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  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (6,695)
  • pharmacokinetics  (599)
  • 1985-1989  (7,294)
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Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Das Rückstandsverhalten von Chloramphenicol nach intramuskulärer Applikation beim Schwein (1985)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 24 (1985), S. 113-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Chloramphenicol ; pharmacokinetics ; residue ; pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Residues of Chloramphenicol (CAP) were examined in 24 pigs after intramuscular injection of 30 mg CAP/kg body weight. Two pigs were slaughtered after 3, 6, 12,18, 24, 36 hours, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 and 30 days, respectively. CAP-concentrations were determined in muscle, blood, urine, liver, kidney, bile, and fat. Methods used were gas-liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Detection limits reached were 1−5 ppb. The concentration-time curves obtained reflected a long elimination phase and allowed only calculation of this half-life. Elimination half-life was estimated to be for muscle, blood and urine 160–170 hours, for kidney 310 and for bile 250 hours. Significant correlations were found to exist between CAP-concentrations in plasma and muscle. It appears that blood would be a good body fluid for monitoring CAP-residues in tissue.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zur Untersuchung des Rückstandsverhaltens von Chloramphenicol (CAP) wurden 24 Mastschweine, 24–28 Wochen alt, intramuskulär mit 30 mg CAP/kg Körpergewicht behandelt und je 2 Tiere nach 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 36 Stunden, 2, 3, 6, 10, 21 und 30 Tagen geschlachtet. Die CAP-Gehalte in Muskulatur, Blut, Urin, Leber, Niere, Galle und Fett wurden gaschromatographisch und radioimmunologisch bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze beider Methoden liegt in Abhängigkeit von der Matrix zwischen 1 und 5 ppb. Die erhaltenen Kinetiken weisen eine terminale Elimination auf, deren Halbwertszeiten für Muskulatur, Blut und Urin ca. 160–170 Stunden, für Niere 310 Stunden und für Galle 250 Stunden betragen. Die CAP-Konzentration in Muskulatur und Blut weisen eine signifikante, lineare Korrelation auf. Blutuntersuchungen könnten deshalb als Screening-Methode bei umfangreichen Rückstandskontrollen eingesetzt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02020458
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preliminary evaluation of potential anti-epileptic drugs by single dose electrophysiological and pharmacological studies in patients (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neural transmission 72 (1988), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1463
    Keywords: Anti-epileptic drugs ; pharmacokinetics ; EEG ; photosensitivity ; drug interactions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In phase 1 evaluation of potential anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs), insufficient attention has perhaps been directed to the transition from single, and multi-dose studies in normal volunteers to clinical trials of some weeks duration in patients. Acute single dose studies in epileptic patients already receiving AEDs may reduce avoidable errors in early controlled trials. Acute single dose studies provide the opportunity of obtaining some preliminary evidence of efficacy by observing the effects of the drug on quantified epileptiform EEG discharges, both those occurring spontaneously in long term telemetric recordings and those elicited by standardised photic stimulation in susceptible subjects. The pharmacokinetics of the new drug may be profoundly influenced by the comedication (as illustrated by lamotrigine, the half life of which varies by a factor of 10 depending on comedication). Conversely, the new drug may so influence metabolism of the comedication that the results of add-on trials may be virtually uninterpretable, unless steps are taken to maintain blood levels of the other AEDs. A method of addressing this problem is illustrated in the case of an imidazole, R 57720. Adverse experiences may also occur more readily when a new drug is added to comedication than when it is given to normal volunteers and these problems in chronic trials can be anticipated from acute studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01243424
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The lymphatic route. 1) Albumin and hyaluronidase modify the normal distribution of interferon in lymph and plasma (1986)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 42 (1986), S. 432-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Interferon ; immunomodulator ; catabolism ; pharmacokinetics ; administration routes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When human recombinant interferon-α2 diluted in saline was injected s.c. into rabbits, the total amount recovered in thoracic lymph was less than 0.4%. Recoveries increased from 2- to 8-fold if interferon was injected in 4% albumin or with hyaluronidase, respectively. Albumin added to interferon acts as an interstitial fluid expander, thus favoring interferon absorption through lymphatics rather than blood capillaries. This strategy may increase the therapeutic index of interferon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02118644
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Absorption of iohexol from cerebrospinal fluid to blood: pharmacokinetics in humans (1985)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 27 (1985), S. 172-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Iohexol ; contrast media ; CSF ; pharmacokinetics ; myelography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The absorption of iohexol from the subarachnoid space was studied in 9 patients. Serum concentrations of iohexol were measured for a minimum of 24 hours after injection. Peak serum concentrations were observed after 2.2 (1.7–2.7) hours. The half-life of the subsequent decrease in serum concentrations was 3.4 (2.2–7.9) hours. Concentrations of iohexol in cerebrospinal fluid were 0.29–4.3 mg I/ml 24 hours after injection (7 patients). Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of iohexol are comparable to those found after intrathecal injection of metrizamide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00343791
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of salbutamol in healthy adult volunteers (1987)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 32 (1987), S. 631-634 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: salbutamol ; albuterol ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability ; healthy volunteers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Salbutamol was administered to sixteen healthy male volunteers intravenously and by mouth in liquid, tablet, and capsule form using a Latin-Squares design. Pharmacokinetic parameters from intravenous data were similar to previously reported values obtained with oral administration, with a mean terminal half-life of 3.8 h and a mean clearance of 439 ml·min−1·1.73 m−2. Peak plasma concentrations of 10–20 ng·ml−1 were obtained 1–3 h following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability of each of the oral preparations was 44%. While statistically significant differences in lag time and time to peak concentration were noted among the various oral preparations, the drug is rapidly absorbed in all three dosage forms and the observed differences are unlikely to be of clinical significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02456001
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime in young, healthy and elderly, acutely ill males (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 179-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: ceftazidime ; pharmacokinetics ; elderly patients ; young volunteers ; acute infection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime have been investigated after single and multiple i.v. doses in 9 young healthy male volunteers and 15 elderly male patients with acute bacterial infections. All subjects had normal, age-correlated glomerular function. Distribution and elimination in young volunteers were unaffected by posture and were similar to what has been reported earlier. In contrast, elderly patients had longer t1/2β (3.1 vs 1.9 h), larger AUC (414.0 vs 276.6 h·mg/l), lower total and renal clearances, reduced urinary recovery over 12 h and enlarged Vss. Total serum clearance of ceftazidime was closely correlated with the51Cr-EDTA clearance. There was no significant change in51Cr-EDTA clearance after seven days of treatment. A reduction in the dose of betalactam antibiotics eliminated by the kidney is advisable in elderly patients with an acute bacterial infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614556
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of reduced and oxidized N-acetylcysteine (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: N-acetylcysteine ; pharmacokinetics ; bioavailability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) have been determined after its intravenous and oral administration to 6 healthy volunteers. According to a randomized cross-over design each subject received NAC 200 mg i.v. and 400 mg p.o., and blood samples were collected for 30 h. Reduced NAC had a volume of distribution (VSS) of 0.59 l·kg−1 and a plasma clearance of 0.84 l·h−1·kg−1. The terminal half-life after intravenous administration was 1.95 h. The oral bioavailability was 4.0%. Based on total NAC concentration, its volume of distribution (VSS) was 0.47 l·kg−1 and its plasma clearance was 0.11 l·h−1·kg−1. The terminal half-life was 5.58 h after intravenous administration and 6.25 h after oral administration. Oral bioavailability of total NAC was 9.1%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061422
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A preliminary study of the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of a novel enkephalin analogue [Tyr-D.Arg-Gly-Phe(4NO2)·Pro·NH2 (BW443C)] in healthy volunteers (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 67-71 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: BW443C ; enkephalin ; opioid peptide ; healthy volunteers ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary We have studied 16 healthy men to evaluate preliminary pharmacodynamics and kinetics of BW443C given by i.v. infusions. Four volunteers received escalating doses at weekly intervals, starting at 0.1 µg·kg−1 for 60 min and increasing to a maximum of 2.0 µg·kg−1·min−1 for 180 min. Subsequently 12 different subjects received single i.v. infusions of 10 µg·kg−1·min−1 for 20 min. Subjective effects were reported and objective measurements made of central nervous and cardiovascular effects. Blood was sampled at intervals on all occasions, plasma concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay and pharmacokinetic profiles were analysed using NONLIN. Dry mouth and some nasal stuffiness were reported and postural hypotension occurred in 5/16 subjects at plasma concentrations 〉0.8 µg·ml−1. Supine blood pressure was well maintained in all subjects and hypotension resolved within 60–90 min of discontinuing the infusion. There was no evidence of sedation, mood change, nausea, vomiting, miosis, change in accomodation or respiratory depression. Rapid infusions produced transient feelings of warmth, heavy eyelids, heavy legs, and increased bowel sounds, which resolved despite increasing plasma concentrations. The disposition of the peptide was adequately described by a 2-compartment model with a mean ± SD plasma clearance of 123±18 ml·min−1 and a half-life of 2.0±0.4 h.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01061420
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine and 10-hydroxy-carbazepine in the newborn child of an oxcarbazepine-treated mother (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 311-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: oxcarbazepine ; newborns ; antiepileptic ; placental transfer ; 10-hydroxy-carbazepine ; pharmacokinetics ; breast milk transfer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Gaschromatography — mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine plasma levels of oxcarbazepine (OCB) and its main metabolite in a newborn girl and her OCB-treated mother during the first five post partum days. At delivery the maternal and neonatal plasma concentrations were in the same range, indicating considerable placental transfer of both substances. In spite of ingestion of both substances via breast milk, there was no accumulation in the baby. On the fifth post partum day OCB and 10-hydroxy-carbazepine (10-OH-CB) levels in plasma in the newborn were only 12 and 7%, respectively, of the values found on the first day after delivery.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00540963
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The pharmacokinetics of doxifluridine and 5-fluorouracil after single intravenous infusions of doxifluridine to patients with colorectal cancer (1988)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 34 (1988), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: doxifluridine ; colorectal carcinoma ; 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine ; 5-fluorouracil ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The disposition kinetics of a new 5-fluorouracil prodrug, 5′-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5′dFUR, doxifluridine), were investigated in six patients with colorectal carcinoma. Each patient randomly received two single intravenous doses of 5′dFUR (2 and 4 g · m−2) on separate days. Plasma concentrations of 5′dFUR fell rapidly with terminal half-lives ranging from 16.1 to 27.7 min. A disproportionate increase in the area under the curve with increasing dose was seen in most patients. Doubling the dose resulted in a 40% decrease in nonrenal clearance (0.60 to 0.37 l · min−1) but no apparent change in renal clearance (0.32 to 0.29 l · min−1) or steady-state apparent volume of distribution (19.8 to 20.4 l). The mechanism for dose-dependence of 5′dFUR appears to be primarily due to nonlinear elimination associated with nonrenal processes rather than nonlinear plasma protein or tissue binding.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046699
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