyzstan -- Introduction -- Development of the Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü/Novad in the Alai Valley -- Study Area and Method -- The Cooperative Daily Grazing System of Kezüü in Sary-Tash and Taldy-Suu -- Kezüü in Sary-Tash AA -- Kezüü in Taldy-Suu AA. , Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- Types of Kezüü and Novad Throughout the Entire Alai Valley -- References -- External Support and Local Agency: Uncertain Transformations of Livelihoods in the Pamirian Borderland of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Borderlands as Social Space -- Historic Legacy: The Pamirs as a Soviet Borderland -- Persistence and Change in Tajikistan's Borderland During the Transition Period -- Russian Border Forces: Persisting Role after the Soviet Dissolution -- Post-Soviet Economic Realities: Humanitarian Relief and Dissolution of Exchange Relations -- Livelihood Trajectories in the Border District -- Less Urgency for Economic Success -- 'Hidden' Emergency Assistance -- Exclusive Buffer Zone Access -- Conclusions -- Interview Partners -- References -- The Current Status of Lifestyle and Occupations in the Wakhan Area of Tajikistan -- Introduction -- General Description of the Wakhan Area and Its Inhabitants -- Status of Agriculture and Local Society -- Agriculture and Other Employment -- Infrastructure and Education -- Introducing Sustainable Tourism -- Conclusions -- References -- Political Ecology of Human-Environment Change in Gojal, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan -- Introduction -- Legal and Constitutional Liminality -- Global Conservation -- Transnational Ismailism -- Road Infrastructure -- The Attabad Landslide -- Conclusion -- References -- The Changes in Regional Structure and Land Use Related to External Factors in Hussaini Village, Northern Pakistan -- Introduction -- Changes in the Regional Structure and Farmland Use in Hussaini Village -- The Period of Isolation before the Opening of the Karakoram Highway -- The Period of Opening Up: The 1980s Until the Late 2000s -- The Period between 2010 and the Present after the Emergence of the Dammed Lake -- Conclusions -- References. , Humanitarianism Across Mountain Valleys: "Shia Aid" and Development Encounters in Northern Pakistan and Eastern Tajikistan -- Introduction -- Entering Contact Zones -- Developing Hunza -- Education for Nagar -- Saving and Substituting in the State in Gorno-Badakhshan -- Worldly Duties and Sectarian Aims -- Conclusion -- References -- History of the Development of the Pamir Region of Tajikistan (Gorno-Badakhshan) -- Introduction -- Early Development History -- Nineteenth-Century Russian Exploration -- Permanent Russian Presence and Early Development Activities -- Population Growth -- Soviet Period -- Socialist Revolution in a Muslim Country -- Food Production -- The Post-Soviet Period and the Aga Khan Foundation -- A New Paradigm -- Sustainable Solutions -- Health -- Emergency Needs -- Pharmaceuticals -- Essential Hospital Services -- Health Management Information System (HMIS) -- Education -- Agricultural Reform -- Food Diversification -- Village-Level Autonomy -- Gender and Social Equality -- Energy -- Challenges and Future Prospects -- References -- Conclusions: Why Do We Need to Make Efforts to Map the Transition? -- Introduction -- Transitions: Driven by External Pressures or Internal Efforts? -- The Next Step -- References.