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  • Articles  (1,151)
  • 2010-2014  (1,151)
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  • Articles  (1,151)
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  • 1
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    Shear stability of inverse latexes during their polymerization process (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: We study the shear-stability of inverse latexes (IL) during their polymerization process. The IL is made of water droplets containing a copolymer of acrylamide and dimethyl-aminoethyl-methylenechloride emulsified in a paraffin oil. It is found for the first time that the shear stability of the ILs is a non-monotonic function of the monomer conversion. At low conversions the shear stability increases as the conversion increases, but at a certain conversion value it reaches a local maximum and then decreases with conversion. Moreover, at the final stage of the conversion, the shear stability can increase again. A proper interpretation of this behavior is proposed and related to the combined effects of the polymer properties, fractal aggregation and coalescence. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 2
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    Semi-analytical characterization of turbulence from radial impellers, with experimental and numerical validation (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: We characterize turbulent flow from radial impellers in stirred tanks, formulating semi-analytical predictions based on conventional turbulent-jet theory and the general framework of scalar dispersion in turbulent shear flows. This work introduces a novel formulation of the radial-discharge flow as two separate spatial regions along the radial axis: the zone of flow establishment (ZFE) and the zone of established flow (ZEF). We discover and analyze resulting critical improvements in the prediction of key parameters of turbulent kinetic energy and associated dissipation rate. Further, we derive and examine functional forms of the random turbulence in the ZFE region, based upon empirical inputs of averaged radial velocity as well as related calibration coefficients. Finally, we validate this new theoretical framework, both with laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) measurements, and with three-dimensional numerical simulations using the standard k-ε turbulent model. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 3
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    Synthesis and application of ethylenediamine tetrapropionic salt as a novel draw solute for forward osmosis application (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: The development of suitable draw solutes for forward osmosis (FO) process is a big obstacle on the way of its real industrialization. In this work, a novel draw solute, ethylenediamine tetrapropionic (EDTP) acid (salt) is developed for FO application. The successful synthesis is confirmed by FTIR, NMR, and HRMS. By optimizing the pH of EDTP solution, its composition is varied and therefore its water solubility and osmotic pressure are effectively improved. The effects of EDTP concentration on the osmotic pressure and FO performance are also investigated. Its outstanding osmotic pressure and big molecular size result in a high water flux of 22.69 LMH and a low salt flux of 0.32 gMH with 0.8M EDTP draw solution (water as the feed solution, PRO mode). The good stability and easy recovery by nanofiltration of EDTP solution also demonstrate its great potential as the draw solute for future FO applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 4
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    An analytical relationship of concentration dependent interfacial solute distribution coefficient for aqueous layer freeze concentration (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Freeze concentration (FC) is a sub-zero temperature solute concentration procedure, favoring the retention of high quality compounds such as food ingredients and biological materials. It is known that modeling solute inclusion in the ice layers or ice crystals formed in a convective environment requires the solute distribution coefficient function. The fluid flow velocity, ice-growth rate and solute concentration are influential on this function. Some literature has reported certain expressions of the function, which are relatively complex. Here, an explicit format of this function has been derived for single solute system, and found to be satisfactory in correlating a wide range of experimental data on sucrose solutions for both the controlled flow layer crystallization process (flow in between two cooling plates) as well as the falling film crystallization process. This expression has captured the fundamental aspects of mass transfer and it is relatively simple which should be very useful for correlating FC parameters and for simulating the layer freeze concentration processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 5
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    Impact of flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry in furnace simulations (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-31
    Description: Three fully coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations of a complete industrial steam cracking furnace equipped with floor burners are performed. The influence of the flue gas radiative properties and burner geometry on the flame front in the firebox, the heat transfer to the coils and the product selectivities has been investigated. A nine-band model developed from the Exponential Wide Band Model (EWBM) is used as non-gray gas radiation model to compare with the gray gas implementation of Weighted Sum of Gray Gas Model (WSGGM) for the evaluation of the flue gas radiative properties. The gray gas radiation model predicts a flue gas outlet temperature that is 70K lower than the temperature obtained with the non-gray gas radiation model, resulting in a 3.6% higher thermal efficiency and 44K higher average Coil Outlet Temperature (COT). Important differences between the 22 reactors in the furnace are seen because of shadow effects with and without accounting for the detailed burner geometry. The maximum difference between the COT of different reactors in the furnace caused by shadow effects is about 29K which corresponds to a propene-over-ethene difference of 0.1. Full furnace CFD simulations prove thus to be essential in design and during debottlenecking, when aiming for a more uniform COT distribution to the reactors by feed or fuel distribution. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 6
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    Impact of the Diffusion Limitation in Microphotoreactors (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-23
    Description: This publication describes a model that aims (i) to predict the performances (conversion, photonic efficiency) of a photochemical reaction at the outlet of a microreactor. To achieve this, a set of equations that couple mass transport, radiative transfer and kinetic equations is established and solved, considering (i) a two dimensional geometry, and (ii) a simple monomolecular photoreaction , where the species A and B are in competition for absorbing incident photons. The model is expressed using classical dimensionless numbers, such as the Damköhler I and II numbers, the absorbance and the competitive absorption factor. The results show how and why, when competitive absorption exists, the occurrence of diffusion limitations ( Da II 〉1) can severely impact the conversion of the photochemical reaction and the photonic efficiency. Consequently, a diagram is proposed as a practical tool for selecting operating conditions subsequently avoiding these limitations. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 7
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    Analysis and Optimization of Pressure Retarded Osmosis for Power Generation (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-23
    Description: This work focuses on model-based analysis and optimization of pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) for power generation. The effects of membrane properties (hydraulic permeability, mass transfer characteristics), design conditions (inlet osmotic pressures, inlet flows and membrane area) and operating condition (applied pressure) on power density and efficiency are systematically investigated. A dimensionless design parameter , originally developed in analysis and optimization of reverse osmosis, is used to quantify the effect of dilution in draw solution as water permeates through membrane. An optimization method is developed to maximize PRO performance. It is shown that dilution and concentration polarization significantly reduce the maximum power density, and the optimal ΔP shifts away from Δπ 0 /2 Moreover, power density and efficiency follow opposite trends when varying process conditions including draw solution flow rate and membrane area. Enhancing membrane properties is crucial to improve the economic feasibility of PRO. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 8
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    Engineering Biomass into Formaldehyde-free Phenolic Resin for Composite Materials (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-21
    Description: The use of formaldehyde to prepare phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins is one of the primary challenges for the world-wide PF industry with respect to both sustainability and human health. This study reports a novel one-pot synthesis process for phenol-5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (PHMF) resin as a formaldehyde-free phenolic resin using phenol and glucose, and the curing of the phenolic resin with a green curing agent organosolv lignin (OL) or Kraft lignin (KL). Evidenced by 13 C NMR, the curing mechanism involves alkylation reaction between the hydoxyalkyl groups of lignin and the ortho- and para- carbon of PHMF phenolic hydroxyl group. The curing kinetics was studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the kinetic parameters were obtained. The OL/KL cured PHMF resins were tested in terms of thermal stability, and mechanical properties for their applications in fiberglass reinforced composite materials. The results obtained demonstrated that OL/KL can be promising curing agents for the PHMF resins. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 9
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    Progression of Wet Granulation in a Twin Screw Extruder Comparing Two Binder Delivery Methods (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-21
    Description: ABSTRACT The two available wetting methods for twin screw granulation, namely foam delivery and liquid injection, were studied in detail by examining granule development along the screws as powder formulation and screw design were varied. Granulation profiles were determined by particle size analysis of samples along the screws collected using the “screw pullout” technique. Analysis of the particle size and porosity of produced granules revealed only minor differences between the two methods of wetting despite the larger dropsize of liquid injection compared to foam delivery. Excipients like microcrystalline cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with poor spreading properties, quantified by their specific penetration time and nucleation ratio, made the differences more apparent. The general similarities in granulation independent of wetting method implied that binder dispersion in an extruder was dominated by mechanical dispersion. Screw design (i.e. location of kneading block) had the dominant effect on the granulation process in this study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 10
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    Issue information (2014)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-12-20
    Description: The evolution of Ohio State chemical looping technologies from lab scale to pilot scale in the past two decades. (Adapted with permission from Sridhar D, Tong A, Kim H, Zeng L, Li F, Fan LS. Syngas chemical looping process: design and construction of a 25 kWth subpilot unit. Energy & Fuels . 2012;26:2292–2302. Copyright (2012) American Chemical Society. Adapted with permission from Kim HR, Wang D, Zeng L, Bayham S, Tong A, Chung E, Kathe M, Luo S, McGiveron O, Wang A, Sun Z, Chen D, Fan LS. Coal direct chemical looping combustion process: Design and operation of a 25-kWth sub-pilot unit. Fuel. 2013;108:370-384. Copyright (2012) Elsevier Ltd. Adapted with permission from Fan LS. Chemical Looping Systems for Fossil Energy Conversions . Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2010. Copyright (2010) American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). Adapted with permission from Li F, Zeng L, Velazquez-Vargas, LG, Yoscovits Z, Fan LS. Syngas chemical looping gasification process: bench-scale studies and reactor simulations. AIChE J. 2010;56:2186–2199. Copyright (2009) American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).) 10.1002/aic.14695
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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