Note: Front Cover -- Spouted Beds -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Spouted Bed -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Requirements for Spouting -- 1.4 Spouted Beds in The Gas Solids Contacting Spectrum -- 1.5 Spouting Versus Fluidization -- 1.6 Layout of Subject Matter -- Chapter 2. The Onset of Spouting -- 2.1 Mechanism -- 2.2 Pressure Drop -- 2.3 Minimum Spouting Velocity -- Chapter 3. Flow Pattern of Gas -- 3.1 Experimental Findings -- 3.2 Prediction of Flow Pattern -- 3.3 Residence Time Distribution -- Chapter 4. Flow Pattern of Solids -- 4.1 Particle Motion in Spout -- 4.2 Particle Motion in Annulus and Recirculation -- 4.3 Gross Mixing Behavior -- Chapter 5. Bed Structure -- 5.1 Spout Shape -- 5.2 Void Age Distribution -- Chapter 6. Spouting Stability -- 6.1 Experimental Observations -- 6.2 Maximum Spoutable Bed Depth -- Chapter 7. Particle Attrition -- Chapter 8. Heat Transfer -- 8.1 Between Fluid and Particles -- 8.2 Between Wall and Bed -- 8.3 Between Submerged Object and Bed -- Chapter 9. Mass Transfer and Drying -- 9.1 Mass Transfer under External Control Conditions -- 9.2 Mass Transfer under Internal Control Conditions -- 9.3 Design Equations for Solids Drying -- Chapter 10. Vapor Phase Chemical Reaction -- 10.1 The Spouted Bed as a Chemical Reactor -- 10.2 Theoretical Model for Predicting Catalytic Conversion -- 10.3 Predicted Reactor Performance -- 10.4 Comparison with Fixed and Fluidized Beds -- 10.5 Experimental Support -- Chapter 11. Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Diffusional -- 11.3 Thermal -- 11.4 Mechanical -- 11.5 Solids as Reactants -- 11.6 Solids as Heat Carrier or Catalyst -- Chapter 12. Modifications and Variations -- 12.1 Multiple Spouting -- 12.2 Multistage Spouting -- 12.3 Pulsed Flow Spouting -- 12.4 Spouting with Tubular Inserts. , 12.5 Derivative Techniques -- Chapter 13. Design -- 13.1 General Considerations -- 13.2 Experiments Required and Scale-Up Criteria -- 13.3 Some Practical Suggestions -- Appendix -- Nomenclature -- Conversion Factors -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Developmental Plasticity: Behavioral and Biological Aspects of Variations in Development -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Evolutionary and Genetic Background -- Chapter 1. Evolution and Genetic Variability -- Introduction -- Contemporary Variability between Species -- Evolutionary Variability -- Sources of Variability -- Variability within Species -- Molecules and Variability -- Polygenic Systems -- Developmental Variability within the Organism -- Summary -- Acknowledgment -- Bibliography -- References -- Part II: The Sensory Base -- Chapter 2. The Infancy of Human Sensory Systems -- Introduction -- Prenatal Origins of Sensory Development -- Sensory Bases of Infant Perception -- Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Learning and Ethology -- Chapter 3. Learning Theory, Ethological Theory, and Developmental Plasticity -- Introduction -- Problems Raised by the Goal-Directedness of Behavior -- Learning Theory -- Ethological Theory -- Developmental Plasticity in the Perspectives of Learning and Instinct Theory -- Evolution of Developmental Plasticity: Implications for the Analysis of Immediate Causation -- The Confluence of Ideas: Emergence of Interest in Animal Perception -- References -- Chapter 4. The Infancy of Human Learning Processes -- Introduction -- The Pleasures of Sensation as Incentives for Infant Learning -- The Infant as Learner -- The Functions of Early Human Learning -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Innate Programs for Perceptual Development: An Ethological View -- Introduction -- Perceptual Adaptations to Local Conditions: Honeybees -- Sensitive Periods for Perceptual Change: Chick Pecking -- Imprinting and Perceptual Development: Birds -- Configurational Features and Sign Stimuli: The Herring Gull -- Innate Constraints on Vocal Imitation: Birdsong. , Species-Specific Processing of Vocal Stimuli: Macaques -- Color Vision, Naming, and Preferences -- The Ontogeny of Speech Perception -- Conclusions on the Ethology of Perceptual Development -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV: Asymmetries and Variation -- Chapter 6. Lateralization and Its Implications for Variation in Development -- The Origins of Asymmetry -- Lateralization of the Brain -- Development of the Hand-Brain Relationship -- Sex Differences in Cerebral Asymmetry -- Why Variation? -- References -- Part V: Epistemology, Theory, and Method -- Chapter 7. Development and Plasticity -- Introduction -- Developmental Perspectives -- Developmental Perspective and Plasticity -- The Roles of Experience -- Multimodal and Polyphasic Development -- Theoretical and Methodological Implications of a Multimodal-Polyphasic Model -- Cultural and Biological Instances of Plasticity in Development -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Epistemology and Developmental Psychology -- Introduction -- Does Mental Development Have a Unique Destination? -- The Grounds for Skepticism about Any Universal Destination -- The Need for an Alternative Approach -- Alternative Developmental Destinations and Trajectories -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents: Principles and Basic Solvents -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Solvation and Complex Formation in Protic and Aprotic Solvents -- I. Solvation, Solubility, and Complex Stability -- II. Selection and Properties of Solvents to Be Compared -- III. Solvation Enthalpies of Individual Ions and Neutral Molecules in Some Representative Solvents -- IV. Stabilities of Complexes in the Solvents Selected -- V. Thermodynamics of Complex Formation Reactions in the Solvents Selected -- References -- Chapter 2. Solvent Basicity -- I. Introduction -- II. Basicity of Bulk Solvents -- III. Basicity of Solvents as Solutes in Reference Acid Media -- IV. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Brønsted and Lewis Reference Acids in Inert Media -- V. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Reference Acids in the Gas Phase -- VI. Correlation of Solvent Basicity Parameters -- References -- Note Added in Proof -- Chapter 3. Nonaqueous Solvents in Organic Electroanalytical Chemistry -- I. Introduction -- II. Advantages of the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- III. Problems Involved in the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Ion-Selective Electrodes in Nonaqueous Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Theoretical Considerations -- III. Practical Applications -- References -- Chapter 5. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification of Pyridine -- III. Physical Properties of Pyridine -- IV. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent for Analytical Studies -- V. Behavior of Salts in Pyridine -- VI. Acid-Base Equilibria in Pyridine -- VII. Redox Reactions in Pyridine -- VIII. Halogens and Halogen Complexes in Pyridine -- References. , Chapter 6. Anhydrous Hydrazine and Water-Hydrazine Mixtures -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparation -- III. Properties -- IV. Hydrazine as a Reagent -- V. Anhydrous Hydrazine as a Solvent -- VI. Water-Hydrazine Mixtures as Solvents -- VII. Solvation by Hydrazine: Comparison with Other Solvents -- VIII. Experimental Data -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Chemistry and Action of Herbicide Antidotes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Introduction -- CHAPTER 1. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: FROM CONCEPT TO PRACTICE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHENOXYACETIC ACIDS AND OTHER GROWTH REGULATORS AS ANTIDOTES -- III. NEED FOR ANTIDOTES -- IV. CONSIDERATIONS IN SCREENING METHODS FOR ANTIDOTE DETECTION -- V. CORN-EPTC SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VI. MULTIPLE CROP-MULTIPLE HERBICIDE SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VII. 1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AS A SEED TREATMENT ANTIDOTE -- VIII. ANTIDOTES IN RELATION TO DORMANCY -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part II: Antidote Structure-Activity Relationships -- CHAPTER 2. ANTIDOTES PROTECT CORN FROM THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDE INJURY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DISCOVERY OF R-25788 AS AN EPTC ANTIDOTE -- III. R-25788 ALSO ANTIDOTES CORN INJURY FROM OTHER THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- IV. EFFECTIVENESS OF R-25788 IN FIELD TRIALS -- V. PROPERTIES AND IMPORTANCE OF R-25788 -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. DIAZOSULFONATES AS PROTECTANTS AGAINST ATRAZINE TOXICITY TO SOYBEANS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- III. SOIL INCORPORATION OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- IV. SEED COATING OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- V. REFERENCES -- Part III: Comparative Activity, Selectivity, and Field Applications of Herbicide Antidotes -- CHAPTER 4. COMPARATIVE ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTIVITY OF N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE (R-25788) AS AN ANTIDOTE FOR EPTC IN CORN -- III. COMPARATIVE SELECTIVITY OF NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AND R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR EPTC IN PLANTS -- IV. ACTIVITY OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AND NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR OTHER HERBICIDES IN ADDITION TO EPTC. , V. EFFECT OF R-25788 ON EPTC UPTAKE AND METABOLISM IN CORN -- VI. STRUCTURE/ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES IN CORN -- VII. DISCUSSION -- VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- IX. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. FIELD APPLICATIONS OF THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- III. REFERENCES -- Part IV: Physiological Actions of Thiocarbamate Herbicides and Their Antidotes -- CHAPTER 6. SITE OF UPTAKE AND ACTION OF THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES AND HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES IN CORN SEEDLINGS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. APPLICATION AS VAPORS -- III. APPLICATION TO THE SOIL IN THE SHOOT OR ROOT ZONE -- IV. APPLICATION BY THE SPLIT-ROOT TECHNIQUE -- V. APPLICATION AS FOLIAGE SPRAYS AND DIPS -- VI. APPLICATION IN LANOLIN PASTE -- VII. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF LIPID COMPONENTS TO THIOCARBAMATES AND ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EPICUTICULAR WAX SYNTHESIS -- III. INTERNAL FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS -- IV. COMPLEX LIPID SYNTHESIS -- V. LIGHT INTENSITY INFLUENCE -- VI. CHLOROPLAST CONSTITUENT SYNTHESIS -- VII. MIXED-FUNCTION MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY -- VIII. DISCUSSION -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part V: Antidote Metabolism and Effects on Herbicide Metabolism -- CHAPTER 8. METABOLISM OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) IN CORN PLANTS, RATS AND SOIL -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- IV. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION: A MECHANISM FOR HERBICIDE DETOXICATION AND SELECTIVITY IN PLANTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- III. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION IN PLANTS -- IV. GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES -- V. GSH CONJUGATION AND HERBICIDE SELECTIVITY -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. INVOLVEMENT OF GLUTATHIONE AND GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES IN THE ACTION OF DICHLOROACETAMIDE ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- I. INTRODUCTION. , II. THIOCARBAMATE METABOLISM IN CORN PLANTS AND MAMMALS -- III. THIOCARBAMATE SULFOXIDES ARE POTENT HERBICIDES -- IV. R-25788 ENHANCES EPTC SULFOXIDE METABOLISM IN CORN -- V. R-25788 ELEVATES CORN GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VI. CORRELATION OF ANTIDOTAL POTENCY FOR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO R-25788 WITH INCREASED ROOT GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VII. FINDINGS ON VARIOUS ANTIDOTE-ORGANISM-HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS -- VIII. COMMENTS ON OTHER OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO R-25788 ACTION -- IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- X. REFERENCES -- Part VI: Summary -- CHAPTER 11. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GOALS IN FUTURE RESEARCH -- III. ANTIDOTE MODE OF ACTION -- IV. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- V. REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Water Activity and Food -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. WATER ACTIVITY-BASIC CONCEPTS -- Water in Foods -- Properties of Solutions -- Water Binding -- Water Sorption Isotherms -- Temperature Effects -- Hysteresis -- Frozen Foods -- Nonequilibrium Conditions -- Applications -- Water Activity Values for Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 2. METHODS -- Desired Characteristics -- Water Activity Methods -- Relative Humidity Methods -- Total Moisture Methods -- Calibration -- Control of αw -- References -- CHAPTER 3. ENZYME REACTIONS AND NONENZYMATIC BROWNING -- Effect of Water Activity on Enzymatic Reactions -- Effect of Water Activity on Nonenzymatic Browning Reactions -- References -- CHAPTER 4. LIPID OXIDATION, CHANGES IN TEXTURE, COLOR, AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY -- Effect of αw on Lipid Oxidation -- Effect of αw on Food Texture -- Effect of αw on Food Pigments -- Effect of αw on Nutrients -- References -- CHAPTER 5. MICROBIAL GROWTH -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Interactions with Water Activity -- Sporulation, Germination, and Outgrowth -- Solute Effects -- Hysteresis Effects -- Physiological Basis of Tolerance of Reduced Water Activity -- References -- CHAPTER 6. FOOD PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE -- Cereals and Legumes -- Fish -- Meat -- Milk Products -- Vegetables -- Fruit -- Confectionery -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MICROBIAL SURVIVAL -- Survivor Curves -- Survival at Freezing Temperatures -- Survival at Moderate Temperatures -- Survival at Elevated Temperatures -- Sublethal Impairment -- References -- CHAPTER 8. FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Toxigenic Molds -- Salmonella -- Clostridium perfringens -- Clostridium botulinum -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Bacillus cereus -- Parasites -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CONTROL OF αw AND MOISTURE -- Dehydration -- Concentration by Water Removal. , Intermediate Moisture Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 10. PACKAGING, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTS -- Bulk Storage of Commodities -- Transport -- Refrigerated Storage of Bulk Products -- Packaged Foods -- Measurement of Water Vapor Permeability -- Permeability of Packaging Materials -- Unrefrigerated Packaged Foods -- Refrigerated Packaged Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 11. FOOD PLANT SANITATION -- Process Equipment Cleaning -- Food Storage Sanitation -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Insects and Insect Control -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Fumigants and Antimicrobial Agents -- Effect of Relative Humidity and aw on Bacterial Survival on Surfaces -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Airborne Microorganisms -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Vorwort -- 1. ZEICHENAUSDRUCK UND MOTIVIERUNG -- La délimitation en rapport avec l'intonation culminative -- Vorbemerkungen zur Linguistik der Abkürzung -- Voraussetzungen zu einer Untersuchung der semantischen Belastung von submorphematischen Einheiten im Englischen -- 2. SYNTAX -- Zur Kontrollbeziehung im Deutschen -- Aspects of Grammatical Meaning: The Positioning of the Dutch Finite Verb -- Le Système des articles français vu depuis la Bavière -- Synchronie et diachronie dans les constructions en "qui" du latin classique -- L'ordre complément - sujet - verbe en français -- Kontrollprobleme in infiniten Komplementkonstruktionen im Deutschen -- Definiteness and Truth Relation -- 3. LEXIKOGRAPHIE UND SEMANTIK -- More on the Semantics of Equative Comparatives Involving Measure Phrases in English -- Synkategorematizität -- 4. TEXTLINGUISTIK UND FACHSPRACHEN -- Die Rolle des Adjektivkontextes beim Erkennen und bei der Rekonstruktion der metaphorischen Prädikation -- Vermittlung aspektueller Informationen in Texten -- The Language of Science Fiction -- Recipes as Texts: Technical Language in the Kitchen -- Les désignations de maladies dans le conte de Gianni Rodari: "C'Era Due Volte il Barone Lamberto". Un exemple d'application de la linguistique textuelle -- Argumentationsfiguren in der Wissenschaftssprache -- 5. DISKURSANALYSE -- Konforme Gesprächsrepliken in englischen Alltagsdialogen -- Zur linguistischen Typologie des Sprachspiels -- Definitionsmacht. Probleme in Instruktionen der betrieblichen Ausbildung -- Der parlamentarische Zwischenruf als mehrfachadressierte Sprachhandlung -- VERZEICHNIS DER AUTOREN UND HERAUSGEBER.

Note: Front Cover -- Alternative Methods of Agriculture -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editorial. alternative agriculture and man -- History, realisation and arrangement of the report -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Agriculture under discussion -- 1.2.The essential aspects of agriculture -- Chapter 2. The extent of alternative agriculture -- Chapter 3. Overview of the specific ideologies on which the alternative methods of agriculture are based -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. A.N.O.G.-agriculture -- 3.3. Biodynamic agriculture -- 3.4. Howard-Balfour agriculture -- 3.5. Lemaire-Boucher agriculture -- 3.6. Macrobiotic agriculture -- 3.7. Mazdaznan agriculture -- 3.8. Organic-biological agriculture -- 3.9. Veganic agriculture -- Chapter 4. Cultivation methods -- 4.1. Tillage -- 4.2. Soil disinfection -- 4.3. Fertilising -- 4.4. Composting and humus balance -- 4.5. Soil cover -- 4.6. Crop rotation and multiple cropping -- 4.7. Other methods of cultivation -- Chapter 5. Animal husbandry -- 5.1. Description -- 5.2. Comment -- Chapter 6. Diseases, pests and weeds -- 6.1. Description -- 6.2 .Comment -- Chapter 7. Kilogram yields -- 7.1. Description -- 7.2. Comment -- Chapter 8. The quality of products cultivated by alternative methods -- 8.1. External quality (comment) -- 8.2. Inner quality (comment) -- Chapter 9. Damage to the environment as a consequence of alternative and conventional agricultural methods -- Chapter 10. Considerations on an extension of alternative agriculture -- 10.1. Diseases rests and weeds -- 10.2. Fertilising -- 10.3. Possible solution -- Chapter 11. Evaluation -- 11.1. Man's relationship to nature -- 11.2.The "naturalness" and the "biological" of agriculture -- 11.3. The level of production -- 11.4. Conservation of soil fertility -- 11.5. The quality of the alternative-cultivated product -- 11.6.Diseases, pests and weeds. , 11.7 Enegry use -- 11.8. Economic asescts -- Chapter 12. Conclusions and recommendations for research -- 12.1. Conclusion -- 12.2. Recommendations for research -- References -- Appendices: Cultivation methods.

Note: Front Cover -- Comparison of Forest Water and Energy Exchange Models -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Workshop Participants -- Foreword -- Section I: Data and Computer Facilities -- Chapter 1. Climatic Data and Data Bases at Järdraȧs Ecological Research Station -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 2. Evapotranspiration Measurements in Järdraȧs, Instrumentation, Data Gathering and Processing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Storage, Retrieval and Analysis of Continuously Recorded Ecosystem Data -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analysis programs -- File format in ECODATA -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4. SIMP - Interactive Mini-Computer Package for Simulating Dynamic and Static Models -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Coding the model into SIMP -- Standard SIMP programs and disc files -- Coupling between SIMP and ECODATA -- Super-programs -- Discussion and conclusion -- References -- Section II: Atmospheric Exchange and Radiation Models -- Chapter 5. MICROWEATHER Simulation Model, Applied to a Forest -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Model outline -- Inputs -- Methods -- Submodels -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 6. Model for Energy Exchange of a Pine Forest Canopy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Structure of the model -- Radiation interception -- Latent and sensible heat exchange -- Precipitation interception -- Driving variables -- Computational aspects -- Application -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 7. Simulating the Quality and Quantity of Short-Wave Radiation Within and Above Canopies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Model concept -- Program structure and basic input data -- Discussion of program tests and of model performance. , Case studies -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Physical Model to Simulate Energy Exchange of Plant Canopies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Schematic description and fundamentals of the model -- Submodels and basic equations -- Some results -- Conclusions -- References -- Section III: Soil Water and Interception Models -- Chapter 9. Simulation of Water State and Flow in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere System by a Model Named HEJMDAL -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the model -- Validation -- Application -- Modification of HEJMDAL for Jädraȧs -- References -- Chapter 10. Model for the Water Regime of Forests and Meadow -- Abstract -- List of symbols -- Objective -- Model description -- Model parameters and estimation -- First adaptations of the model and estimation results -- Adaption of the model for Jädraȧs -- Future prospects -- References -- Chapter 11. Model for Annual Water and Energy Flow in a Layered Soil -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Structure of the model -- Heat flux in soil -- Water flux in soil -- Water uptake by roots -- Interception of water -- Snow dynamics -- Driving variables -- Computational aspects -- Application of the model -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 12. Model ETFOREST for Calculating Actual Evapotranspiration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the model -- Adjustment of the model to the forest stand at Jädraȧs -- Results -- References -- Chapter 13. SIM5T/12 - a Model of Forest Transpiration and Interception, Using Data from an Automatic Weather Station -- Abstract -- List of symbols -- Introduction -- Objectives of the model -- Type of output and verification of model performance -- The classification of the model -- The range and application of the model -- The model equations -- The model parameters -- The input variables needed for simulation -- Computing details. , Future prospects and developments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Section IV: Comparison of Models -- Chapter 14. Comparison of Radiation Models -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Comparison of Energy Exchange Models -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Results -- Discussion and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Comparison of Interception Models -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17. Model Comparison to Estimate Consumptive Use -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. Discrepancy between Energy and Water Balance Estimates of Evapotranspiration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The energy balance method -- The water balance method -- Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19. Conclusions of the Workshop.

Note: Front Cover -- Ground Freezing -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Organizing Committee -- CHAPTER 1. GENERAL REPORT SESSION I: PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- REVIEW OF SUBMITTED PAPERS -- PROPOSALS FOR DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 2. GENERAL REPORT SESSION II: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- INTRODUCTION -- DESIGN REQUIREMENTS -- DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- PAPERS DEALING WITH FROZEN SOIL AS A HOMOGENEOUS AND ISOTROPIC MATERIAL -- PAPERS DEALING WITH THE EFFECTS OF MACROSCOPIC STRUCTURE ON FROZEN-SOIL BEHAVIOR -- PAPERS DEALING WITH THAWING -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- PROPOSALS FOR DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. GENERAL REPORT SESSION III: ENGINEERING -- INTRODUCTION -- SUBMITTED PAPERS -- CHAPTER 4. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE ON FROST HEAVING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- METHODS AND MATERIALS -- INTERRELATIONSHIP OF OVERBURDEN PRESSURE (P), COLD-SIDE TEMPERATURE (T) AND HEAVING RATE (dh/dt) -- LONG-TERM HEAVE IN STEP FREEZING EXPERIMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. EFFECTS OF INITIAL SOIL-WATER CONDITIONS ON FROST HEAVING CHARACTERISTICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF FIELD SITE -- INSTRUMENTATION -- RESULTS -- ANALYSES OF CORE SAMPLES TAKEN BY BORING -- MIGRATION OF SOIL WATER FROM THE UNFROZEN PART TOWARDS THE FREEZING FRONT -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. FROST HEAVE OF UNSATURATED LOAMY SOIL UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. EFFECT OF THE RATE OF HEAT REMOVAL ON THE RATE OF FROST HEAVING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS AND METHOD -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. EFFECT OF FREEZING AND THAWING ON THE PERMEABILITY AND STRUCTURE OF SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIALS -- TEST PROCEDURES -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. SEGREGATION FREEZING AS THE CAUSE OF SUCTION FORCE FOR ICE LENS FORMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SEGREGATION FREEZING -- SUMMARY OF ANALYSIS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. EQUATIONS OF FROST PROPAGATION IN UNSATURATED POROUS MEDIA -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. REGULAR AND ISOTROPIC MEDIUM -- 3. VOLUMETRIC RATES -- 4. VELOCITIES -- 5. MASS BALANCE EQUATIONS -- 6. ENERGY BALANCE EQUATION -- 7. BALANCE EQUATIONS ON A FRONT -- 8. CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS -- 9. EQUATIONS OF THE PROBLEM -- 10. SIMPLIFICATION OF THE EQUATIONS -- 11. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. THE EFFECT OF ITERATION FREQUENCY ON A NUMERICAL MODEL OF NEAR-SURFACE ICE SEGREGATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE FREEZING SOIL SYSTEM -- THE OPERATION OF THE SIMPLE SOIL MODEL -- THE VAPOR PHASE -- THE SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT -- THE EFFECTS OF THE VARIABLE TIME STEP ON SIMPLE AND VAPOR MODELS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. CRYOGENIC TEXTURE AND STRENGTH ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CRYOGENIC TEXTURES -- STRENGTH FACTORS -- FREEZING OF THE ICE WALL -- MONOCRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF PURE HEXAGONAL ICE -- DEFORMATION OF ICE CRYSTALS -- STRENGTH ASPECTS OF FROZEN SOILS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. PREDICTION OF SALT INFLUENCE ON UNFROZEN WATER CONTENT IN FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUSLY PROPOSED BEHAVIOUR MODELS -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- PROPOSED MODEL TO COMBINE DISSOLVED SOLUTE AND SURFACE FORCE EFFECTS -- VERIFICATION OF PROPOSED MODEL -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14. UNFROZEN WATER AS A FUNCTION OF CLAY MICROSTRUCTURE -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CLAY TYPES -- TEST PROGRAM -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 15. INTERRELATIONSHIP OF THE PRINCIPAL PHYSICOMECHANICAL AND THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE-GRAINED FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. ICE LENS STRUCTURES, COMPRESSION STRENGTHS AND CREEP BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FROZEN SILTY SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ICE LENS FORMATION AND STRUCTURES -- LABORATORY UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS -- ON-SITE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- CREEP TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ICE LENS FORMATION AND STRUCTURES -- LABORATORY UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS -- ON-SITE UNCONFINED COMPRESSION TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- CREEP TESTS OF FIELD-FROZEN SOIL -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 17. CREEP BEHAVIOUR OF FROZEN SOILS IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION TESTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CREEP TESTS -- INTERPRETATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. CREEP CHARACTERISTICS OF FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION ON THE THEORIES OF FROZEN SOIL DEFORMATION -- Discussion -- EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. EFFECT OF SPECIMEN SHAPE ON CREEP RESPONSE OF A FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SAMPLE PREPARATION -- TEST APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE -- TEST RESULTS -- COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. STRAIN RATE EFFECT ON THE COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- TEST RESULTS -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21. CYCLIC TRIAXIAL TESTS ON FROZEN SAND -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TEST PROCEDURE AND EQUIPMENT -- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- COMPARISON WITH PREVIOUS DATA -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 22. EFFECT OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES ON RESILIENT PROPERTIES OF FINE -GRAINED SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- REPEATED-LOAD TESTING OF PAVEMENTS -- RESILIENT MODULUS OF SUBGRADE CALCULATED FROM FIELD TESTS -- REPEATED-LOAD TRIAXIAL TESTS -- RESILIENT PROPERTIES DETERMINED BY LABORATORY TESTS -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 23. PRESSURE OF THAWING SOILS ON THE CONCRETE LINING OF VERTICAL MINE SHAFTS -- ABSTRACT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 24. SOME ASPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL THAWING OF FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFROSTING -- THERMAL CALCULATIONS -- CALCULATION OF THERMAL ENERGY BY THE METHOD OF PARTIAL HEATS -- RADIAL HEAT CONDUCTION THROUGH ANNULAR CYLINDRICAL WALL -- COMMENTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25. ICE BEHAVIOUR UNDER LOAD -- ABSTRACT -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26. THERMAL AND RHEOLOGICAL COMPUTATIONS FOR ARTIFICIALLY FROZEN GROUND CONSTRUCTION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SITE INVESTIGATION -- THERMAL COMPUTATIONS -- LOCATION OF FREEZE-PIPE RING -- FREEZING AT THE GROUND SURFACE -- STRUCTURAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES -- SOIL DISPLACEMENTS -- VERTICAL DISPLACEMENTS - HEAVE -- HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS -- GROUNDWATER VELOCITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 27. STABILITY OF MINE WORKINGS IN FROZEN SOILS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- BASIC LAWS -- DETERMINATION OF STRESS AND STRAIN CHARACTERISTICS -- STABILITY DESIGN OF ICE-SOIL RETAINING STRUCTURE -- MINE WORKING STABILITY DESIGN -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 28. CREEP STRESS ANALYSIS OF FROZEN SOILS UNDER MULTIAXIAL STATES OF STRESS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- CREEP OF FROZEN EMSCHER-MARL -- INTERPRETATION OF CREEP DATA -- MULTIAXIAL STRESS-STRAIN-TIME RELATIONSHIPS -- FINITE-ELEMENT METHOD IN CREEP -- COMPUTATION OF FROZEN SOIL BEAM -- CONCLUSIONS. , REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 29. STRENGTH ANALYSIS OF THE FROZEN-GROUND ENCLOSURE OF A LOW-TEMPERATURE STORAGE RESERVOIR FOR LIQUEFIED GASES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- TESTINGS -- EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL RESULTS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30. DESIGN OF TUNNEL SUPPORT SYSTEMS USING GROUND FREEZING -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY PROJECTS -- DESIGN ASPECTS OF STUDY CASES -- LABORATORY TESTING PROGRAM -- SUMMARY OF FROZEN SOIL PROPERTIES -- STRESS ANALYSES -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 31. LARGE-SCALE FREEZING WORK FOR SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN JAPAN -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRIMARY REASONS FOR EMPLOYING THE GROUND-FREEZING METHOD -- EXPERIENCES IN GROUND FREEZING -- PREPARATORY INVESTIGATIONS -- OUTLINE OF CONSTRUCTION WORK -- CONCLUSION -- CHAPTER 32. THE SOIL-FREEZING METHOD FOR LARGE TUNNEL CONSTRUCTIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BORN TUNNEL NEAR AARBURG, SWITZERLAND -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE HELSINKI METRO -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE METRO TUNNEL UNDER THE RIVER MAIN IN FRANKFURT -- SOIL FREEZING FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE MILCHBUCK TUNNEL IN ZÜRICH -- CHAPTER 33. SUBWAY CONSTRUCTION IN STUTTGART UNDER PROTECTION OF A FROZEN SOIL ROOF -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- GEOLOGICAL AND SUBSOIL CONDITIONS -- CONSTRUCTION -- DRIVING -- CHAPTER 34. GROUND FREEZING FOR SUPPORT OF OPEN EXCAVATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PRINCIPLE AND ADVANTAGES OF GROUND FREEZING -- DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- CONSTRUCTION CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 35. GROUND FREEZING MONITORING TECHNIQUES -- ABSTRACT -- BOREHOLE INCLINATION MEASUREMENTS -- TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS -- ULTRASONIC MEASUREMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 36. GROUND CONSOLIDATION WITH LIQUID NITROGEN (LN2) -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION. , FREEZING WITH LIQUID NITROGEN.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- General Preface -- Preface to Volume VIII -- Contents of Other Volumes -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter I. Reactive Dyes-Physicochemical Aspects of Dye Fixation and Dye-Fiber Bond Hydrolysis -- I. Introduction -- II. Hydrolysis -- III. Competitive Alcoholysis and Hydrolysis in Solution -- IV. Competitive Reaction with Adsorption and Diffusion -- V. Use of Reaction Catalysts -- VI. Removal of Unfixed Dye from Reactive-Dyed Materials -- VII. Stability of Dye-Fiber Bonds -- VIII. Fixation of Reactive Dyes on Wool -- IX. Novel Approaches to Reactive Dye Fixation -- Chapter II. Leather Dyes -- I. Introduction -- II. General Discussion -- III. Anionic Dyes -- IV. Cationic Dyes -- V. Reactive Dyes -- VI. Azoic Dyes -- VII. Miscellaneous Dyes -- Chapter III. Solvent Dyes -- I. General Discussion -- II. Chemistry and Properties of Solvent Dyes -- III. Application, Evaluation, and Analysis of Solvent Dyes -- Chapter IV. New Developments in Textile Coloration -- I. Use of Solvents in Dyeing -- II. New Fibers -- III. Disperse Dyes for Cellulose -- IV. Microfoams for Dye Distribution -- V. Jet Dyeing -- VI. Continuous Exhaustion Dyeing -- VII. Vacuum Impregnation -- VIII. Space Dyeing -- Chapter V. Transfer Printing -- I. General Introduction -- II. History -- III. Developments since 1970-1971 -- IV. Basic Work on Transfer Printing -- V. Selection of Dyes for Transfer Printing -- VI. Transfer-Printed Carpets -- VII. Selection of the Paper or Other Materials for Transfer Printing -- VIII. Transfer-Printing Inks -- IX. Methods Used for Printing the Paper -- X. Heat-Transfer Print Machines -- XI. Japanese Patent Situation -- XII. Advantages and Disadvantages of Transfer Printing. , Chapter VI. Structural Factors Affecting the Lightfastness of Dyed Fibers -- I. Introduction -- II. Azo Dyes -- III. Anthraquinonoid Dyes -- IV. Nitrodiphenylamine Dyes -- V. Triarylmethane Dyes -- VI. Polymethine and Methine Dyes -- VII. Heterocyclic Dyes -- VIII. Reactive Dyes -- Chapter VII. Relations between the Molecular Structures of Dyes and Their Technical Properties -- I. Introduction -- II. Application Properties of Dyes -- III. Fastness Properties of Dyes -- IV. Relations between Technical Properties and Molecular Structure-Specific Dye-Fiber Systems -- Chapter VIII. The Dye Developer in the Polaroid Color Photographic Process -- I. Introduction -- II. Azo Dye Developers -- III. Anthraquinone Dye Developers -- IV. Metallized Dye Developers -- V. Miscellaneous Chromophores -- VI. Color-Shifted Dye Developers -- Chapter IX. Synthetic Carotenoids as Colorants for Food and Feed -- I. Introduction -- II. Discussion of Synthetic Methods -- III. Future Development -- IV. Conclusion -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- Cumulative Dye Index (Volumes III-VIII).