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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long latency reflexes to imposed displacements of the human wrist: Dependence on duration of movement (1982)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 45 (1982), S. 207-216 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Long latency reflexes ; Electromyographic activity ; Wrist muscles ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Reflex EMG responses to angular displacements of the wrist joint were recorded from 12 normal human volunteers. A mechanical stop was used to suddenly arrest displacements at varying times following the onset of the stimulus. With unrestricted movement of the handle, the EMG response consisted of an early component (M1) with a latency of 30–35 ms and a long-latency component (M2–3) beginning 55–65 ms after the onset of the displacement. When the displacements were arrested prior to a critical time occurring between 40 and 50 ms after the onset (mean of 44 ms), the M2–3 component of the response was not present. Increasing the duration of the displacement beyond this time resulted in a rapid increase in the size of M2–3. Facilitation provided by volitional intent to oppose the perturbation was not sufficient to generate an M2–3 response to either a brief, low velocity displacement produced by the torque motor or to a phasic, high velocity stretch produced by a tendon tap. The timing relationships between the onset latency of M2 and the minimum duration of displacement required to generate an M2–3 response are not easily reconciled with the notion that the segmentation of the EMG responses into components is mediated by repeated activation of the same central reflex pathway by phasic afferent bursts. Two mechanisms that could account for these results are either inhibition in response to the sudden stop of phasically-active “linking” interneurons which are part of the long latency pathway, or the loss of an essential convergent facilitatory input which serves to monitor the continuation of the movement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00235780
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sedative-hypnotics and human performance (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 76 (1982), S. 101-113 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Hypnotics ; Benzodiazepines ; Barbiturates ; Humans ; Performance ; Sleep
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 52 studies, performance data were obtained the next day following bedtime ingestion of a sedative-hypnotic or a placebo. Only eight of these studies used insomniac patients. Most studies used young adult males. Benzodiazepine hypnotics were most frequently administered and psychomotor performance was most often measured. Little consistent data are available on cognitive functioning and more complex behavior. Durg-related improvement in performance was not found, and, in comparing active drug to placebo, it is clear that all hypnotics, at some doses, produce decrements in performance the next day. Higher doses consistently showed a decrement, and this decrement was usually persistent over the entire day. Although long-acting drugs generally showed more performance decrement, half-life data were not consistent.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00435262
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Remote memory during marijuana intoxication (1982)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 76 (1982), S. 278-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Marijuana ; Tetrahydrocannabinol ; Remote memory ; Recognition memory ; Recall memory ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effects of acute marijuana intoxication on remote memory and new learning were assessed. To test for the effects of marijuana on remote memory, titles of oneseason television shows, aired up to 14 years previously, were used in three tests measuring recognition, temporal judgement and detailed recall of facts from the shows. Marijuana did not affect remote memory in comparison to placebo. The effects of marijuana on the learning of a word list were also tested. Marijuana significantly impaired new learning at the same time that remote memory was unaffected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432561
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Specific oculomotor deficits after amylobarbitone (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 187-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amylobarbitone ; Barbiturates ; Saccades ; Smooth pursuit ; Psychomotor response ; Humans ; Drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Five healthy volunteers received a single oral dose of amylobarbitone sodium (200 mg) and placebo in a double blind randomized fashion. Peak velocity of horizontal saccadic eye movements, saccade duration and smooth pursuit velocity were measured at intervals up to 6 h after drug administration. The active treatment produced a statistically significant decrease of both saccadic and smooth pursuit eye velocity. The maximum effect was observed 2 h after drug administration. The effect on peak saccadic velocity was still statistically significant 6 h after treatment. The maximum impairment in eye movement performance ranged between 25 and 29%. These results demonstrate that both saccadic and smooth pursuit systems are unable to generate the required eye velocity under the influence of a therapeutic dose of amylobarbitone sodium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427809
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of amphetamine on saccadic and smooth pursuit eye movements (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 190-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Saccades ; Smooth pursuit ; Psychomotor response ; Humans ; Drugs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Healthy volunteers received single oral or intravenous doses of d-amphetamine sulphate (15 mg) and placebo in a double blind randomized design. Peak velocity of horizontal saccadic eye movements, saccade duration, saccade reaction time and smooth pursuit velocity were measured at intervals up to 1 h (IV) and 6 h (oral) after drug administration. Amphetamine produced no significant effect on saccadic and smooth-pursuit eye movements after oral administration. However, intravenous amphetamine abolished the effect of fatigue on saccadic movements and significantly (P〈0.01) shortened saccadic reaction time.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00427810
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of alcohol tolerance by reinforcement in nonalcoholics (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 315-320 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Alcohol ; Behavioural tolerance ; Learning ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of tolerance to alcohol was examined in two experiments with nonalcoholic drinkers. In both experiments, male undergraduates received pretraining on a pursuit rotor task and were then randomly assigned to either alcohol or placebo conditions. In the first experiment, monetary and performance feedback reinforcement for pursuit rotor performance were provided to both groups over four drinking sessions. In the second experiment, two final drinking sessions were added where no reinforcement was provided to either the alcohol or placebo subjects, and an additional alcohol group received no reinforcement throughout the six drinking sessions. Tolerance to the impairing effects of alcohol on pursuit rotor performance developed only for the reinforced alcohol subjects; withdrawal of reinforcement from tolerant subjects resulted in a return of impaired performance, i.e. tolerance was extinguished. Impairment remained consistently high in the non-reinforced alcohol subjects throughout all six drinking sessions. The results provide support for the learning hypothesis of behavioural tolerance by demonstrating that its acquisition and extinction may be controlled by reinforcement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432446
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug preference and mood in humans: Diazepam (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 71 (1980), S. 269-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Diazepam ; Drug preference ; Subjective effects ; POMS ; Humans ; Abuse liability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A group of ten normal human volunteers participated in choice experiments comparing d-amphetamine or diazepam with placebo and with each other. Although amphetamine was preferred to placebo by most subjects, 2 mg diazepam and placebo were chosen equally. However, placebo was chosen over higher doses (5 and 10 mg) of diazepam and 5 mg d-amphetamine was preferred to 2 mg diazepam. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before drug was taken and 1, 3, and 6 h later. Compared to placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood on the POMS including increases in Vigor and Arousal. Doses of 5 and 10 mg diazepam produced decreases in Vigor and Arousal and increases in Fatigue and Confusion. The effects of diazepam were most pronounced 1 h after ingestion and appeared dose-dependent. For one subject who consistently chose diazepam, its subjective effects were similar to placebo and he stated that he could not distinguish them. These results are discussed in terms of the abuse liability of diazepam.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433061
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 71 (1980), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Amphetamine ; Drug preference ; Subjective effects ; POMS ; Humans ; Abuse liability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A total of 31 normal human volunteers participated in a nine-session experiment. During the first four sessions, they received alternately 5 mg d-amphetamine or placebo. During the next five sessions, they were given a choice between amphetamine and placebo. Subjective effects were assessed using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) before the drug was taken and 1, 3, and 6 h later. Subjects chose amphetamine a mean of 4.03 times. Compared with placebo, amphetamine produced changes in mood on the POMS including increased Vigor, Elation, Friendliness, Arousal and Positive Mood and decreased Confusion. These differences were greatest 3 h after ingestion. Mood changes produced by d-amphetamine were comparable in all subjects regardless of the actual number of times each chose the drug. These data suggest that that subjective effects do not predict drug choice. The results are discussed in terms of developing methods for predicting the abuse potential of psychotropic drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433062
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cocaine effects in sleep-deprived humans (1980)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 72 (1980), S. 1-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cocaine ; Sleep deprivation ; Reaction time ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight normal healthy volunteers were tested in a reaction-time task and a work-output task after 24 and 48 h of sleep deprivation with and without 96 mg of inhaled cocaine. Cardiovascular changes and verbal report of mood change and drug effect were also monitored. Sleep deprivation produced a decrement in reaction-time performance which was reversed by inhalation of cocaine. Heart rate increased after cocaine both under non sleep-deprived conditions and sleep-deprived conditions. The magnitude of the drug-induced heart rate was, however, lower when subjects were deprived of sleep for 48 h. Verbal reports of cocaine effects were similar to those reported for amphetamine, with no evidence supporting the idea of a postdrug depression immediately after the acute effects of the drug dissipated, although some rebound effects were noted 8 h after drug administration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433800
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Human progressive-ratio performance: Maintenance by pentobarbital (1983)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 79 (1983), S. 4-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Pentobarbital ; Drug self-administration ; Fixed-ratio schedule ; Progressive-ratio schedule ; Reinforcing efficacy ; Button press ; Drug abusers ; Humans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Within a residential research ward, five human volunteers with histories of sedative drug abuse were exposed to progressive-ratio schedules of pentobarbital (200, 400, 600 mg) or placebo self-administration. All doses were letter-coded and administered under double-blind conditions. To obtain a single letter-coded dose, three subjects were required to press a set of buttons a specified number of times and two subjects were required to ride a stationary bicycle for a specified period of time. Only one dose could be obtained per day and the button-pressing or riding requirement for each letter-coded dose was increased over successive sessions until subjects failed to meet the progressive-ratio requirement (i.e., the subject chose not to work for the dose). Drug-effect ratings and subjective measures were taken 2 h after drug administration. Pentobarbital maintained dose-related increases in the maximum progressive-ratio requirement completed, the subject and staff ratings of drug effect, the subject ratings of drug ‘liking’, and the scores on the PCAG scale of the Addiction Research Center Inventory. The present study suggests that progressive-ratio schedules are sensitive and valid procedures for providing information about the relative reinforcing efficacy of drugs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00433007
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