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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Estimating critical state soil mechanics parameters from constant cell volume triaxial tests (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Compaction, tillage, stresses around growing roots and other soil deformation events may be predicted by the critical state model of soil mechanics, but estimating the parameters is time consuming and expensive. We develop a back analysis of the constant cell volume triaxial test, in which the critical state parameters are derived from the results of a single test. This both saves much labour and provides more information than traditional analyses, which require several triaxial compression tests and an isotropic compression test to yield the same information. The method finds, using a minimization algorithm and a quasi-analytical solution to the stress–strain equations, the simulated soil deformation (and hence the properties used in that simulation) that best fits the test data. The minimization is a form of regression analysis.For normally consolidated samples the method provides stable estimates of the slope of the critical state line (M), the slope of the virgin compression line (λ) and elastic modulus (E). The standard errors of the estimates are small in relation to the means of these parameters. The estimates appear to be more reliable than those of more commonly used estimation procedures. The slope of the rebound line (κ) is estimated, but a measure of the accuracy of the estimate cannot be calculated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00142.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dissolved organic matter and its parent organic matter in grass upland soil horizons studied by analytical pyrolysis techniques (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of soil science 49 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2389
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: We have sought to understand the molecular mechanisms by which dissolved organic matter (DOM) forms and soil organic matter (SOM) degrades in upland peaty gley soil under grass. Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (Py-MS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) were applied to characterize the DOM collected from lysimeters and its parent SOM. The macromolecular organic matter in the litter and fermentation (Lf) horizon of the soil consists primarily of little decomposed lignocellulose from grass, whereas the humus (Oh) horizon is characterized by an accumulation of selectively decomposed lignocellulose material, microbial metabolites and bound fatty acids. The mineral horizon produced a relative enrichment of furan structures derived from microbial reworking of plant polysaccharides but virtually no lignin signals. A series of exceptional long chain C43 to C53 fatty acids with odd over even predominance, probably derived from mycobacteria, were also identified in the Oh horizon. Side-chain oxidation and shortening, increase of carboxyl functionality and selective removal of syringyl (S) 〉 guaiacyl (G) 〉 p-hydroxyphenyl (P) lignin units were the main reactions when lignin degraded. Compared with SOM, the DOM shows a large accumulation of more oxidized lignin and aromatic structures, especially those containing carboxylic and dicarboxylic acid functionalities and with shorter side-chain length. The polysaccharide-type compounds in the DOM were more modified (greater abundance of furan structures in pyrolysis products), and had significantly lower molecular weight and more diverse polymeric structures than did those in soils. Increased temperature and rainfall appeared to result in greater relative abundance of lignin degradation products and aromatic compounds in DOM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2389.1998.00141.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developing rational protocols for paediatric psychopharmacological prescribing (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The number of child psychiatrists, paediatricians and general practitioners prescribing psychotropic medication for children in the UK is increasing. Medication is being used not just to treat children of normal intelligence with hyperkinetic disorder or depression, but also to modify behavioural problems in children with developmental disorders and severe learning difficulties. Literature reviews highlight the lack of robust randomized controlled drug trials on which to base clinical practice and the authors have found no appropriate existing protocols to help develop a systematized approach.Against such a background the authors have developed a comprehensive set of protocols covering prescribing details for individual drugs, and also addressing issues such as informed consent, long-term monitoring and school liaison. All children referred to the authors’ clinics go through a standardized decision-making process. This article describes both the protocols themselves and the philosophies that guided their development. The authors describe how such a system benefits the children, their families, general practitioners and schools, whilst also facilitating audit and research.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00108.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00136.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A model for the assessment and management of children with multiple disabilities (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Children with multiple disabilities present complex management problems, both for their families and for the professionals involved in their care. For any one child, the list of functional and medical problems that need to be addressed is frequently reflected in an even longer list of involved professionals, leading to conflicting advice and problems in co-ordination of care. A hierarchical model for assessment and management is proposed, which highlights the interdependency of apparently different areas of functioning. The model aims to assist both parents and professionals in determining priorities, to improve interdisciplinary working, and to underpin staff training. Illustrative case studies indicate the importance of resolving issues in areas such as visual functioning, positioning and nutrition before integrated functions such as communication skills can be addressed successfully.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00085.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Perceived Illness Experience Scale (PIE): reliability and validity revisited (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This paper reports psychometric evaluation of the Perceived Illness Experience Scale (PIE). This includes eight sub-scales developed to determine the impact of a chronic illness from the patient’s perspective. The sample included 34 patients (mean age = 17 years) successfully treated by limb salvage procedures for a primary bone tumour. Patients also completed measures of well-being (the SF-36) and function. To determine the relationship between patient and proxy ratings, mothers also completed the PIE. Evidence of construct validity of the PIE was obtained from significant correlations between PIE and SF-36 scale scores. There were also significant correlations between function and three of the eight sub-scales of PIE. Good correlations between patients’ and mothers’ ratings suggests that mothers can be useful proxy raters where patients are unable to provide data themselves. These data suggest that evaluations of patients following limb salvage surgery should not be limited to function measures alone, but need to include assessment of the perceived impact of treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00116.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A prospective study on quality of life and traumatic events in early life — a 30-year follow-up (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim To investigate the connection between early life trauma and the quality of life some 30 years later in Denmark.Design Prospective, longitudinal study with questionnaire-based follow-up survey.Methods In ‘The Quality of Life Research Study of 10 000 Danes’, a newly designed questionnaire was mailed in February 1993 to 7222 persons from the Prospective Paediatric Cohort of persons born at the State University Hospital in Copenhagen (Rigshospitalet) between 1959 and 1961. Response rate was 64% (4626 people between the ages 31–33).Variables Mother’s attitude towards her pregnancy, child being placed in a children’s home, mother using antipsychotic drugs indicating acute, mental illness, child adopted in the first year of life and quality of life of the child 31–33 years later.Results Of the early life traumas studied, only relatively weak connections to the quality of life in later life were found.Conclusions These relatively weak findings suggest that the children that survive to adulthood are resilient to many adverse events in early life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00100.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guest editorial
Reframing special educational needs: shaping a shared agenda (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00133.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship between lifestyle, social characteristics and obesity in 3-year-old Japanese children (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Child 25 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2214
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Summary It has been observed that obese children receive genetic and environmental effects that are associated with them being overweight. With regard to the latter, lifestyles such as eating habits and physical activity have been focused on. In the present study, the social characteristics which would dominate their lifestyles were investigated as background variables. For this purpose, 9668 Japanese children aged three years who were all born in Toyama prefecture, Japan, in 1998, served as birth cohort subjects. For the comparison between obese (Kaup index; mass in kg/(height in m)2〈inlineGraphic alt="geqslant R: gt-or-equal, slanted" extraInfo="nonStandardEntity" href="urn:x-wiley:03051862:CCH127:ges" location="ges.gif"/〉18) and nonobese (Kaup index 18) children, irregular snack intake, physical inactivity and reduced sleeping hours were chosen as statistically significant obesity-related lifestyle indicators for the children. For social characteristics, family construction (expanded family with grandparents/nonexpanded family), main caregiver (mother/other), attending a nursery school (yes/no) and mother’s employment (full-time worker/other) were chosen. These were significantly associated with the obesity-related lifestyles mentioned above using multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for other variables of social characteristics as well as for gender and birth month (July–December/January–June). The two greatest population-attributable risk percentages were observed for mother as main caregiver (−36.5%) and attending a nursery school (−28.9%) for irregular snack intake. Therefore, these two social characteristics substantially reduced the number of children with irregular snack intake. On the other hand, the two social characteristics were reversed in children with reduced sleeping hours (population-attributable risk percentage of mother as main caregiver: 15.4%; attending a nursery school: 17%). In contrast with favourable effects on snack intake these social characteristics showed an adverse influence on the sleeping habits of children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2214.1999.00127.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book Reviews (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Forest pathology 29 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0329
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0329.1999.00170.x
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