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  • 1
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    0-1 Piecewise linearization approach for interval-parameter nonlinear programming:  application to environmental management under uncertaintyA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science.
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2009
    In:  Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2009-06), p. 1071-1084
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 36, No. 6 ( 2009-06), p. 1071-1084
    Abstract: Interval-parameter nonlinear programming (INP) is an extension of conventional nonlinear optimization methods for handling both nonlinearities and uncertainties. However, challenges exist in its solution method, leading to difficulties in obtaining a global optimum. In this study, a 0-1 piecewise approximation approach is provided for solving the INP, through integration with an interactive algorithm for interval-parameter optimization problems. Thus, the INP model can be transformed into two deterministic submodels that correspond to the lower and upper bounds of the objective-function value. By solving the two submodels, interval solutions can be obtained, which are used for generating a range of decision options. The developed method is applied to a case of long-term municipal solid waste (MSW) management planning. Not only uncertainties expressed as interval values but also nonlinearities in the objective function can be tackled. Moreover, economies of scale (EOS) effects on waste-management cost can also be reflected. The results obtained can be used for generating decision alternatives and thus help waste managers to identify desired policies for MSW management and planning. Compared with the conventional interval-parameter linear and quadratic programs, the developed INP can better reflect system-cost variations and generate more robust solutions.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0315-1468 , 1208-6029
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/L09-038
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1490923-6
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  • 2
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    Harmful Algal Blooms: Physiology, Behavior, Population Dynamics and Global Impacts- A Review
    Sultan Qaboos University ; 2005
    In:  Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] Vol. 10 ( 2005-06-01), p. 1-
    Details
    In: Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS], Sultan Qaboos University, Vol. 10 ( 2005-06-01), p. 1-
    Abstract: Harmful, toxic algae are now considered as one of the important players in the newly emerging environmental risk factors. The apparent global increase in harmful algal blooms (HABs) is becoming a serious problem in both aquaculture and fisheries populations. Not only has the magnitude and intensity of public health and economic impacts of these blooms increased in recent years, but the number of geographic locations experiencing toxic algal blooms has also increased dramatically. There are two primary factors causing HABs outbreaks. The natural processes such as upwelling and relaxation, and the anthropogenic loading resulting in eutrophication. However, the influence of global climate changes on algal bloom phenomenon cannot be ignored. The problem warrants development of effective strategies for the management and mitigation of HABs. Progress made in the routine coastal monitoring programs, development of methods for detection of algal species and toxins and coastal modeling activities for predicting HABs reflect the international concerns regarding the impacts of HABs. Innovative techniques using molecular probes will hopefully result in development of rapid, reliable screening methods for phycotoxins and the causative organisms.            
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2414-536X , 1027-524X
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.24200/squjs.vol10iss0pp1-30
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Sultan Qaboos University
    Publication Date: 2005
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 3041053-8
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  • 3
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    A Genetic-Algorithm-Based Temporal Subtraction for Chest Radiographs
    Fuji Technology Press Ltd. ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2009-05-20), p. 289-296
    Details
    In: Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics, Fuji Technology Press Ltd., Vol. 13, No. 3 ( 2009-05-20), p. 289-296
    Abstract: To assess pathological chest change, radiologists compare the same patient's chest radiographs taken at different times. Supporting radiologists' diagnostics, temporal-subtraction images constructed from the previous and current radiographs have enhanced the visualization of pathological change. This paper presents a genetic-algorithm-based temporal subtraction for chest radiographs. First, we extract ribs from previous and current images and use them for global matching of the two images. Then, we divide the lung area in the current image into many subareas. For individual subarea, we use the genetic algorithm for local matching to find its corresponding area in the previous image efficiently. Results demonstrated that pathological change were accurately enhanced in temporal-subtraction images without major misregistration artifacts, accurately visualizing of pathological change and proving useful in improving radiologists, diagnostic performance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1883-8014 , 1343-0130
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.20965/jaciii.2009.p0289
    Language: English
    Publisher: Fuji Technology Press Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2009
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  • 4
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    “Disaster Immunity” - A New Concept for Disaster Reduction in Adaptation to Disaster Hazard Intensification
    Fuji Technology Press Ltd. ; 2009
    In:  Journal of Disaster Research Vol. 4, No. 1 ( 2009-02-01), p. 7-11
    Details
    In: Journal of Disaster Research, Fuji Technology Press Ltd., Vol. 4, No. 1 ( 2009-02-01), p. 7-11
    Abstract: We introduce a new “disaster immunity” concept in place of conventional “disaster management capacity” that reflects dynamic transitions in society and nature more accurately than the fixed conventional “disaster management capacity” concept. Because awareness deeply impacts on disaster management, the new concept captures disaster dynamics and could play an important role in disaster reduction. Since global warming involves disaster hazard intensification, it is not enough to simply strengthen existing measures. As an example, Japan responds to particular temperate zone patterns through long-term disaster management infrastructures. Society and nature in Japan have disaster management capacity matching typical temperate zone hazards. A rapid transition to subtropical climate patterns within the next several decades to a century is expected to generate large gaps between disaster hazards and disaster management capacity of human society and nature, leading to an imbalance. Under unstable conditions, society and nature have become increasingly vulnerable due to decreased “immunity.” Increasing “disaster immunity” is thus an urgent and important issue.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1883-8030 , 1881-2473
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.20965/jdr.2009.p0007
    Language: English
    Publisher: Fuji Technology Press Ltd.
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2740254-X
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  • 5
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    Instream Flow Science For Sustainable River Management 1
    Wiley ; 2009
    In:  JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association Vol. 45, No. 5 ( 2009-10), p. 1071-1086
    Details
    In: JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, Wiley, Vol. 45, No. 5 ( 2009-10), p. 1071-1086
    Abstract: Abstract:  Concerns for water resources have inspired research developments to determine the ecological effects of water withdrawals from rivers and flow regulation below dams, and to advance tools for determining the flows required to sustain healthy riverine ecosystems. This paper reviews the advances of this environmental flows science over the past 30 years since the introduction of the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. Its central component, Physical HABitat SIMulation, has had a global impact, internationalizing the e‐flows agenda and promoting new science. A global imperative to set e‐flows, including an emerging trend to set standards at the regional scale, has led to developments of hydrological and hydraulic approaches but expert judgment remains a critical element of the complex decision‐making process around water allocations. It is widely accepted that river ecosystems are dependent upon the natural variability of flow (the flow regime) that is typical of each hydro‐climatic region and upon the range of habitats found within each channel type within each region. But as the sophistication of physical (hydrological and hydraulic) models has advanced emerging biological evidence to support those assumptions has been limited. Empirical studies have been important to validate instream flow recommendations but they have not generated transferable relationships because of the complex nature of biological responses to hydrological change that must be evaluated over decadal time‐scales. New models are needed to incorporate our evolving knowledge of climate cycles and morphological sequences of channel development but most importantly we need long‐term research involving both physical scientists and biologists to develop new models of population dynamics that will advance the biological basis for 21st Century e‐flow science.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1093-474X , 1752-1688
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/jawr.2009.45.issue-5
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00360.x
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2090051-X
    SSG: 14
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  • 6
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    Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2009
    In:  Malaria Journal Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2009-12)
    Details
    In: Malaria Journal, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 8, No. 1 ( 2009-12)
    Abstract: Malaria is an important public health problem in northern Sudan, but little is known about the dynamics of its transmission. Given the characteristic low densities of Anopheles arabiensis and the difficult terrain in this area, future vector control strategies are likely to be based on area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) that may include the sterile insect technique (SIT). To support the planning and implementation of future AW-IPM activities, larval surveys were carried out to provide key data on spatial and seasonal dynamics of local vector populations. Methods Monthly cross-sectional larval surveys were carried out between March 2005 and May 2007 in two localities (Dongola and Merowe) adjacent to the river Nile. A stratified random sampling strategy based on the use of Remote Sensing (RS), Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) was used to select survey locations. Breeding sites were mapped using GPS and data on larval density and breeding site characteristics were recorded using handheld computers. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify breeding site characteristics associated with increased risk of presence of larvae. Seasonal patterns in the proportion of breeding sites positive for larvae were compared visually to contemporaneous data on climate and river height. Results Of a total of 3,349 aquatic habitats sampled, 321 (9.6%) contained An. arabiensis larvae. The frequency with which larvae were found varied markedly by habitat type. Although most positive sites were associated with temporary standing water around the margins of the main Nile channel, larvae were also found at brickworks and in areas of leaking pipes and canals – often far from the river. Close to the Nile channel, a distinct seasonal pattern in larval populations was evident and appeared to be linked to the rise and fall of the river level. These patterns were not evident in vector populations breeding in artificial water sources away from the river. Conclusion The GIS-based survey strategy developed in this study provides key data on the population dynamics of An. arabiensis in Northern State. Quantitative estimates of the contributions of various habitat types and their proximity to settlements provide a basis for planning a strategy for reducing malaria risk by elimination of the vector population.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1475-2875
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-123
    Language: English
    Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publication Date: 2009
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2091229-8
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  • 7
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    Long‐Term Soil Experiments: Keys to Managing Earth's Rapidly Changing Ecosystems
    Wiley ; 2007
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 71, No. 2 ( 2007-03), p. 266-279
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 71, No. 2 ( 2007-03), p. 266-279
    Abstract: To meet economic and environmental demands for about 10 billion people by the mid‐21st century, humanity will be challenged to double food production from the Earth's soil and diminish adverse effects of soil management on the wider environment. To meet these challenges, an array of scientific approaches is being used to increase understanding of long‐term soil trends and soil–environment interactions. One of these approaches, that of long‐term soil experiments (LTSEs), provides direct observations of soil change and functioning across time scales of decades, data critical for biological, biogeochemical, and environmental assessments of sustainability; for predictions of soil productivity and soil–environment interactions; and for developing models at a wide range of scales. Although LTSEs take years to mature, are vulnerable to loss, and have yet to be comprehensively inventoried or networked, LTSEs address a number of contemporary issues and yield data of special significance to soil management. The objective of this study was to evaluate how LTSEs address three questions that fundamentally challenge modern society: how soils can sustain a doubling of food production in the coming decades, how soils interact with the global C cycle, and how soil management can establish greater control over nutrient cycling. Results demonstrate how LTSEs produce significant data and perspectives for all three questions. Results also suggest the need for a review of the state of our long‐term soil‐research base and the establishment of an efficiently run network of LTSEs aimed at soil‐management sustainability and improving management control over C and nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2006.0181
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
    SSG: 13
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  • 8
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    Trans‐Disciplinary Soil Physics Research Critical to Synthesis and Modeling of Agricultural Systems
    Wiley ; 2006
    In:  Soil Science Society of America Journal Vol. 70, No. 2 ( 2006-03), p. 311-326
    Details
    In: Soil Science Society of America Journal, Wiley, Vol. 70, No. 2 ( 2006-03), p. 311-326
    Abstract: Synthesis and quantification of disciplinary knowledge at the whole system level, via the process models of agricultural systems, are critical to achieving improved and dynamic management and production systems that address the environmental concerns and global issues of the 21st century. Soil physicists have made significant contributions in this area in the past, and are uniquely capable of making the much‐needed and exciting new contributions. Most of the exciting new research opportunities are trans‐disciplinary, that is, lie on the interfacial boundaries of soil physics and other disciplines, especially in quantifying interactions among soil physical processes, plant and atmospheric processes, and agricultural management practices. Some important knowledge‐gap and cutting‐edge areas of such research are: (1) quantification and modeling the effects of various management practices (e.g., tillage, no‐tillage, crop residues, and rooting patterns) on soil properties and soil–plant–atmosphere processes; (2) the dynamics of soil structure, especially soil cracks and biochannels, and their effects on surface runoff of water and mass, and preferential water and chemical transport to subsurface waters; (3) biophysics of changes in properties and processes at the soil–plant and plant–atmosphere interfaces; (4) modeling contributions of agricultural soils to climate change and effects of climate change on soil environment and agriculture; and (5) physical (cause‐effect) quantification of spatial variability of soil properties and their outcomes, new methods of parameterizing a variable field for field‐scale modeling, and new innovative methods of aggregating output results from plots to fields to larger scales. The current status of the various aspects of these research areas is reviewed briefly. The future challenges are identified that will require both experimental research and development of new concepts, theories, and models.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0361-5995 , 1435-0661
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.2136/sssaj2005.0207
    RVK:
    RA 4845
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 241415-6
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2239747-4
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 196788-5
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1481691-X
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  • 9
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    PAPER PRESENTED AT INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON INCREASING WHEAT YIELD POTENTIAL, CIMMYT, OBREGON, MEXICO, 20–24 MARCH 2006 Reduced nitrogen and improved farm income for irrigated spring wheat in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico, using sensor based nitrogen management
    Cambridge University Press (CUP) ; 2007
    In:  The Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 145, No. 3 ( 2007-06), p. 215-222
    Details
    In: The Journal of Agricultural Science, Cambridge University Press (CUP), Vol. 145, No. 3 ( 2007-06), p. 215-222
    Abstract: Wheat nitrogen-use efficiency in the Yaqui Valley has been estimated at about 0·31. The nitrogen that is not recovered by the crop has important environmental costs that have regional and global consequences. In addition, these nitrogen losses represent an important reduction in farm income. The objective of the present work was to validate a technology that includes the use of N-rich strips together with the GreenSeeker™ sensor and a crop algorithm in farmers' fields with the ultimate goal of improving nitrogen-use efficiency through site-specific nitrogen management in irrigated spring wheat. During the wheat crop cycle 2002/03 and 2003/04, 13 validation experiments of c . 1 ha each were established in farmers' fields in the Yaqui Valley. After the validation phase, during the wheat crop cycle 2005/06, eight technology transfer trials were established in farmers' fields; these had on an average an area of 10 ha each. Both the validation and technology transfer trials compared the farmers' conventional nitrogen management use v . the use of the N-rich strip together with the Green Seeker™ sensor and a crop algorithm to derive N recommendations for each individual field. The results of the validation trials showed that on an average over all locations, farmers were able to save 69 kg N/ha, without any yield reduction. At the price of US$0.9 per unit of N in the valley when these experiments were established, this represented savings to the farmers of US$62/ha. The technology transfer trials demonstrated that, in large commercial areas with an average size of 10 ha, farmers could improve their farm income by US$50/ha, when using sensor based N management. The combination of the N-rich strip, together with the use of the sensor and a crop algorithm to interpret the results from the sensor, allowed farmers to obtain significant savings in N use and thus in farm profits. Farm income was increased by US$56/ha, when averaged over all trials in all years.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0021-8596 , 1469-5146
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1017/S0021859607006995
    Language: English
    Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
    Publication Date: 2007
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1498349-7
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  • 10
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    Can forest management based on natural disturbances maintain ecological resilience?
    Canadian Science Publishing ; 2006
    In:  Canadian Journal of Forest Research Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09-01), p. 2285-2299
    Details
    In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Canadian Science Publishing, Vol. 36, No. 9 ( 2006-09-01), p. 2285-2299
    Abstract: Given the increasingly global stresses on forests, many ecologists argue that managers must maintain ecological resilience: the capacity of ecosystems to absorb disturbances without undergoing fundamental change. In this review we ask: Can the emerging paradigm of natural-disturbance-based management (NDBM) maintain ecological resilience in managed forests? Applying resilience theory requires careful articulation of the ecosystem state under consideration, the disturbances and stresses that affect the persistence of possible alternative states, and the spatial and temporal scales of management relevance. Implementing NDBM while maintaining resilience means recognizing that (i) biodiversity is important for long-term ecosystem persistence, (ii) natural disturbances play a critical role as a generator of structural and compositional heterogeneity at multiple scales, and (iii) traditional management tends to produce forests more homogeneous than those disturbed naturally and increases the likelihood of unexpected catastrophic change by constraining variation of key environmental processes. NDBM may maintain resilience if silvicultural strategies retain the structures and processes that perpetuate desired states while reducing those that enhance resilience of undesirable states. Such strategies require an understanding of harvesting impacts on slow ecosystem processes, such as seed-bank or nutrient dynamics, which in the long term can lead to ecological surprises by altering the forest's capacity to reorganize after disturbance.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0045-5067 , 1208-6037
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1139/x06-132
    Language: English
    Publisher: Canadian Science Publishing
    Publication Date: 2006
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1473096-0
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