Note: Front Cover -- Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials with an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Elastic Behavior -- 1.2 Plastic Behavior -- 1.3 Viscoelastic Behavior -- 1.4 Creep -- 1.5 Recovery -- 1.6 Relaxation -- 1.7 Linearity -- CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL SURVEY OF CREEP -- 2.1 Creep of Metals -- 2.2 Creep under Uniaxial Stress -- 2.3 Creep under Combined Stresses -- 2.4 Creep under Variable Stress -- 2.5 Creep of Plastics -- 2.6 Mathematical Representation of Creep of Materials -- 2.7 Differential Form -- 2.8 Integral Form -- 2.9 Development of Nonlinear Constitutive Relations -- CHAPTER 3. STATE OF STRESS AND STRAIN -- 3.1 State of Stress -- 3.2 Stress Tensor -- 3.3 Unit Tensor -- 3.4 Principal Stresses -- 3.5 Mean Normal Stress Tensor and Deviatoric Stress Tensor -- 3.6 Invariants of Stress -- 3.7 Traces of Tensors and Products of Tensors -- 3.8 Invariants in Terms of Traces -- 3.9 Hamilton-Cayley Equation -- 3.10 State of Strain -- 3.11 Strain-Displacement Relation -- 3.12 Strain Tensor -- CHAPTER 4. MECHANICS OF STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSES -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Law of Motion -- 4.3 Equations of Equilibrium -- 4.4 Equilibrium of Moments -- 4.5 Kinematics -- 4.6 Compatibility Equations -- 4.7 Constitutive Equations -- 4.8 Linear Elastic Solid -- 4.9 Boundary Conditions -- 4.10 The Stress Analysis Problem in a Linear Isotropic Elastic Solid -- CHAPTER 5. LINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viscoelastic Models -- 5.3 The Basic Elements: Spring and Dashpot -- 5.4 Maxwell Model -- 5.5 Kelvin Model -- 5.6 Burgers or Four-element Model -- 5.7 Generalized Maxwell and Kelvin Models -- 5.8 Retardation Spectrum for tn -- 5.9 Differential Form of Constitutive Equations for Simple Stress States. , 5.10 Differential Form of Constitutive Equations for Multiaxial Stress States -- 5.11 Integral Representation of Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations -- 5.12 Creep Compliance -- 5.13 Relaxation Modulus -- 5.14 Boltzmann's Superposition Principle and Integral Representation -- 5.15 Relation Between Creep Compliance and Relaxation Modulus -- 5.16 Generalization of the Integral Representation to Three Dimensions -- 5.17 Behavior of Linear Viscoelastic Material under Oscillating Loading -- 5.18 Complex Modulus and Compliance -- 5.19 Dissipation -- 5.20 Complex Compliance and Complex Modulus of Some Viscoelastic Models -- 5.21 Maxwell Model -- 5.22 Kelvin Model -- 5.23 Burgers Model -- 5.24 Relation Between the Relaxation Modulus and the Complex Relaxation Modulus -- 5.25 Relation Between Creep Compliance and Complex Compliance -- 5.26 Complex Compliance for tn -- 5.27 Temperature Effect and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle -- CHAPTER 6. LINEAR VISCOELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Beam Problems -- 6.3 Stress Analysis of Quasi-static Viscoelastic Problems Using the Elastic-Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle -- 6.4 Thick-walled Viscoelastic Tube* -- 6.5 Point Force Acting on the Surface of a Semi-infinite Viscoelastic Solid -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- CHAPTER 7. MULTIPLE INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior under Uniaxial Loading -- 7.3 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior under Multiaxial Stress State -- 7.4 A Linearly Compressible Material -- 7.5 Incompressible Material Assumption -- 7.6 Linearly Compressible, II -- 7.7 Constant Volume -- 7.8 Incompressible and Linearly Compressible Creep in Terms of σ -- 7.9 Incompressible and Linearly Compressible Relaxation in Terms of ε -- 7.10 Constitutive Relations under Biaxial Stress and Strain. , 7.11 Constitutive Relations under Uniaxial Stress and Strain -- 7.12 Strain Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress States, Compressible Material -- 7.13 Strain Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress States, Linearly Compressible Material -- 7.14 Stress Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Strain States -- 7.15 Approximating Nonlinear Constitutive Equations under Short Time Loading -- 7.16 Superposed Small Loading on a Large Constant Loading -- 7.17 Other Representations -- 7.18 Finite Linear Viscoelasticity -- 7.19 Elastic Fluid Theory -- 7.20 Thermodynamic Constitutive Theory -- CHAPTER 8. NONLINEAR CREEP AT CONSTANT STRESS AND RELAXATION AT CONSTANT STRAIN -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Constitutive Equations for 3 X 3 Matrix -- 8.3 Components of Strain for Creep at Constant Stress -- 8.4 Components of Stress for Relaxation at Constant Strain -- 8.5 Biaxial Constitutive Equations for 2 x 2 Matrix -- 8.6 Components of Strain (or Stress) for Biaxial States for 2 x 2 Matrix -- 8.7 Constitutive Equations for Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.8 Components of Strain for Creep of Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.9 Components of Stress for Relaxation of Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.10 Poisson's Ratio -- 8.11 Time Functions -- 8.12 Determination of Kernel Functions for Constant Stress Creep -- 8.13 Determination of Kernel Functions for Constant-Strain Stress-Relaxation -- 8.14 Experimental Results of Creep -- CHAPTER 9. NONLINEAR CREEP (OR RELAXATION) UNDER VARIABLE STRESS (OR STRAIN) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Direct Determination of Kernel Functions -- 9.3 Product-Form Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.4 Additive Forms of Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.5 Modified Superposition Method -- 9.6 Physical Linearity Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.7 Comparison. , CHAPTER 10. CONVERSION AND MIXING OF NONLINEAR CREEP AND RELAXATION -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Relation Between Creep and Stress Relaxation for Uniaxial Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 10.3 Example: Prediction of Uniaxial Stress Relaxation from Creep of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material -- 10.4 Relation Between Creep and Relaxation for Biaxial Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 10.5 Behavior of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material under Simultaneous Stress Relaxation in Tension and Creep in Torsion -- 10.6 Prediction of Creep and Relaxation under Arbitrary Input -- CHAPTER 11. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Nonlinear Creep Behavior at Elevated Temperatures -- 11.3 Determination of Temperature Dependent Kernel Functions -- 11.4 Creep Behavior under Continuously Varying Temperature-Uniaxial Case -- 11.5 Creep Behavior under Continuously Varying Temperature for Combined Tension and Torsion -- 11.6 Thermal Expansion Instability -- CHAPTER 12. NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Solid Circular Cross-section Shaft under Twisting -- 12.3 Beam under Pure Bending -- 12.4 Thick-walled Cylinder under Axially Symmetric Loading -- CHAPTER 13. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Loading Apparatus for Creep -- 13.3 Load Application -- 13.4 Test Specimen -- 13.5 Uniform Stressing or Straining -- 13.6 Strain Measurement -- 13.7 Temperature Control -- 13.8 Humidity and Temperature Controlled Room -- 13.9 Internal Pressure -- 13.10 Strain Control and Stress Measurement for Relaxation -- 13.11 A Machine for Combined Tension and Torsion -- APPENDIX A1: LIST OF SYMBOLS -- APPENDIX A2: MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE RELATION -- APPENDIX A3: UNIT STEP FUNCTION AND UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION -- APPENDIX A4: LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION*. , APPENDIX A5: DERIVATION OF THE MODIFIED SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE FROM THE MULTIPLE INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION -- APPENDIX A6: CONVERSION TABLES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SUBJECT INDEX -- AUTHOR INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Microemulsions: Theory and Practice -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Schulman' s Microemulsions -- I. Introduction -- II. Microemulsions of Commerce -- III. Physical Properties -- IV. Definitions -- Reference -- Chapter 2. Commercial History -- I. Introduction -- II. Carnauba Wax Emulsions -- III. Cutting Oils -- IV. Pine Oil Emulsions -- V. Flavor Emulsions -- VI. Pesticide Emulsions -- VII. Emulsion Polymers -- VIII. Other Systems -- References -- Chapter 3. Formulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Mechanics -- III. Choice of Emulsifiers -- IV. Emulsifiable Oils -- V. The Impasse -- VI. Rheology -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 4. How To Formulate Microemulsions with Less Surfactants -- I. Introduction -- II. Optical Identification of Microemulsions -- III. Relationship between w/o and o/w Microemulsions -- IV. Formulating Microemulsions with Less Solubilizer -- References -- Chapter 5. The Mixed Film Theory -- I. Introduction -- II. The Early Years -- III. The Bowcott and Schulman Paper -- IV. The Oil/Water Interface -- V. Complementary Studies -- VI. New Approaches -- References -- Chapter 6. Microemulsions and Micellar Solutions -- I. Stability of Microemulsions, Basic Factors -- II. Three- and Four-Component Diagrams Phase Diagrams -- III. W/O Microemulsions -- IV. O/W Microemulsions -- V. Mixed Film Theory versus Micellar Aspects -- VI. Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7. Microemulsion and Tertiary Oil Recovery -- I. Introduction -- II. Effect of Capillary and Viscous Force son Residual Oil Saturation and Displacement Efficiency -- III. Desirable Physico-Chemical Properties of a Micro­emulsion Slug -- IV. Mobility Control Design for the Microemulsion Process -- V. Economic Aspects of the Process -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents: Acid and Aprotic Solvents -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Trifluoroacetic Acid -- I. Introduction -- II. Solvent Purification -- III. Physical Properties and Solvent Structure -- IV. Electrochemistry -- V. Solubilities -- VI. Reactions in Trifluoroacetic Acid -- References -- Chapter 2. Halosulfuric Acids -- I. Fluorosulfuric Acid -- II. Chlorosulfuric Acid -- References -- Chapter 3. The Interhalogens -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparations and Problems of Purity -- III. Physical Properties -- IV. Chemical Properties-Halogenation -- V. Solvent Properties -- VI. Spectroscopic and Structural Studies of Some Halogen Fluorides -- References -- Chapter 4. Inorganic Halides and Oxyhalides as Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Antimony Halides -- III. Arsenic Halides -- IV. Nitrosyl and Nitryl Halides -- V. Phosphoryl and Thiophosphoryl Halides -- VI. Seleninyl Chloride -- VII. Sulfur Halides and Oxyhalides -- VIII. Tin(IV) Chloride -- References -- Chapter 5. Molten Salts as Nonaqueous Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Halide Melts -- III. Nitrate Melts -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Spouted Beds -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Spouted Bed -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Requirements for Spouting -- 1.4 Spouted Beds in The Gas Solids Contacting Spectrum -- 1.5 Spouting Versus Fluidization -- 1.6 Layout of Subject Matter -- Chapter 2. The Onset of Spouting -- 2.1 Mechanism -- 2.2 Pressure Drop -- 2.3 Minimum Spouting Velocity -- Chapter 3. Flow Pattern of Gas -- 3.1 Experimental Findings -- 3.2 Prediction of Flow Pattern -- 3.3 Residence Time Distribution -- Chapter 4. Flow Pattern of Solids -- 4.1 Particle Motion in Spout -- 4.2 Particle Motion in Annulus and Recirculation -- 4.3 Gross Mixing Behavior -- Chapter 5. Bed Structure -- 5.1 Spout Shape -- 5.2 Void Age Distribution -- Chapter 6. Spouting Stability -- 6.1 Experimental Observations -- 6.2 Maximum Spoutable Bed Depth -- Chapter 7. Particle Attrition -- Chapter 8. Heat Transfer -- 8.1 Between Fluid and Particles -- 8.2 Between Wall and Bed -- 8.3 Between Submerged Object and Bed -- Chapter 9. Mass Transfer and Drying -- 9.1 Mass Transfer under External Control Conditions -- 9.2 Mass Transfer under Internal Control Conditions -- 9.3 Design Equations for Solids Drying -- Chapter 10. Vapor Phase Chemical Reaction -- 10.1 The Spouted Bed as a Chemical Reactor -- 10.2 Theoretical Model for Predicting Catalytic Conversion -- 10.3 Predicted Reactor Performance -- 10.4 Comparison with Fixed and Fluidized Beds -- 10.5 Experimental Support -- Chapter 11. Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Diffusional -- 11.3 Thermal -- 11.4 Mechanical -- 11.5 Solids as Reactants -- 11.6 Solids as Heat Carrier or Catalyst -- Chapter 12. Modifications and Variations -- 12.1 Multiple Spouting -- 12.2 Multistage Spouting -- 12.3 Pulsed Flow Spouting -- 12.4 Spouting with Tubular Inserts. , 12.5 Derivative Techniques -- Chapter 13. Design -- 13.1 General Considerations -- 13.2 Experiments Required and Scale-Up Criteria -- 13.3 Some Practical Suggestions -- Appendix -- Nomenclature -- Conversion Factors -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents: Principles and Basic Solvents -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Solvation and Complex Formation in Protic and Aprotic Solvents -- I. Solvation, Solubility, and Complex Stability -- II. Selection and Properties of Solvents to Be Compared -- III. Solvation Enthalpies of Individual Ions and Neutral Molecules in Some Representative Solvents -- IV. Stabilities of Complexes in the Solvents Selected -- V. Thermodynamics of Complex Formation Reactions in the Solvents Selected -- References -- Chapter 2. Solvent Basicity -- I. Introduction -- II. Basicity of Bulk Solvents -- III. Basicity of Solvents as Solutes in Reference Acid Media -- IV. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Brønsted and Lewis Reference Acids in Inert Media -- V. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Reference Acids in the Gas Phase -- VI. Correlation of Solvent Basicity Parameters -- References -- Note Added in Proof -- Chapter 3. Nonaqueous Solvents in Organic Electroanalytical Chemistry -- I. Introduction -- II. Advantages of the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- III. Problems Involved in the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Ion-Selective Electrodes in Nonaqueous Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Theoretical Considerations -- III. Practical Applications -- References -- Chapter 5. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification of Pyridine -- III. Physical Properties of Pyridine -- IV. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent for Analytical Studies -- V. Behavior of Salts in Pyridine -- VI. Acid-Base Equilibria in Pyridine -- VII. Redox Reactions in Pyridine -- VIII. Halogens and Halogen Complexes in Pyridine -- References. , Chapter 6. Anhydrous Hydrazine and Water-Hydrazine Mixtures -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparation -- III. Properties -- IV. Hydrazine as a Reagent -- V. Anhydrous Hydrazine as a Solvent -- VI. Water-Hydrazine Mixtures as Solvents -- VII. Solvation by Hydrazine: Comparison with Other Solvents -- VIII. Experimental Data -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Chemistry and Action of Herbicide Antidotes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Introduction -- CHAPTER 1. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: FROM CONCEPT TO PRACTICE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHENOXYACETIC ACIDS AND OTHER GROWTH REGULATORS AS ANTIDOTES -- III. NEED FOR ANTIDOTES -- IV. CONSIDERATIONS IN SCREENING METHODS FOR ANTIDOTE DETECTION -- V. CORN-EPTC SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VI. MULTIPLE CROP-MULTIPLE HERBICIDE SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VII. 1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AS A SEED TREATMENT ANTIDOTE -- VIII. ANTIDOTES IN RELATION TO DORMANCY -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part II: Antidote Structure-Activity Relationships -- CHAPTER 2. ANTIDOTES PROTECT CORN FROM THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDE INJURY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DISCOVERY OF R-25788 AS AN EPTC ANTIDOTE -- III. R-25788 ALSO ANTIDOTES CORN INJURY FROM OTHER THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- IV. EFFECTIVENESS OF R-25788 IN FIELD TRIALS -- V. PROPERTIES AND IMPORTANCE OF R-25788 -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. DIAZOSULFONATES AS PROTECTANTS AGAINST ATRAZINE TOXICITY TO SOYBEANS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- III. SOIL INCORPORATION OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- IV. SEED COATING OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- V. REFERENCES -- Part III: Comparative Activity, Selectivity, and Field Applications of Herbicide Antidotes -- CHAPTER 4. COMPARATIVE ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTIVITY OF N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE (R-25788) AS AN ANTIDOTE FOR EPTC IN CORN -- III. COMPARATIVE SELECTIVITY OF NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AND R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR EPTC IN PLANTS -- IV. ACTIVITY OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AND NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR OTHER HERBICIDES IN ADDITION TO EPTC. , V. EFFECT OF R-25788 ON EPTC UPTAKE AND METABOLISM IN CORN -- VI. STRUCTURE/ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES IN CORN -- VII. DISCUSSION -- VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- IX. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. FIELD APPLICATIONS OF THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- III. REFERENCES -- Part IV: Physiological Actions of Thiocarbamate Herbicides and Their Antidotes -- CHAPTER 6. SITE OF UPTAKE AND ACTION OF THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES AND HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES IN CORN SEEDLINGS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. APPLICATION AS VAPORS -- III. APPLICATION TO THE SOIL IN THE SHOOT OR ROOT ZONE -- IV. APPLICATION BY THE SPLIT-ROOT TECHNIQUE -- V. APPLICATION AS FOLIAGE SPRAYS AND DIPS -- VI. APPLICATION IN LANOLIN PASTE -- VII. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF LIPID COMPONENTS TO THIOCARBAMATES AND ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EPICUTICULAR WAX SYNTHESIS -- III. INTERNAL FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS -- IV. COMPLEX LIPID SYNTHESIS -- V. LIGHT INTENSITY INFLUENCE -- VI. CHLOROPLAST CONSTITUENT SYNTHESIS -- VII. MIXED-FUNCTION MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY -- VIII. DISCUSSION -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part V: Antidote Metabolism and Effects on Herbicide Metabolism -- CHAPTER 8. METABOLISM OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) IN CORN PLANTS, RATS AND SOIL -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- IV. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION: A MECHANISM FOR HERBICIDE DETOXICATION AND SELECTIVITY IN PLANTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- III. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION IN PLANTS -- IV. GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES -- V. GSH CONJUGATION AND HERBICIDE SELECTIVITY -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. INVOLVEMENT OF GLUTATHIONE AND GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES IN THE ACTION OF DICHLOROACETAMIDE ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- I. INTRODUCTION. , II. THIOCARBAMATE METABOLISM IN CORN PLANTS AND MAMMALS -- III. THIOCARBAMATE SULFOXIDES ARE POTENT HERBICIDES -- IV. R-25788 ENHANCES EPTC SULFOXIDE METABOLISM IN CORN -- V. R-25788 ELEVATES CORN GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VI. CORRELATION OF ANTIDOTAL POTENCY FOR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO R-25788 WITH INCREASED ROOT GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VII. FINDINGS ON VARIOUS ANTIDOTE-ORGANISM-HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS -- VIII. COMMENTS ON OTHER OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO R-25788 ACTION -- IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- X. REFERENCES -- Part VI: Summary -- CHAPTER 11. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GOALS IN FUTURE RESEARCH -- III. ANTIDOTE MODE OF ACTION -- IV. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- V. REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Water Activity and Food -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. WATER ACTIVITY-BASIC CONCEPTS -- Water in Foods -- Properties of Solutions -- Water Binding -- Water Sorption Isotherms -- Temperature Effects -- Hysteresis -- Frozen Foods -- Nonequilibrium Conditions -- Applications -- Water Activity Values for Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 2. METHODS -- Desired Characteristics -- Water Activity Methods -- Relative Humidity Methods -- Total Moisture Methods -- Calibration -- Control of αw -- References -- CHAPTER 3. ENZYME REACTIONS AND NONENZYMATIC BROWNING -- Effect of Water Activity on Enzymatic Reactions -- Effect of Water Activity on Nonenzymatic Browning Reactions -- References -- CHAPTER 4. LIPID OXIDATION, CHANGES IN TEXTURE, COLOR, AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY -- Effect of αw on Lipid Oxidation -- Effect of αw on Food Texture -- Effect of αw on Food Pigments -- Effect of αw on Nutrients -- References -- CHAPTER 5. MICROBIAL GROWTH -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Interactions with Water Activity -- Sporulation, Germination, and Outgrowth -- Solute Effects -- Hysteresis Effects -- Physiological Basis of Tolerance of Reduced Water Activity -- References -- CHAPTER 6. FOOD PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE -- Cereals and Legumes -- Fish -- Meat -- Milk Products -- Vegetables -- Fruit -- Confectionery -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MICROBIAL SURVIVAL -- Survivor Curves -- Survival at Freezing Temperatures -- Survival at Moderate Temperatures -- Survival at Elevated Temperatures -- Sublethal Impairment -- References -- CHAPTER 8. FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Toxigenic Molds -- Salmonella -- Clostridium perfringens -- Clostridium botulinum -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Bacillus cereus -- Parasites -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CONTROL OF αw AND MOISTURE -- Dehydration -- Concentration by Water Removal. , Intermediate Moisture Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 10. PACKAGING, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTS -- Bulk Storage of Commodities -- Transport -- Refrigerated Storage of Bulk Products -- Packaged Foods -- Measurement of Water Vapor Permeability -- Permeability of Packaging Materials -- Unrefrigerated Packaged Foods -- Refrigerated Packaged Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 11. FOOD PLANT SANITATION -- Process Equipment Cleaning -- Food Storage Sanitation -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Insects and Insect Control -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Fumigants and Antimicrobial Agents -- Effect of Relative Humidity and aw on Bacterial Survival on Surfaces -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Airborne Microorganisms -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Ground Freezing -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Organizing Committee -- CHAPTER 1. GENERAL REPORT SESSION I: PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- REVIEW OF SUBMITTED PAPERS -- PROPOSALS FOR DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 2. GENERAL REPORT SESSION II: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- INTRODUCTION -- DESIGN REQUIREMENTS -- DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- PAPERS DEALING WITH FROZEN SOIL AS A HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC MATERIAL -- PAPERS DEALING WITH THE EFFECTS OF MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE ON FROZEN-SOIL BEHAVIOR -- PAPERS DEALING WITH THAWING -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- PROPOSALS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. GENERAL REPORT SESSION III: ENGINEERING -- INTRODUCTION -- SUBMITTED PAPERS -- CHAPTER 4. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON FROST HEAVING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS AND MATERIALS -- INTERRELATIONSHIP OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE (P), COLD-SIDE TEMPERATURE (T) AND HEAVING RATE (dh/dt) -- LONG-TERM HEAVE IN STEP FREEZING EXPERIMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. EFFECTS OF INITIAL SOIL-WATER CONDITIONS ON FROST HEAVING CHARACTERISTICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF FIELD SITE -- INSTRUMENTATION -- RESULTS -- ANALYSES OF CORE SAMPLES TAKEN BY BORING -- MIGRATION OF SOIL WATER FROM THE UNFROZEN PART TOWARDS THE FREEZING FRONT -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. FROST HEAVE OF UNSATURATED LOAMY SOIL UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. EFFECT OF THE RATE OF HEAT REMOVAL ON THE RATE OF FROST HEAVING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHOD -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. EFFECT OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON THE PERMEABILITY AND STRUCTURE OF SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS -- TEST PROCEDURES -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. SEGREGATION FREEZING AS THE CAUSE OF SUCTION FORCE FOR ICE LENS FORMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SEGREGATION FREEZING -- SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. EQUATIONS OF FROST PROPAGATION IN UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REGULAR AND ISOTROPIC MEDIUM -- 3. VOLUMETRIC RATES -- 4. VELOCITIES -- 5. MASS BALANCE EQUATIONS -- 6. ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION -- 7. BALANCE EQUATIONS ON A FRONT -- 8. CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS -- 9. EQUATIONS OF THE PROBLEM -- 10. SIMPLIFICATION OF THE EQUATIONS -- 11. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. THE EFFECT OF ITERATION FREQUENCY ON A NUMERICAL MODEL OF NEAR-SURFACE ICE SEGREGATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE FREEZING SOIL SYSTEM -- THE OPERATION OF THE SIMPLE SOIL MODEL -- THE VAPOR PHASE -- THE SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT -- THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIABLE TIME STEP ON SIMPLE AND VAPOR MODELS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. CRYOGENIC TEXTURE AND STRENGTH ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CRYOGENIC TEXTURES -- STRENGTH FACTORS -- FREEZING OF THE ICE WALL -- MONOCRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PURE HEXAGONAL ICE -- DEFORMATION OF ICE CRYSTALS -- STRENGTH ASPECTS OF FROZEN SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. PREDICTION OF SALT INFLUENCE ON UNFROZEN WATER CONTENT IN FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED BEHAVIOUR MODELS -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- PROPOSED MODEL TO COMBINE DISSOLVED SOLUTE AND SURFACE FORCE EFFECTS -- VERIFICATION OF PROPOSED MODEL -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14. UNFROZEN WATER AS A FUNCTION OF CLAY MICROSTRUCTURE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CLAY TYPES -- TEST PROGRAM -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 15. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE PRINCIPAL PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE-GRAINED FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. ICE LENS STRUCTURES, COMPRESSION STRENGTHS AND CREEP BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FROZEN SILTY SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ICE LENS FORMATION AND STRUCTURES -- LABORATORY UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS -- ON-SITE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- CREEP TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ICE LENS FORMATION AND STRUCTURES -- LABORATORY UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS -- ON-SITE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- CREEP TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 17. CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CREEP TESTS -- INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. CREEP CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION ON THE THEORIES OF FROZEN SOIL DEFORMATION -- Discussion -- EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SHAPE ON CREEP RESPONSE OF A FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SAMPLE PREPARATION -- TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE -- TEST RESULTS -- COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. STRAIN RATE EFFECT ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21. CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TESTS ON FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TEST PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS DATA -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 22. EFFECT OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES ON RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF FINE -GRAINED SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- REPEATED-LOAD TESTING OF PAVEMENTS -- RESILIENT MODULUS OF SUBGRADE CALCULATED FROM FIELD TESTS -- REPEATED-LOAD TRIAXIAL TESTS -- RESILIENT PROPERTIES DETERMINED BY LABORATORY TESTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 23. PRESSURE OF THAWING SOILS ON THE CONCRETE LINING OF VERTICAL MINE SHAFTS -- ABSTRACT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 24. SOME ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL THAWING OF FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFROSTING -- THERMAL CALCULATIONS -- CALCULATION OF THERMAL ENERGY BY THE METHOD OF PARTIAL HEATS -- RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL WALL -- COMMENTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25. ICE BEHAVIOUR UNDER LOAD -- ABSTRACT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26. THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL COMPUTATIONS FOR ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN GROUND CONSTRUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SITE INVESTIGATION -- THERMAL COMPUTATIONS -- LOCATION OF FREEZE-PIPE RING -- FREEZING AT THE GROUND SURFACE -- STRUCTURAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES -- SOIL DISPLACEMENTS -- VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS - HEAVE -- HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS -- GROUNDWATER VELOCITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 27. STABILITY OF MINE WORKINGS IN FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC LAWS -- DETERMINATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS -- STABILITY DESIGN OF ICE-SOIL RETAINING STRUCTURE -- MINE WORKING STABILITY DESIGN -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 28. CREEP STRESS ANALYSIS OF FROZEN SOILS UNDER MULTIAXIAL STATES OF STRESS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CREEP OF FROZEN EMSCHER-MARL -- INTERPRETATION OF CREEP DATA -- MULTIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN-TIME RELATIONSHIPS -- FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD IN CREEP -- COMPUTATION OF FROZEN SOIL BEAM -- CONCLUSIONS. , REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 29. STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF THE FROZEN-GROUND ENCLOSURE OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE STORAGE RESERVOIR FOR LIQUEFIED GASES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TESTINGS -- EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30. DESIGN OF TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEMS USING GROUND FREEZING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY PROJECTS -- DESIGN ASPECTS OF STUDY CASES -- LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM -- SUMMARY OF FROZEN SOIL PROPERTIES -- STRESS ANALYSES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 31. LARGE-SCALE FREEZING WORK FOR SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN JAPAN -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIMARY REASONS FOR EMPLOYING THE GROUND-FREEZING METHOD -- EXPERIENCES IN GROUND FREEZING -- PREPARATORY INVESTIGATIONS -- OUTLINE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK -- CONCLUSION -- CHAPTER 32. THE SOIL-FREEZING METHOD FOR LARGE TUNNEL CONSTRUCTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BORN TUNNEL NEAR AARBURG, SWITZERLAND -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE HELSINKI METRO -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE METRO TUNNEL UNDER THE RIVER MAIN IN FRANKFURT -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MILCHBUCK TUNNEL IN ZÜRICH -- CHAPTER 33. SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN STUTTGART UNDER PROTECTION OF A FROZEN SOIL ROOF -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOLOGICAL AND SUBSOIL CONDITIONS -- CONSTRUCTION -- DRIVING -- CHAPTER 34. GROUND FREEZING FOR SUPPORT OF OPEN EXCAVATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLE AND ADVANTAGES OF GROUND FREEZING -- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 35. GROUND FREEZING MONITORING TECHNIQUES -- ABSTRACT -- BOREHOLE INCLINATION MEASUREMENTS -- TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS -- ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 36. GROUND CONSOLIDATION WITH LIQUID NITROGEN (LN2) -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION. , FREEZING WITH LIQUID NITROGEN.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- General Preface -- Preface to Volume VIII -- Contents of Other Volumes -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter I. Reactive Dyes-Physicochemical Aspects of Dye Fixation and Dye-Fiber Bond Hydrolysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Hydrolysis -- III. Competitive Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis in Solution -- IV. Competitive Reaction with Adsorption and Diffusion -- V. Use of Reaction Catalysts -- VI. Removal of Unfixed Dye from Reactive-Dyed Materials -- VII. Stability of Dye-Fiber Bonds -- VIII. Fixation of Reactive Dyes on Wool -- IX. Novel Approaches to Reactive Dye Fixation -- Chapter II. Leather Dyes -- I. Introduction -- II. General Discussion -- III. Anionic Dyes -- IV. Cationic Dyes -- V. Reactive Dyes -- VI. Azoic Dyes -- VII. Miscellaneous Dyes -- Chapter III. Solvent Dyes -- I. General Discussion -- II. Chemistry and Properties of Solvent Dyes -- III. Application, Evaluation, and Analysis of Solvent Dyes -- Chapter IV. New Developments in Textile Coloration -- I. Use of Solvents in Dyeing -- II. New Fibers -- III. Disperse Dyes for Cellulose -- IV. Microfoams for Dye Distribution -- V. Jet Dyeing -- VI. Continuous Exhaustion Dyeing -- VII. Vacuum Impregnation -- VIII. Space Dyeing -- Chapter V. Transfer Printing -- I. General Introduction -- II. History -- III. Developments since 1970-1971 -- IV. Basic Work on Transfer Printing -- V. Selection of Dyes for Transfer Printing -- VI. Transfer-Printed Carpets -- VII. Selection of the Paper or Other Materials for Transfer Printing -- VIII. Transfer-Printing Inks -- IX. Methods Used for Printing the Paper -- X. Heat-Transfer Print Machines -- XI. Japanese Patent Situation -- XII. Advantages and Disadvantages of Transfer Printing. , Chapter VI. Structural Factors Affecting the Lightfastness of Dyed Fibers -- I. Introduction -- II. Azo Dyes -- III. Anthraquinonoid Dyes -- IV. Nitrodiphenylamine Dyes -- V. Triarylmethane Dyes -- VI. Polymethine and Methine Dyes -- VII. Heterocyclic Dyes -- VIII. Reactive Dyes -- Chapter VII. Relations between the Molecular Structures of Dyes and Their Technical Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Application Properties of Dyes -- III. Fastness Properties of Dyes -- IV. Relations between Technical Properties and Molecular Structure-Specific Dye-Fiber Systems -- Chapter VIII. The Dye Developer in the Polaroid Color Photographic Process -- I. Introduction -- II. Azo Dye Developers -- III. Anthraquinone Dye Developers -- IV. Metallized Dye Developers -- V. Miscellaneous Chromophores -- VI. Color-Shifted Dye Developers -- Chapter IX. Synthetic Carotenoids as Colorants for Food and Feed -- I. Introduction -- II. Discussion of Synthetic Methods -- III. Future Development -- IV. Conclusion -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Cumulative Dye Index (Volumes III-VIII).

Note: Front Cover -- Analysis of Turbulent Boundary Layers -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Principal Notation -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Turbulence-Miscellaneous Remarks -- 1.2 The Ubiquity of Turbulence -- 1.3 The Continuum Hypothesis -- 1.4 Measures of Turbulence-Intensity -- 1.5 Measures of Turbulence-Scale -- 1.6 Measures of Turbulence-The Energy Spectrum -- 1.7 Measures of Turbulence-Intermittency -- 1.8 The Diffusive Nature of Turbulence -- 1.9 The Parameters of Primary Interest -- 1.10 Some Consequences of Turbulence -- 1.11 The Impossibility of Calculating Turbulent Flow from First Principles -- 1.12 Background Literature -- Chapter 2. Conservation Equations for Compressible Turbulent Flows -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Navier-Stokes Equations -- 2.3 Conventional Time-Averaging and Mass-Weighted- Averaging Procedures -- 2.4 Relation between Conventional Time-Averaged Quantities and Mass-Weighted-Averaged Quantities -- 2.5 Continuity and Momentum Equations -- 2.6 Energy Equations -- 2.7 Mean-Kinetic-Energy Equation -- 2.8 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations -- Chapter 3. The Boundary-Layer Equations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Boundary-Layer Approximations for Compressible Flows -- 3.3 Continuity, Momentum, and Energy Equations -- 3.4 Mean-Kinetic-Energy Equation -- 3.5 Reynolds-Stress Transport Equations -- 3.6 Integral Equations of the Boundary Layer -- Chapter 4. General Behavior of Turbulent Boundary Layers -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Composite Nature of a Turbulent Boundary Layer -- 4.3 Eddy-Viscosity and Mixing-Length Concepts -- 4.4 Mean-Velocity and Shear-Stress Distributions in Incompressible Flows on Smooth Surfaces -- 4.5 Mean-Velocity Distributions in Incompressible Turbulent Flows on Rough Surfaces with Zero Pressure Gradient. , 4.6 Mean-Velocity Distribution on Smooth Porous Surfaces with Zero Pressure Gradient -- 4.7 The Crocco Integral for Turbulent Boundary Layers -- 4.8 Mean-Velocity and Temperature Distribution in Compressible Flows with Zero Pressure Gradient -- 4.9 Effect of Pressure Gradient on Mean-Velocity Distributions in Incompressible Rows -- Chapter 5. Various Approaches to the Calculation of Turbulent Boundary Layers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Integral Methods -- 5.3 Differential Methods -- 5.4 Short-Cut Methods -- Chapter 6. Transport Coefficients in Turbulent Boundary Layers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Coefficients of Momentum Transport -- 6.3 Coefficients of Heat Transport -- 6.4 Summary -- Chapter 7. The CS Method -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Governing Equations -- 7.3 Transformation of the Equations -- 7.4 Fluid Properties for Air -- 7.5 Keller's Box Method -- 7.6 Keller's Box Method for the Momentum Equation -- 7.7 Solution of the Momentum Difference Equations -- 7.8 Keller's Box Method for the Energy Equation -- 7.9 Solution of the Difference Equations of the Energy Equation -- 7.10 Procedure for Solving Momentum and Energy Equations Simultaneously -- 7.11 Higher-Order Accuracy: Richardson Extrapolation -- 7.12 Estimation of Boundary-Layer Thickness -- 7.13 Boundary-Layer Parameters -- Chapter 8. The CS Method for Laminar Boundary Layers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Incompressible Laminar Flows -- 8.3 Compressible Laminar Flows -- Chapter 9. The CS Method for Turbulent Boundary Layers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Prediction of Transition -- 9.3 Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flows -- 9.4 Axisymmetric Incompressible Flows -- 9.5 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flows -- 9.6 Axisymmetric Compressible Flows -- 9.7 Some Applications of the CS Method -- References and Author Index -- Subject Index.