Note: Risk Analysis of Water Pollution -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Water Resources: Quantity and Quality -- 1.1 Water Pollution and Risk Analysis -- 1.1.1 A Systemic View of Water Resources -- 1.1.1.1 Examples of Application -- 1.1.2 The New Paradigm of Water Quality -- 1.1.2.1 Human Well-being and Health -- 1.1.2.2 Ecological Impacts and Biodiversity -- 1.1.2.3 Fishing and Oyster Farming -- 1.1.2.4 Tourism -- 1.1.2.5 Algal and Chlorophyllic Photosynthesis -- 1.1.2.6 Zooplankton Growth -- 1.1.2.7 Bacteria -- 1.1.3 Integrated Water Resources Management -- 1.2 Water Pollution in Transboundary Regions -- 1.2.1 The UNECE Convention (Helsinki, 1992) -- 1.3 The EU Water Framework Directive -- 1.4 Uncertainties in Water Resources Management -- 1.5 Environmental Risk Assessment and Management -- 1.6 Aim and Organisation of the Book -- 1.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- 2 Risk Identification -- 2.1 Definition of Risk -- 2.2 Typology of Risks and the Precautionary Principle -- 2.2.1 Unacceptable versus Acceptable Risks -- 2.2.2 Controllable versus Uncontrollable Risks -- 2.2.3 Gradual versus Sudden Risks -- 2.2.4 The Precautionary Principle -- 2.3 Uncertainties in Water Pollution Problems -- 2.3.1 Aleatory Uncertainties or Randomness -- 2.3.2 Epistemic or Man-induced Uncertainties -- 2.4 Water Quality Specifications -- 2.4.1 Water Quality Standards -- 2.4.2 Effluent Standards -- 2.5 Probabilistic Risk and Reliability -- 2.6 Fuzzy Risk and Reliability -- 2.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- 3 Risk Quantification -- 3.1 Stochastic Approach -- 3.1.1 Direct Evaluation -- 3.1.1.1 Margin of Safety -- 3.1.1.2 The Safety Factor -- 3.1.2 Second-Moment Formulation -- 3.1.3 Frequency Analysis of Data -- 3.1.3.1 Probability Distribution of Extremes -- 3.1.3.2 Analysis of Frequency. , 3.1.4 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.4.1 Deterministic Modelling -- 3.1.4.2 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Fuzzy Set Theory -- 3.2.1 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.1.1 Fuzzy Regression as an Extension of Interval Analysis -- 3.2.1.2 Statistical Regression -- 3.2.1.3 Interval Regression -- 3.2.1.4 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.2 Fuzzy Modelling -- 3.3 Time Dependence and System Risk -- 3.3.1 Failure and Reliability Functions -- 3.3.2 Failure Rate and Hazard Function -- 3.3.3 Expected Life -- 3.3.4 System Risk and Reliability -- 3.3.4.1 Series Systems -- 3.3.4.2 Parallel Systems -- 3.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- 4 Risk Assessment of Environmental Water Quality -- 4.1 Risk in Coastal Water Pollution -- 4.1.1 Uncertainties in Coastal Water Quality Processes -- 4.1.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 4.1.2.1 Molecular Diffusion -- 4.1.2.2 Turbulent Diffusion -- 4.1.2.3 Turbulent Dispersion -- 4.1.2.4 Growth Kinetics -- 4.1.2.5 Coastal Circulation -- 4.1.3 Random Walk Simulation -- 4.1.4 Dispersion by Wind-generated Currents -- 4.2 Risk in River Water Quality -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation -- 4.2.2.1 Physically Based Mathematical Models -- 4.2.2.2 Numerical Simulation -- 4.2.3 Time Series of Water Quality Data -- 4.2.4 Risk Assessment -- 4.3 Risk in Groundwater Contamination -- 4.3.1 Importance of Groundwater Resources -- 4.3.1.1 Groundwater in the Hydrological Cycle -- 4.3.1.2 Steps in Groundwater Development -- 4.3.2 Properties and Field Investigation of Groundwater Systems -- 4.3.2.1 Water in Geological Formations -- 4.3.2.2 Space and Time Scales -- 4.3.3 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties -- 4.3.3.1 Scale Effects -- 4.3.3.2 Measurements and Field Investigations -- 4.3.4 Conceptual and Mathematical Models -- 4.3.4.1 Conceptual Models and Flow Equations -- 4.3.4.2 Analytical Solutions. , 4.3.5 Spatial Variability and Stochastic Modelling -- 4.3.5.1 Uncertainties in Aquifer Contamination Studies -- 4.3.5.2 Stochastic Description -- 4.3.6 Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution -- 4.3.6.1 Immiscible Fluids -- 4.3.6.2 Solute Transport and Random Walks -- 4.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- 5 Risk Management -- 5.1 Performance Indices and Figures of Merit -- 5.2 Objective Functions and Optimisation -- 5.2.1 Economic Optimisation under Certainty and under Risk -- 5.2.2 Optimisation Methods -- 5.2.2.1 Mathematical Programming -- 5.2.3 Discontinuous Decision Problems -- 5.3 Basic Decision Theory -- 5.3.1 Main Elements of Decision Making -- 5.3.1.1 Decision under Certainty -- 5.3.1.2 Decision under Risk -- 5.3.1.3 Decision under Uncertainty or Imprecision -- 5.3.1.4 Decision under Conflict -- 5.3.2 Decision Criteria -- 5.3.2.1 Decision Making under Uncertainty -- 5.3.2.2 Decision Making under Risk -- 5.3.3 Baye's Analysis and Value of Information -- 5.3.3.1 Perfect Information -- 5.3.3.2 Imperfect Information -- 5.4 Elements of the Utility Theory -- 5.5 Multi-objective Decision Analysis -- 5.5.1 Feasible, Non-dominated and Efficient Solutions -- 5.5.2 Solution Procedures and Typology of MCDA Techniques -- 5.6 Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- 6 Case Studies -- 6.1 Coastal Pollution: the Thermaikos Gulf (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.1.1 Description of the Thermaikos Gulf -- 6.1.2 Water Circulation Patterns -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Assessment -- 6.1.4 Risk of Pollution under Climate Change -- 6.1.4.1 Temperature and Climate Change -- 6.1.4.2 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 6.2 River Water Quality: the Axios River (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.2.1 Present Situation -- 6.2.1.1 Axios River -- 6.2.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 6.3 Groundwater Pollution: the Campaspe Aquifer (Victoria, Australia) -- 6.3.1 The Study Area -- 6.3.2 Risk of Salinisation. , 6.3.2.1 Groundwater Hydrodynamics -- 6.3.2.2 Random Walk Simulation -- Appendix A: The Probabilistic Approach -- A.1 Basic Probability -- A.2 The Multiplicative Law -- A.3 Statistical Independence -- A.4 Rare Events -- A.5 Theorem of Total Probability -- A.6 Bayes' Theorem -- A.7 Random Variables -- A.7.1 Discrete Random Variables -- A.7.2 Continuous Random Variables -- A.8 Expectation, Variance and Standard Deviation -- A.9 Derived Distributions -- A.10 Two-dimensional Distributions -- A.11 Functions of Random Vectors -- A.11.1 Sum of Random Variables -- A.11.2 Difference of Random Variables -- A.11.3 Product of Random Variables -- A.11.4 Ratio of Random Variables -- Appendix B: The Fuzzy Set Theory -- B.1 Basic Definitions -- B.2 Fuzzy Sets -- B.3 h-Level Sets, Normal and Convex Fuzzy Sets -- B.4 Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.1 L-R Representation of a Fuzzy Number -- B.4.2 Triangular and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.3 Support and h-Level of a Fuzzy Number -- B.5 Cartesian Product -- B.6 Extension Principle -- B.7 Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Numbers as Extension of Interval Analysis -- B.8 Arithmetic Operations on Intervals -- B.8.1 Addition and Subtraction of Intervals -- B.8.2 Multiplication and Division of Intervals -- B.8.3 Addition of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.4 Subtraction of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.5 Multiplication of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.6 Division of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.7 Minimum and Maximum of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.8 Mean and Width of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.9 Convolution of Fuzzy Numbers -- Appendix C: Hints for Answering Questions and Solutions to Problems -- C.1 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- C.2 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- C.3 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- C.4 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- C.5 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey, Volume-2 -- Contents -- Volume 2: Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, Part I -- List of Contributors -- 1 Definitions and Typical Examples -- 2 Historical Remarks -- 3 Chemical Sensor Technologies: Empirical Art and Systematic Research -- 4 Specific Molecular Interactions and Detection Principles -- 5 Specific Features of Electrochemical Sensors -- 6 Multicomponent Analysis in Chemical Sensing -- 7 Liquid Electrolyte Sensors: Potentiometry, Amperometry, and Conductometry -- 8 Solid State Electrochemical Sensors -- 9 Electronic Conductance and Capacitance-Sensors -- 10 Field Effect Chemical Sensors -- Device Principles -- Ion-Sensitive FETs -- Field Effect Gas Sensors -- 11 Calorimetric Chemical Sensors -- 12 Optochemical Sensors -- 13 Mass-Sensitive Devices -- Index -- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.

Note: Intro -- Anbau und Nutzung von Bäumen auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichis -- Teil 1: Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - Stand des Wissens -- 1.1 Einleitung -- 1.2 Definition und Entwicklung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Deutschland -- Literatur -- 2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- 2.1 Agrarrecht der Europäischen Union -- 2.2 Bundeswaldgesetz -- 2.3 Gleichstellungsgesetz -- 2.4 Grünland -- 2.5 Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz -- 2.6 Bundes-Umweltverträglichkeits-Prüfungsgesetz -- 2.7 Bundesnaturschutzgesetz -- 2.8 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 3 Auswirkungen von absehbarem Klimawandel auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 3.1 Absehbarer Klimawandel - was wird sich nach heutigem Kenntnisstand ändern? -- 3.1.1 Historischer Klimawandel -- 3.1.2 Aktueller Klimawandel -- 3.2 Potentiale von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen -- 3.2.1 Das Waldwachstumsmodell 4C -- 3.2.2 Modellanwendung: Simulationsstudie Ostdeutschland -- 3.2.3 Ergebnisse für Ostdeutschland -- 3.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 4 Standortsbasierte Leistungsschätzung in Agrarholzbeständen in Brandenburg und Sachsen -- 4.1 Herleitung von Pappeln- und Weiden-Ertragsfunktionen für Brandenburg -- 4.1.1 Schätzung der Wasserversorgung -- 4.1.2 Bonitierung der Agrarholzbestände über die Bestandeshöhe -- 4.1.3 Herleitung standortsbezogener Erträge mit der Boundary-Line-Methode -- 4.1.4 Schätzung der standortsbezogenen Massenleistungen -- 4.2 Aufstellung von Standort-Leistungsbeziehungen für Pappeln in Sachsen -- 4.3 Bewertung der Untersuchungsansätze und der Datengrundlage -- 4.4 Agrarholzvorzugsstandorte in Brandenburg -- 4.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 5 Leistungsvermögen und Leistungserfassung von Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.1 Ertragsleistungen von Kurzumtriebsplantagen. , 5.1.1 Pappel -- 5.1.2 Weide -- 5.1.3 Robinie -- 5.1.4 Zusammenfassende Bewertung -- 5.2 Ertragsermittlung in Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.2.1 Vollerntemethode -- 5.2.2 Teilerntemethode -- 5.2.3 Probebaumverfahren (Stockerntemethode) -- 5.2.4 Regressionsmethode -- 5.2.5 Vergleichende Bewertung der Verfahren -- 5.3 Ausblick -- 5.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 6 Begründung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen: Baumartenwahl und Anlageverfahren -- 6.1 Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.1 Anforderungen an Baumarten für Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 6.1.2 Standortsabhängige Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.3 Zielstellungsbedingte Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.4 Klon- und Sortenwahl -- 6.1.5 Pflanzmaterial -- 6.2 Planung und Anlage -- 6.2.1 Flächenauswahl unter Berücksichtigung der Ernteverfahren -- 6.2.2 Räumliche Ordnung und Pflanzverband -- 6.2.3 Flächenvorbereitung und Pflanzzeitpunkt -- 6.2.4 Pflanzverfahren und Technik -- 6.2.5 Manuelle Pflanzung -- 6.2.6 Maschinelle Pflanzung -- 6.3 Weitere Bewirtschaftungsaspekte -- 6.3.1 Wildmanagement und Zäunung -- 6.3.2 Mäuse -- 6.3.3 Begleitvegetation -- 6.3.4 Rückschnitt -- 6.3.5 Düngung -- 6.3.6 Landschaftspflegerische Begleitmaßnahmen -- 6.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 7 Bewirtschaftungsstrategien von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 7.1 Überblick über die Bewirtschaftungsstrategien -- 7.2 Nutzungsstrategien -- 7.2.1 Stoffliche Nutzung -- 7.2.2 Energetische Nutzung -- 7.2.3 Weitere Nutzungsoptionen -- 7.3 Anbaustrategien -- 7.3.1 Anbau auf Marginalstandorten -- 7.3.2 Schaffung großer Leitbeispiele („Leuchttürme") -- 7.3.3 Schnellwachsende Hölzer als Landschaftselemente -- 7.3.4 Anbau auf Grünlandflächen -- 7.4 Plantagenstruktur und Nachhaltigkeit -- 7.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 8 Abiotische und biotische Schadfaktoren in Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 8.1 Abiotische Schadfaktoren -- 8.1.1 Trockenheit -- 8.1.2 Frost -- 8.1.3 Wind -- 8.2 Biotische Schadfaktoren. , 8.2.1 Begleitvegetation -- 8.2.2 Pilze, Bakterien und Viren -- 8.2.3 Insekten -- 8.2.4 Säugetiere -- 8.3 Allgemeine Empfehlungen zum vorbeugenden Schadensmanagement sowie zu Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen -- 8.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 9 Technologien der Ernte und Rodung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 9.1 Erntetechnik -- 9.1.1 Verfahrensübersicht -- 9.1.2 Stammholzlinien -- 9.1.3 Bündellinien -- 9.1.4 Hackgutlinien -- 9.2 Rodetechnik -- 9.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 10 Logistische Bereitstellung von Agrarholz für regionale Nutzungen am Beispiel von Brandenburg -- 10.1 Rahmenbedingungen für die zukünftige Bereitstellung von Agrarholz in Brandenburg -- 10.2 Anforderungen möglicher Abnehmer an die Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3 Technische Elemente der Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3.1 Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsprozesse: Ernte und Bringung zum Feldrand -- 10.3.2 Lagerung und Trocknung -- 10.3.3 Umschlag und Transport -- 10.4 Bewertung abnehmerorientierter Bereitstellungsketten -- 10.4.1 Lagerung und Trocknung von Hackschnitzeln zur Belieferung mittelgroßer Strom- und Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.2 Ganzjährige Belieferung kleiner Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.3 Ganzjährige Belieferung von Abnehmern industrieller Größenordnung -- 10.5 Zusammenfassende Empfehlungen für den Aufbau von Bereitstellungsstrukturen -- 10.6 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 11 Regionale Wertschöpfungsketten im Rahmen der Nutzung von schnellwachsenden Baumarten im ländlichen Raum am Beispiel Südbrandenburgs -- 11.1 Hintergründe des verstärkten Anbaus schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2 Regionale Lösungsmöglichkeiten zum Anbau schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2.1 Der „Energiewald Lauchhammer" - eine Möglichkeit der großflächigen Etablierung von schnellwachsenden Bäumen. , 11.2.2 Die Erzeugergemeinschaft „Biomasse Schraden e.V." - eine Möglichkeit der regionalen Wertschöpfung mit schnellwachsenden Baumarten durch Interessenbündelung -- 11.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 12 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Einordnung der Holzerzeugung in die Anbaustruktur landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen -- 12.1 Arbeitsgänge bei der Bewirtschaftung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen - zur Variationsbreite der Kosten -- 12.1.1 Flächenvorbereitung, Pflanzung und Pflege -- 12.1.2 Ernte und Transport -- 12.1.3 Rückwandlung der Fläche -- 12.2 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 12.2.1 Methode -- 12.2.2 Wirtschaftlichkeitsermittlung anhand verschiedener Berechnungsansätze -- 12.3 Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit dem Marktfruchtanbau -- 12.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 13 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz: Verfahrensvergleich mit landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen im regionalen Kontext -- 13.1 Welches Ziel wird mit der ökonomischen Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz verfolgt? -- 13.2 Vorgehensweise bei der Bewertung -- 13.3 Zur Ökonomie der Produktionsverfahren -- 13.4 Abhängigkeit von Standortfaktoren -- 13.5 Szenarienanalyse auf Verfahrensebene -- 13.6 Verlauf der Barwerte bei Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.7 Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz im regionalen Kontext -- 13.8 Verfügbarkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.9 Abschließende Bewertung der Ökonomie von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.10 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 14 Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz - ein Widerspruch? -- 14.2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext nachhaltiger Entwicklung und landschaftsökologischer Potenziale -- 14.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext biologischer Vielfalt -- 14.4 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Landschaftsbild. , 14.5 Flächenauswahl für die Anlage von Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.6 Fazit -- 14.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 15 Monetäre Bewertung ökologischer Leistungen des Agrarholzanbaus -- 15.1 Monetäre Bewertung und ökologisch erweiterte Nutzen-Kosten-Analysen -- 15.2 Agrarholzanbau und dessen monetäre Bewertung -- 15.2.1 Holzerträge -- 15.2.2 Klimaschutz -- 15.2.3 Grundwasserhaushaltsregulierung -- 15.2.4 Biodiversität -- 15.2.5 Weitere ökosystemare Wirkungen -- 15.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 16 Wasserhaushalt von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.1 Erfassung der Komponenten des Wasserhaushalts -- 16.2 Untersuchungen zum Wasserhaushalt -- 16.3 Erste Messergebnisse einer Versuchsfläche in Sachsen -- 16.4 Wasserverbrauch von Pappel-KUP im Vergleich zu anderen Landnutzungsformen -- 16.5 Langfristige Veränderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.6 Schlussfolgerungen -- 16.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 17 Modellierung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts von Pappel-Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Brandenburg -- 17.1 Kenngrößen der Kohlenstoffspeicherung -- 17.1.1 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffflüsse -- 17.1.2 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Biomasse -- 17.1.3 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Streuschicht und im Boden -- 17.2 Modellierungsansatz -- 17.2.1 Das shortcar-Modell -- 17.2.2 Datenaufarbeitung und Modellparametrisierung -- 17.2.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion -- 17.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 18 Ökologische Bewertung des Zukunftsrohstoffs Agrarholz -- 18.1 Bewertungsfragestellungen -- 18.2 Ökobilanz, Untersuchungsrahmen und Datengrundlagen -- 18.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse -- 18.3.1 Vergleichende Betrachtung der Nutzungspfade -- 18.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 19 Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus bei Landwirten -- 19.1 Methodik -- 19.2 Ergebnisse. , 19.2.1 Einflussfaktoren auf die Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- In Remembrance of Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) -- Foreword -- General Aspects -- In Memoriam of Rudolf Virchow: A Historical Retrospective Including Aspects of Inflammation, Infection and Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Note of Comment on Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow -- Who Was Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow? -- Virchow and Tumor Pathology -- Virchow's Theories about the Impact of Infection and Inflammation on Oncogenesis -- Inflammation -- Syphilis and Tuberculosis -- Generalization and 'Infection ' -- The 'Krebsbacillus' -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Aneuploidy and Cancer: From Correlation to Causation -- Abstract -- Cancer Is Not Heritable -- Long Neoplastic Latencies -- Non-Mutagenic Carcinogens Cause Cancer -- Karyotype-Phenotype Variations at Rates that Are Orders Higher than Mutation -- Cancer-Specific Aneuploidies -- Cancers Have Complex Phenotypes -- Nonselective Phenotypes of Cancer Cells -- No Carcinogenic Genes in Cancer -- A New, Chromosomal Evolution Theory of Carcinogenesis -- Testing Specific Predictions of the Chromosomal Theory against Competing Claims by Genetic Theories of Cancer -- Carcinogens Function as Aneuploidogens -- Aneuploidy Is Inherently Variable and Thus Sufficient to Catalyze the Evolution of Cancer-Specific Chromosome Patterns -- Carcinogenesis Independent of Somatic Mutation -- Explanatory Value of the Chromosomal Theory of Cancer -- Cancer Is Not Heritable -- Long Neoplastic Latencies -- High Rates of Karyotype-Phenotype Variations and the Origin of Immortality -- Cancer-Specific Aneuploidies -- Complex Phenotypes -- Nonselective Phenotypes -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- The Achilles Heels of the Mutation-Cancer Theory -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Adult Stem Cell Theory of the Multi-Stage, Multi-Mechanism Theory of Carcinogenesis: Role of Inflammation on the Promotion of Initiated Stem Cells -- Abstract -- 'Initiation', 'Promotion' and 'Progression' Concept of Carcinogenesis -- What Is that 'Initiated' Cell? -- Initiation: Is It the Induction of 'Immortalization' of a Normal,'Mortal' Cell or the Inhibition of 'Mortalization' of a Normal 'Immortal' Adult Stem Cell? -- Characteristics of Adult Stem Cells: Clues to the Stem Cell Hypothesis of Carcinogenesis -- Are There Adult Stem Cell Markers? -- Role of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Normal Growth Control and Its Dysfunction in Carcinogenesis -- Cancer Stem Cells: Something New or a Newly Discovered Old Prediction -- Stem Cells, Oncogenic Viruses, and Cancer -- Inflammation,Tumor Promotion and Carcinogenesis -- Implications of the Stem Cell Theory for Cancer Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Cancer as a 'Treatable Chronic Disease' -- Conclusion -- References -- Specific Pathogens -- Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Epidemiology of Gastric Carcinoma -- Epidemiology of H. pylori Infection -- Gastric Carcinogenesis Cascade -- Molecular Events during Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Bacterial Factors -- cagA -- vacA -- babA2 -- Host Factors -- Prevention of Gastric Adenocarcinoma by H. pylori Eradication -- MALT Lymphoma -- References -- Schistosomiasis and Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Life Cycle of Schistosoma -- Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis -- Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis -- Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Histopathological Evidence -- Pathogenesis of Bladder Cancer in S. hematobium Chronic Inflammation -- Urinary Tract Infection -- Altered Carcinogen Metabolism -- Disturbed Carcinogen Activation in Schistosomiasis. , Disturbed Carcinogen Inactivation in Schistosomiasis -- Molecular Mechanisms -- Tumor Suppressor Genes -- The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene -- Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene -- Chromosome 9 -- Microsatellite Instability -- Oncogenes -- H-ras -- Bcl-2 Gene -- Schistosomiasis and Colorectal Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Liver Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Prostate Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Cancer of Other Sites -- References -- Relevant Oncogenic Viruses in Veterinary Medicine: Original Pathogens and Animal Models for Human Disease -- Abstract -- Viral Pathogens of Veterinary Importance -- Retroviruses -- Poultry -- Sheep -- Cat -- Cattle -- Fish -- Herpesviruses -- Papillomaviruses -- Mechanisms of Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis -- Cattle -- Horse -- Dog -- Tumor Viruses of Animals as Models of Human Oncogenesis -- Conceptual Work and Pioneering Studies in Oncology -- Tumor Induction by Viral and Cell-Derived Oncogenes and Additional Oncogenic Strategies of Retroviruses -- Importance of Cofactors in Virus-Induced Oncogenesis -- Abortive,Nonlytic Infections Can Promote Cancer Development -- Animal Models for Human Malignancies -- Zoonosis and Host-Species Exchange-Associated Oncogenesis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Infection, Inflammation and Neoplasia -- The Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Its Impact on Cancer Development -- Abstract -- Tumor Micro-Environment -- The Inflammatory Tumor Micro-Environment -- Acute versus Chronic Inflammation -- Clinical Association between Chronic Inflammation and Cancer -- Experimental Studies Linking Inflammation and Cancer -- Inflammatory Cell-Mediated Modulation of Neoplastic Progression -- Direct Effect on Neoplastic Cells -- Indirect Effect on Neoplastic Cells -- Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Co-Opting Macrophage Traits in Cancer Progression: A Consequence of Tumor Cell Fusion? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cell Fusion in Normal and Cancerous Tissues -- Putative BMT Tumor Cell Hybrids in Humans -- Gene Expression in Artificial Fusion Hybrids -- Beta1,6-Branched Oligosaccharides and Coarse Vesicles in Human BMT Tumor Hybrids -- Beta1,6-Branched Oligosaccharides and Coarse Vesicles Are Common in Human Cancers -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Carcinogenesis Driven by Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells -- Abstract -- Instruction of Stem Cell Trans-Differentiation -- What Happens if BMDC Trans-Differentiation Is Directed by a Faulty Blueprint -- What Happens if Tumor Tissue Is the Blueprint for BMDC Trans-Differentiation? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chemokine-Directed Metastasis -- Chemokine-Directed Metastasis -- Abstract -- Angiogenesis -- ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Promote Angiogenesis -- The Role of ELR-Positive CXC Chemokines in Tumorigenesis -- In General, Non-ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Are Inhibitors of Angiogenesis -- CXCR3 Appears to Be the Major Receptor for Non-ELR-Positive CXC Chemokine-Mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis -- Non-ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Attenuate Angiogenesis and Reduce Tumorigenesis -- Evidence that Chemokines Are Involved in Tumor Cell Invasion -- Evidence that Chemokines Regulate the Pattern of Organ-Specific Metastasis of Cancer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Involvement of Chemokine Receptors in Organ-Specific Metastasis -- Abstract -- Chemokines -- Chemokines and Metastasis -- Mechanism of Action of CXCR4 in Cancer -- CXCR4 in Breast Cancer -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Visualization of Tumor Cell Extravasation -- Abstract -- Tumor Cell Extravasation -- Tumor Cell-Endothelial Cell Interactions during Extravasation. , Acknowledgements -- References -- Options for Visualizing Metastatic Disease in the Living Body -- Abstract -- Applications of Whole-Body in vivo Imaging Techniques -- Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Nuclear Medicine Modalities (PET/SPECT) -- Optical Imaging -- Clinical Imaging of Metastases -- In vivo Imaging of Metastases in Animal Models -- Models of Metastasis Utilizing Implanted Tumor Cells -- Choice of Imaging Techniques for Visualization of Metastasizing Tumor Cells in Animal Models -- Future Outlook -- References -- Outlook and Perspectives -- Infection, Inflammation and Neoplasia: An Interdisciplinary Challenge -- Abstract -- Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Carcinogenesis -- Multifunctionality of Cytokines and Chemokines -- 'Wounds that Never Heal' and Carcinogenesis -- Chemokine-Mediated Cell Function Inhibition - Where, Which and How? -- Cancer and Inflammation: From Epidemiological Perspectives to Molecular Mechanisms -- Infection and Cancer -- Interdisciplinary Challenge -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Radioactivity and the biological effects of ionizing radiation -- 1.1. Units used -- 1.2. Natural radioactivity -- 1.3. Biological effects of ionizing radiation -- 1.4. Radiation protection principles -- 2. Nuclear safety organization -- 2.1. Nuclear security and safety -- 2.2. Nuclear safety organization and responsibility sharing -- 2.3. Safety analysis reports and regulations -- 2.4. Developments in safety goals -- 2.5. Safety Culture -- 3. Deterministic safety approach -- 3.1. Determination of specific risks -- 3.2. Potential risks, residual risks, acceptable risks -- 3.3. The barriers -- 3.4. The defense in depth concept -- 3.5. Quality Control -- 4. Analysis of operating conditions -- 4.1. Classification of operating conditions -- 4.2. Definition of design basis operating condition categories -- 4.3. Choice of operating conditions -- 4.4. Operating conditions: list and subdivisions -- 4.5. Operating condition analysis process -- 4.6. Consideration of internal or external hazards -- 5. Assessment of the radiological consequences of accidents -- 5.1. Quantities of radioactive products involved -- 5.2. Release rates -- 5.3. Transfer and deposit in reactor systems -- 5.4. Transfer and deposit in buildings -- 5.5. Leak rate to the outside atmosphere and filtering provisions -- 5.6. Environmental transport and deposit conditions -- 5.7 Pathways to man -- 5.8. Dose conversion factors -- 5.9. Changes in radiological consequence calculation methods -- 6. An example of accident analysis: LOCA -- 6.1. Physical effects of a large break -- 6.2. Assumptions adopted in safety analysis -- 6.3. Acceptability criteria and results -- 6.4. Evaluation of radiological consequences -- 6.5. Safety demonstration evolution -- 7. Assessment of safety justifications -- 7.1. Data drawn from operating condition studies. , 7.2. Checking the number of lines of defense -- 7.3. New safety demonstration requirements for the N4 series -- 8. A particular barrier point: the steam generator tubes -- 8.1. Steam generator tube rupture without human intervention -- 8.2. Complementary French studies -- 8.3. Dealing with the problem for the N4 series -- 9. Internal hazards -- 9.1. Missiles from inside the containment -- 9.2. The results of piping breaks -- 9.3. Turbogenerator bursting -- 9.4. Protection against load dropping -- 9.5. Fire protection -- 9.6. Internal flooding -- 10. External hazards -- 10.1. Determination of earthquake hazards -- 10.2. Protection against aircraft crashes -- 10.3. Industrial hazards -- 10.4. Floods -- 10.5. Protection against other external hazards -- 11. Complementary operating conditions -- 11.1. Origins -- 11.2. The position of the safety authorities -- 11.3. Complementary operating conditions -- 12. Probabilistic assessment of an accident sequence -- 12.1. Effects of failures and initial assumptions -- 12.2. Chronological list of the elements forming the scenario -- 12.3. Required data -- 12.4. Assessment results -- 12.5. Revision of scenarios and their probabilities -- 13. The accident at Three Mile Island -- 13.1. The accident -- 13.2. Causes of the accident -- 13.3. Lessons learned from the accident -- 14. The state-oriented approach -- 14.1. Limits of the event-related approach -- 14.2. Development of the state-oriented approach -- 14.3. First application of the state-oriented approach -- 14.4 Generalization of the state-oriented approach -- 14.5. Safety panels -- 15. Preparation for the management of severe accidents -- 15.1. Core and vessel degradation -- 15.2. The Rasmussen report -- 15.3. "Source terms -- 15.4. Severe accident management studies in France -- 15.5. Radiological consequences of source term S3 and intervention provisions. , 15.6. List of ultimate emergency procedures -- 15.7. Summary of procedures -- 15.8. Internal Emergency Plan -- 15.9. The fourth level of defense in depth -- 16. Special risks associated with criticality accidents -- 16.1. Theoretical scenario -- 16.2. A plausible scenario and corrective measures -- 16.3. Identification of other dilution scenarios -- 16.4. Other criticality accident hazards -- 16.5. International information -- 17. Emergency preparedness and IPSN resources -- 17.1. Emergency preparedness -- 17.2. Role of the IPSN crisis team -- 17.3. Method and tools of the assessment cell -- 17.4. Methods and tools of the radiological consequences cell -- 17.5. Conclusion on the method and tools -- 17.6. External Emergency Plan -- 17.7. Environmental transfer and deposit conditions -- 18. Severe accident research and development work -- 18.1. Thermal hydraulic codes -- 18.2. Fission product codes -- 18.3. Fission product experiments -- 18.4. Corium and containment building behavior studies -- 18.5. Other on-going surveys -- 19. Probabilistic safety assessment -- 19.1. Initiation of the studies -- 19.2. Aims and organization of the studies -- 19.3. Core meltdown probability assessment method -- 19.4. Specificities of French studies -- 19.5. Results of the 900 PSA survey -- 19.6. Results of the 1300 PSA -- 19.7. Comparison with studies undertaken abroad -- 20. Applications and development of probabilistic studies -- 20.1. Use of probabilistic safety studies -- 20.2. Development of these studies and tools -- 20.3. Probabilistic assessment of radioactive release -- 20.4. Conclusions on the probabilistic safety studies -- 21. The Chernobyl accident -- 21.1. The Chernobyl plant and the RBMK reactors -- 21.2. The accident -- 21.3. The release and its consequences -- 21.4. Causes of the accident and lessons learned. , 21.5. Future of the other Chernobyl units -- 21.6. Lessons drawn in France -- 21.7. Information of the general public and communication -- 21.8. After Chernobyl -- 22. General operating rules -- 22.1. General operating rules -- 22.2. Technical Operating Specifications -- 22.3. Initial and periodic tests -- 22.4. Emergency operating procedures -- 23. Incident analysis -- 23.1. Incident selection -- 23.2. Significant incident analysis methods -- 23.3. Case of a repetitive incident -- 24. Detailed analysis of incidents involving human factors -- 24.1. Pressurizer heater damage at Flamanville 2 -- 24.2. Isolation of pressurizer level sensors at Cruas 2 -- 24.3. Isolation of pressurizer level sensors at Gravelines 4 -- 24.4. Analysis and lessons -- 24.5. Check on sensor operability -- 24.6. General considerations on maintenance activity quality -- 24.7. Defense in depth applied to operation -- 25. Preventive maintenance and in-service surveillance -- 25.1. In-service surveillance for large components -- 25.2. Preventive maintenance of equipment -- 25.3. Steam generators -- 25.4. Steam line defects -- 25.5. Closure head adapter cracking -- 26. Some French precursors -- 26.1. Incidents -- 26.2. Latent nonconformances revealed by inspections -- 27. Periodic safety review -- 27.1. Safety review methodology -- 27.2. Fessenheim and Bugey plant safety reviews -- 27.3. Safety review of the CP1 and CP2 standardized 900 MWe plant series -- 28. The international dimension -- 28.1. The IAEA standards and guides program -- 28.2. The Incident Reporting System -- 28.3. French-German comparisons -- 28.4. Services proposed by the IAEA -- 28.5. Plants of soviet design -- 29. The next generation of reactors -- 29.1. Setting up of French-German safety options -- 29.2. Changes in safety objectives -- 29.3. Application of the defense in depth concept. , 29.4. Preliminary characteristics of the EPR project -- 29.5. Illustration of defense in depth provisions -- 30. Safety considerations on other nuclear installations -- 30.1. Safety organization changes at the CEA -- 30.2. General safety approach -- 30.3. Safety objectives, notion of acceptability -- 30.4. Risk potentials -- 30.5. Design bases -- 30.6. Safety analysis of an installation -- 30.7. Operating safety -- 30.8. Plant end of life -- 30.9. Conclusion of this chapter -- Conclusion -- Appendix A - Basic safety rules -- A.1 Rules concerning pressurized water reactors (June 1995) -- A.2 Rules concerning basic nuclear installations other than reactors (June 1995) -- Appendix B - Regulatory texts related to quality -- B.1. Order of August, 10, 1984 -- B.2. Circular of August, 10, 1984 -- Appendix C - French nuclear power plants -- C.1. Graphite-moderated, gas-cooled reactors (GCR) -- C.2. Heavy water reactor (HWR) -- C.3. fast breeder reactors (FBR) -- C.4. Pressurized water reactor (PWR) -- Appendix D - Basic Nuclear Installations -- D.1. Experimental reactors in service -- D.2. Fuel cycle basic nuclear installations -- D.3. Other CEA basic nuclear installations -- D.4. Other nuclear installations -- D.5. Particle accelerators considered as basic nuclear installations.

Note: Title page -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Contents -- Societal Issues and Deployment of Integrated Biological Sensors -- Portable Nanobiosensor Platforms for Ultrasensitive Multidetection of Biological Warfare Agents in Real Time -- Development and Testing of the Portable Electrochemical Immunosensor System for Detection of Bioagents -- Disposable Screen Printed Electrochemical Sensors and Evaluation of Their Application as Alarm Systems Against Terrorism -- New Generation Biosensors Based on Direct Bioelectrocatalysis and Multi-Microchannel Technology -- Electro-Optical Analysis as a Tool for Determination of Microbial Cells with the Help of Specific Bacteriophages -- Fast Measurement of Cells Status by Electro-Optical Technique -- Detection of Cells and Viruses with Mass Sensitive Devices - Applications of Synthetic Antibodies -- Cell Monitoring Systems with CMOS Micro-Sensor-Chips -- Cell-Based Analyzing System for Continuous Determination of Cell Physiology -- Biosensor Detection of Microorganisms Based on Registration of Their Metabolic Activity and Immunoassay -- Molecular Identification Through Membrane-Engineering (MIME): State-of-the-Art Biosensor Technology for Instant, Ultra-Specific and Ultra-Sensitive Detection of Infectious Disease Agents at Global Scale -- Laser-Based Point Detector for On-Line Identification of Biological Warfare Materials -- Pre-Symptomatic Prediction of Illness in Mice Inoculated with Cowpox -- PQQ-Dehydrogenases as a Favorable Components for Biosensor Design -- Biosensor Detection of Organophosphorous Gases -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Silicon Carbide: Volume 1: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Volume 1 Silicon Carbide: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Part A Growth of SiC -- 1 Bulk growth of SiC - review on advances of SiC vapor growth for improved doping and systematic study on dislocation evolution -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Experiments -- 1.3 Results and discussions -- 1.4 Spatial distribution of dislocations in SiC -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Bulk and epitaxial growth of micropipe-free silicon carbide on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Search for stable rhombohedral facets in 6H- and 4H-SiC -- 2.3 PVT growth of bulk 6H- and 4H-SiC on rhombohedral (011n) facets -- 2.4 Homoepitaxial Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth and development of a fast growth technique -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental -- 3.3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth -- 3.4 Fast epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Fabrication of high performance 3C-SiC vertical MOSFETs by reducing planar defects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reduction of planar defects in 3C-SiC -- 4.3 Performance of vertical MOSFETs -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part B Characterization of Defects and Material Properties -- 5 Identification of intrinsic defects in SiC: Towards an understanding of defect aggregates by combining theoretical and experimental approaches -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Assessing the identity of defects in SiC -- 5.3 Vacancy-related defects -- 5.4 Vacancy aggregation and its consequences -- 5.5 Carbon interstitial-related defects and high-frequency vibrations -- 5.6 The carbon aggregation and its implications. , 5.7 Summary and outlook -- References -- 6 EPR identification of intrinsic defects in SiC -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Isolated vacancy -- 6.3 Pulsed ELDOR of TV2a: Observation of missing central line -- 6.4 Divacancy -- 6.5 Antisites and antisite-vacancy pairs -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrical and topographical characterization of aluminum implanted layers in 4H silicon carbide -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental -- 7.3 Electrical characterization -- 7.4 Topographical characterization -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Optical properties of as-grown and process-induced stacking faults in 4H-SiC -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural aspects -- 8.3 Imaging techniques -- 8.4 Optical SFs signature -- 8.5 More realistic type-II QW model -- 8.6 Transfer matrix method -- 8.7 Focussing on a single QW -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Characterization of defects in silicon carbide by Raman spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Experimental setup -- 9.3 Polytype conversion in 3C-SiC grown by chemical vapor deposition -- 9.4 Electronic Raman studies of shallow donors in silicon carbide -- 9.5 Graphene layers on SiC-surfaces -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 Lifetime-killing defects in 4H-SiC epilayers and lifetime control by low-energy electron irradiation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experimental -- 10.3 Results and discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Identification and carrier dynamics of the dominant lifetime limiting defect in n- 4H-SiC epitaxial layers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Defects in 4H-SiC epilayers -- 11.3 Identification of the lifetime killer -- 11.4 Carrier dynamics at the Z1/2 defect -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- 12 Optical beam induced current measurements: principles and applications to SiC device characterization -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theory and principle of OBIC: calculation of the current. , 12.3 Description of the experimental set-up -- 12.4 Study of device termination technique -- 12.5 Determination of carrier lifetime -- 12.6 Determination of ionization coefficients -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Measurements of impact ionization coefficients of electrons and holes in 4H-SiC and their application to device simulation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Experiments -- 13.3 Modeling of anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- 13.4 Application to device simulation of power devices -- 13.5 Summary and conclusions -- Appendix A: Interpolation formula for anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- Appendix B: Scaling properties in the design of power devices -- References -- 14 Analysis of interface trap parameters from double-peak conductance spectra taken on N-implanted 3C-SiC MOS capacitors -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Experimental -- 14.3 Experimental results -- 14.4 Model -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- 15 Non-basal plane SiC surfaces: Anisotropic structures and low-dimensional electron systems -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Crystal structure and bulk truncated surface termination -- 15.3 Experimental procedures -- 15.4 Hydrogen etching -- 15.5 a-plane and m-plane surfaces -- 15.6 Surface phases on SiC (1 102) -- 15.7 The SiC(1102) surface -- 15.8 Summary -- References -- Part C Novel Applications -- 16 Comparative columnar porous etching studies on n-type 6H SiC crystalline faces -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Experimental -- 16.3 Results and discussion -- 16.4 Summary -- References -- 17 Micro- and nanomechanical structures for silicon carbide MEMS and NEMS -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Single crystalline SiC -- 17.3 Polycrystalline SiC -- 17.4 Amorphous SiC -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Epitaxial graphene: a new material -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Experimental aspects. , 18.3 Comparison of graphene and FLG on SiC(0001) and SiC (000 1) -- 18.4 Band structure of FLG near the K-point -- 18.5 Summary and outlook -- References -- 19 Density functional study of graphene overlayers on SiC -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Method -- 19.3 Structural properties -- 19.4 Electronic structure -- 19.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Role of Evidence in Risk Characterization -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- References -- I From Scientific Analysis to Risk Policy -- 2 Risk Assessment and Risk Communication for Electromagnetic Fields: A World Health Organization Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptual Framework for Risk Assessment -- 2.3 EHC on EMFs -- 2.3.1 ELF Fields -- 2.3.2 Static Fields -- 2.4 Comparison Between the WHO ELF-EHC and the California Report -- 2.5 Communicating about Risks of EMFs -- 2.6 Discussion -- Appendix 1 -- References -- 3 Characterizing Evidence and Policy Making -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Science-based Evidence -- 3.2.1 From Basic Research to Recommendations -- 3.2.2 Officially Appointed Expert Committees and Self-appointed Experts -- 3.2.3 Communication of Recommendations -- 3.3 Society-based Evidence -- 3.4 Policy Making -- 3.4.1 Role of Policy Drafters in Policy Making -- 3.4.2 Role of Politicians in Policy Making -- 3.4.3 Policy Making and the Media -- 3.4.4 Policies -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Evidence Characterization in Different Research Areas -- 4 Basic Principles and Evidence Characterization of the Data from Genetox Investigations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cell Cycle -- 4.3 Test Systems -- 4.3.1 COMET Assay to Evaluate Primary DNA Damage -- 4.3.2 Chromosomal Aberrations -- 4.3.3 Micronuclei -- 4.3.4 Sister Chromatid Exchanges -- 4.3.5 Other Assay Systems and Endpoints -- 4.4 Methodological Aspects -- 4.4.1 In Vitro Studies -- 4.4.1.1 CAs in HPLs -- 4.4.1.2 CAs in Fibroblasts -- 4.4.1.3 MN -- 4.4.1.4 SCEs -- 4.4.1.5 Metabolic Activation -- 4.4.2 In Vivo Studies -- 4.4.2.1 Mammals -- 4.4.2.2 Humans -- 4.5 GLP -- 4.6 Evidence Characterization and Interpretation of Genetox Results -- 4.6.1 Interpretation of Data from One Endpoint. , 4.6.2 Interpretation of Data from Four Endpoints -- 4.6.3 Interpretation of Data from Three Endpoints -- 4.6.4 Interpretation of Data from Two Endpoints -- 4.7 Genetox Studies with Electromagnetic Fields -- References -- 5 Animal Studies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Exposure Systems -- 5.3 Sham Exposure and Cage Controls -- 5.4 Replication Studies -- 5.5 Interpretation of Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Epidemiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Types and Risk Estimation -- 6.3 Making Sense of Conflicting Results -- 6.3.1 Temporal Relation Consistent with Cause and Effect -- 6.3.2 Strength of the Association -- 6.3.3 Dose-Response Relationship -- 6.3.4 Consistency Within and Across Studies -- 6.3.5 Specificity -- 6.3.6 Absence of Bias and Confounding -- 6.3.7 Biological Plausibility -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Principles and Practice of Evidence Characterization in Environmental Clinical Case Studies -- 7.1 Clinical Environmental Medicine -- 7.2 Assessment of Health Complaints -- 7.2.1 Environmental Attribution -- 7.2.2 Case History -- 7.3 Exposure Assessment and Evaluation -- 7.3.1 Biomonitoring -- 7.3.2 Effect and Susceptibility Monitoring -- 7.3.3 On-site Inspection -- 7.3.4 Ambient Monitoring -- 7.4 Interdisciplinary Clinical Diagnostics -- 7.4.1 Evaluation of Clinical Cases -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- III Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Procedures for Characterizing Evidence -- 8 Characterizing Evidence with Evidence-based Medicine -- 8.1 What is Evidence-based Medicine? -- 8.2 EbM Process -- 8.3 Five Steps of EbM -- 8.3.1 Asking Answerable Questions -- 8.3.2 Finding the Best Available Evidence -- 8.3.3 Critical Appraisal -- 8.3.4 Acting on the Evidence -- 8.3.5 Evaluate your Performance -- 8.4 Comparing the EbM to Other Approaches of Characterizing Evidence -- References. , 9 The IARC Monographs' Approach to Characterizing Evidence -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pertinent Data for Carcinogen Identification -- 9.3 International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluations -- 9.3.1 Evaluating Epidemiologic Studies -- 9.3.2 Evaluating Bioassays in Experimental Animals -- 9.3.3 Evaluating Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data -- 9.3.4 Overall Evaluation -- 9.4 Hazard versus Risk -- 9.5 Ensuring Impartial Evaluations -- 9.6 Characterizing Evidence in the Future -- References -- 10 The Swiss Health Risk Approach -- 10.1 Background -- 10.2 Aims -- 10.3 Approach -- 10.3.1 Evidence Rating -- 10.3.2 Relevance to Health -- 10.3.3 Exposure Levels -- 10.3.4 Summary Scheme -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 Gradual Rating of the Evidence -- 10.4.2 Source-specific Evaluation -- 10.4.3 Lack of Data -- 10.4.4 Publication Bias -- 10.4.5 Rating of the Study Quality -- 10.4.6 Meta-analyses -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Procedures for Characterizing Evidence: German Commission on Radiation Protection (Strahlenschutzkommission) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Assessment of Scientific Evidence -- 11.3 Relevance to Human Health -- 11.4 Weight of Evidence -- 11.5 Multidisciplinary Assessment -- 11.6 Regulations -- 11.7 Precautions -- 11.8 Electromagnetic Interference -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Lessons from the California Electromagnetic Field Risk Assessment of 2002 -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Policy Questions and Questions about Causal Claims and Arguments -- 12.3 Bradford Hill's and Koch's Questions -- 12.4 The Asymmetry of Some "Rule In" Tests -- 12.5 Toulmin's Argument Anatomy and Bayes' Theorem as a Universal Warrant -- 12.6 Special Importance of Coherence -- 12.7 Plausibility, Experimentation and Analogy -- 12.8 Causal Arguments Can Become More Transparent but Will Always Involve Judgment -- References. , 13 Evidence Maps - A Tool for Summarizing and Communicating Evidence in Risk Assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Evidence Maps Approach -- 13.2.1 Background -- 13.2.2 Structure of Evidence Maps -- 13.2.3 Constructing an Evidence Map: Cancer Epidemiology -- 13.3 Insights from the Process of Building Evidence Maps -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- IV Psychological and Ethical Aspects in Dealing with Conflicting Data and Uncertainty -- 14 Perception of Uncertainty and Communication about unclear Risks -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Uncertainty in Risk Assessment -- 14.3 Uncertainty Communication and Lay Persons' Perception of Uncertainty Information -- 14.3.1 Intuitive Toxicology: How do Nonexperts Understand the Risk Assessment Framework? -- 14.3.2 How do People Understand Information about Relative Risks -- 14.3.3 Information about Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: How do Nonexperts Cope With It? -- 14.3.4 Uncertainty Descriptions: How do People Understand Qualitative, Quantitative and Visual Expression? -- 14.3.5 Contextual Effects -- 14.4 Lay Peoples' Perception of Precautionary Measures -- 14.5 Outlook and Conclusions -- References -- 15 Ethical Guidance for Dealing with Unclear Risk -- 15.1 Ethical Guidance in Cases of Unclear Risk - The Challenge -- 15.2 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.2.1 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in General -- 15.2.2 Unclear Risk: Nonstandard Situations with Respect to Risk -- 15.2.3 Moral Conflicts in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.3 Ethical Approaches to (Unclear) Risk -- 15.3.1 Consequentialist Approach -- 15.3.2 Principle of Pragmatic Consistency -- 15.3.3 "Imperative of Responsibility" (Jonas) -- 15.3.4 Projected Time -- 15.3.5 Deontological Advice -- 15.3.6 Interim Conclusions (1) -- 15.4 Operative Approaches -- 15.4.1 Precautionary Principle. , 15.4.2 Principle of Prudent Avoidance -- 15.4.3 Interim Conclusions (2) -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- V Practical Implications -- 16 Lessons Learned: Recommendations for Communicating Conflicting Evidence for Risk Characterization -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Guiding Principles in Risk Communication -- 16.2.1 Prudence -- 16.2.1.1 Assess the Underlying Problem -- 16.2.1.2 Both Content and Process do Matter -- 16.2.2 Transparency -- 16.2.2.1 Make Your Expertise Transparent -- 16.2.2.2 Describe the Context of Your Work and the Process of Arriving at the Conclusion -- 16.2.2.3 Reveal your Evaluation Framework -- 16.2.2.4 Describe the Rules that You Use for Evaluating the Weight of Evidence -- 16.2.3 Impartiality -- 16.2.3.1 Give the Pros and Cons of Your Assessment -- 16.2.3.2 Depict the Remaining Uncertainties but Do Not Forget to Point Out the Evidence Already Available -- 16.2.4 Reasonableness -- 16.2.4.1 Explain the Process of Evaluating Evidence -- 16.2.4.2 Explain the Relevance of the Endpoints for Evaluating Human Health Risks -- 16.2.4.3 Put the Available Evidence in Perspective -- 16.2.4.4 Support Accessibility of Critical Information -- 16.2.4.5 Assess the Potential Risk -- 16.2.4.6 Put the Potential Risk in Perspective -- 16.2.5 Clarity -- 16.2.5.1 Give No More Information than Necessary -- 16.2.5.2 Be Aware of Your Language -- 16.2.5.3 Test the Perceptions of your Communication Formats -- 16.2.6 Responsibility -- 16.2.6.1 How Much Evidence is Evidence Enough for Taking Action? -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Perspektiven nachwachsender Rohstoffe in der Chemie -- Inhalt -- Vorwort -- Inhalt -- Einführung -- Begrüßung -- Politische Rahmenbedingungen zur Förderung nachwachsender Rohstoffe -- Nachwachsende Rohstoffe - Perspektiven für die Chemie -- Chemieprodukte aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen - Antworten auf die Herausforderungen der Zukunft -- Hauptbeiträge -- Utilization of Biotechnology in Plant Breeding for North America: A Status Report -- Die Zukunft der transgenen Pflanzen für europäische Entwicklungen -- Ökobilanzierung nachwachsender Rohstoffe am Beispiel von Tensiden -- Nachwachsende Rohstoffe in der Kosmetik -- Tenside aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen für Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel -- Vergleichende Untersuchung von Zuckerestern, N-Methylglucamiden und Glycosiden am Beispiel von Reinigungsprodukten -- Polymere für Waschmittel auf Basis gepfropfter Stärke -- Enzymes in Detergents -- Anwendungstechnische Aspekte der Verwendung natürlicher Öle und ihrer Derivate in der Polymer-Synthese und -Verarbeitung -- Technical Reactions for Production of Oleochemical Monomers -- Polymerbausteine aus Pflanzenölen durch katalytische Reaktionen -- Research of new outlets for glycerol - Recent developments in France -- Flockungsmittel und Retentionsmittel für die Papierindustrie als Wasser-in-Öl-Emulsionen auf Basis Rapsöl - Eliminierung des Mineralöleintrags ins Abwasser -- Biopolymers for Technical Applications: The Versatility of Proteins -- Biologisch abbaubare thermoplastische Polymere aus Cellulose -- Dextrine und Saccharidamphiphile für die Emulsionspolymerisation -- New Starch and Inulin Derived Products with Potential Applications -- Kurzbeiträge -- Sektion 1: Rohstoffe und Umfeld -- Was können Pflanzen eigentlich alles? Vorkommen und Strukturen ungewöhnlicher Fettsäuren in Samenfetten -- Alternativen der einheimischen Erzeugung von Zuckerstoffen. , Evaluierung potentieller Ölpflanzenarten zur einheimischen Erzeugung hochwertiger Ausgangsstoffe für die chemische Industrie -- Ökobilanz von Fettalkoholsulfat Petrochemische versus oleochemische Rohstoffe -- Molekulargenetische Methoden - Werkzeuge für die Züchtung von Ölpflanzen als Quelle nachwachsender oleochemischer Rohstoffe -- Sektion 2: Oleochemie -- Einsatz von biologisch schnell abbaubaren Schmier- und Verfahrensstoffen in kommunalen Anwendungsbereichen -- Einsatz von Membranverfahren bei der Verarbeitung von Fetten und Ölen - ein Beitrag zu umweltverträglichen Produktionsverfahren -- Biokatalytische Konversion heimischer Pflanzenöle zu Biotensiden -- Neuartige funktionalisierte und verzweigte Fettstoffe -- Neue Oleochemikalien aus ungesättigten Fettsäuren durch CC-Verknüpfungsreaktionen -- Molekulare Verkapselung von Peroxy-Fettsäuren mit Stärke -- Sektion 3: Kohlenhydratchemie -- Neue Antioxidantien aus nachwachsenden Rohstoffen für nachwachsende Rohstoffe -- Von Ketosen abgeleitete Zwischenprodukte mit industriellem Anwendungspotential -- Einschluß von Aromaten in ß-Cyclodextrin und ß-Cyclodextrinsulfonaten -- Tenside durch direkte anomere O-Alkylierung von ungeschützten Zuckern -- Flash-Pyrolyse Ein umweltgerechtes Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chemierohstoffen und flüssigen Brennstoffen aus Altholz und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen -- Eigenschaftsprofile von Tensiden aus physikalisch- chemischen Parametern am Beispiel der Alkylpolyglucoside -- Über Molecular Modelling zu neuen Saccharose-Derivaten mit modifizierten Anwendungsprofilen -- Glucose: Ein idealer Rohstoff für monophile Flüssigkristalle -- Sektion 4: Polymere und Materialien -- Herstellverfahren und Eigenschaften von Fettpolymeren -- Neue Saccharid-Polymere durch radikalische Polymerisation ungesättigter Monosaccharide. , Hemicellulosen: Ein nicht genutztes Polymerpotential der Natur -- Stickstoffhaltige Depotdüngemittel aus technischen Ligninen -- Silylierung von Cellulose Eine realistische Alternative als Zugang zu Cellulosederivaten? -- Chitin und Chitosan: nachwachsende Rohstoffe aus dem Meer -- Molekulare Charakterisierung von Polysacchariden und Derivaten -- Linoleum Traditionelle und moderne Problemlösung für den Fußboden auf Basis nachwachsender Rohstoffe -- Anhang -- Podiumsdiskussion -- Sachregister.

Note: Intro -- Electrostatic Discharge -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1. The Electrostatic Discharge Phenomenon -- 1.1. Physics Involved -- 1.2. Influencing Parameters -- 1.3. Various Types of Electrostatic Charging with Humans and Objects -- 1.4. Statistics of Voltages and Currents Reached During ESD -- 1.4.1. Personnel ESD Statistics -- 1.4.2. Furniture and Objects ESD Statistics -- 1.5. Waveforms of Electrostatic Discharges -- 1.5.1. Personal ESD Waveforms -- 1.5.2. Furniture ESD Waveforms -- 1.5.3. Summary: Comparison of Dynamic Parameters for Personnel and Furniture ESD -- 1.5.4. Actual versus Idealized ESD Waveforms -- References -- 2. Effects of ESD on Electronics -- 2.1. Direct Discharge to an Electronic Component -- 2.2. Direct Discharge to Electronic Equipment Enclosure -- 2.3. Indirect Discharge -- 2.4. Coupling Mechanisms of ESD Pulse into the Victim's Circuitry -- 2.4.1. Magnetic Field Coupling -- 2.4.2. Electric Field Coupling from Indirect ESD on Floating Parts -- 2.4.3. Measured E- and H-Field Values near an ESD to a Grounded Structure -- 2.4.4. Effect of Wave Impedance on Voltages Induced in Nearby PCBs and Small Circuits -- 2.4.5. Effect of a Typical Metallic Cabinet on ESD-Radiated Effects -- 2.4.6. Common Impedance Coupling with an ESD -- 2.5. Response of Victim Circuits and Type of Errors -- 2.5.1. Influence of Circuit Impedances -- 2.5.2. Specific Disturbance Created by the Hand/Metal Initial Spike -- 2.5.3. Errors/Malfunctions Induced in Analog Devices -- 2.6. Prediction of Actual ESD-Induced Error, Fast Approximation Method -- 2.7. Remarks on the Actual Current Paths and Associated Radiation -- 2.8. Personnel or Furniture ESD: Which One is Worse? -- References -- 3. Principal ESD Specifications -- 3.1. ESD Test Specifications for Device Sensitivity. , 3.1.1. MIL-Std 883 -- 3.1.2. EIA/JEDEC and ESD Association Test Methods -- 3.2. ESD Specifications for Equipment Immunity -- 3.2.1. International Standard IEC 61000-4-2 -- 3.2.2. ANSI C.63-16, ESD Test Methods, and Criteria for Electronic Equipment -- 3.2.3. ESD Immunity for Automobile Electronics, SAE J1113-13 and ISO 10605 -- 3.2.4. MIL-Std 1541, ESD Immunity Requirements for Space Systems -- 3.3. Antistatic Control Procedures -- 3.3.1. Military Domain: MIL-Std 1686 and MIL 263 Handbook -- 3.3.2. Industry Standards for Static Control Programs -- References -- 4. ESD Diagnostics and Testing -- 4.1. ESD Simulators: How They Work -- 4.1.1. Arc or Direct Contact -- 4.1.2. Simulators for Equipment Test, Based on IEC 61000-4-2 Standard -- 4.1.3. Detailed Review of the IEC 61000-4-2 Simulator Definition -- 4.1.4. Generators with Different Networks, Very High Voltage and Field Enhancement Accessories -- 4.1.5. Special Relays Required for ESD Simulators -- 4.2. Furniture Versus Personnel ESD Simulation -- 4.3. Other Types of ESD Simulators for Component Testing -- 4.4. ESD Test Setup-Direct and Indirect ESD -- 4.4.1. Ground Reference -- 4.4.2. Direct versus Indirect ESD -- 4.4.3. Roles of the HCP and VCP -- 4.4.4. Grounding the Simulator and the EUT -- 4.4.5. External Cables and System Configuration -- 4.5. ESD Test Routine and Discharge Procedures -- 4.5.1. Preparation of EUT for Test Readiness -- 4.5.2. Application of the Discharges -- 4.6. No Error/No Damage Concept: The Several Layers of Severity -- 4.7. The Error per Discharge Concept or Multiple-Trials Approach -- 4.7.1. Practical Application of the Error per Pulse Concept -- 4.7.2. ESD Test Plan with Cost-Effectiveness Constraints -- 4.8. ESD Test During Design and Development -- 4.9. ESD For Field Diagnostics and Forced Crash Method -- 4.10. Home-Made Investigation Tools and Diagnostic Hints. , References -- 5. Design for ESD Immunity -- 5.1. ESD Protection at Component Level -- 5.1.1. Integrated Circuits with Internal ESD Protection -- 5.1.2. Additional ESD Protection: When Is It Needed and How Much? -- 5.2. ESD Protection at the PCB Level (Internal Circuitry) -- 5.2.1. Reducing the Field-to-PCB Coupling Mechanisms -- 5.2.2. PCB Connectors Areas -- 5.2.3. Signal Ground versus Chassis Ground -- 5.2.4. PCB Hardening with Plastic Products -- 5.3. ESD Protection by Internal Wiring and Mechanical Packaging -- 5.4. ESD Protection by Box Shielding and Envelope Design -- 5.4.1. Some Shielding Basics -- 5.4.2. How to Maintain Shield Integrity with Metal Housings -- 5.4.3. How to Make Shield Barriers for Plastic Housings -- 5.4.4. Treatment of Shield Openings -- 5.4.5. Nonmetallized Plastic Boxes -- 5.5. ESD Protection of External Cables and I/O Ports -- 5.5.1. External Cable Shielding -- 5.5.2. ESD Hardening of I/O Ports -- 5.5.3. I/O Cable Entries ESD Protection with Plastic Products -- 5.6. ESD Immunity by Software and Noise Inhibition Techniques -- 5.7. ESD Immunity with Miniature, Portable Devices -- 5.8. System ESD Immunity -- 5.9. ESD Control at Installation Level -- References -- 6. ESD Cases Studies -- 6.1. Case 1: The Reradiating Ground Strap -- 6.2. Case 2: ESD Hardening of a Printer -- 6.3. Case 3: The Data Terminal with Floating Tray -- 6.4. Case 4: The Safety Wire "Antenna -- 6.5. Case 5: The Touchy Watchdog -- 6.6. Case 6: The Trigger-Happy Air bag Initiator -- 6.7. Conclusion: Troubleshooting Hints -- Appendix A. ESD Protection by Design of Chips and Microcircuits -- Appendix B. Prediction of ESD Damage Level for a Semiconductor Junction -- Appendix C. Spark-Over Voltages -- Appendix D. Fatigue Phenomena During Repeated ESD Testing -- Appendix E. Prediction of ESD-Induced Noise by Fast Frequency-Domain Calculations. , Appendix F. More Experiments on ESD Coupling to Boxes -- Appendix G. Examples of Simple SPICE Modeling of ESD Coupling Effects -- Appendix H. Time-to-Frequency Conversion for a Single Transient -- Index.