Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Foreword -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Terminology -- Introduction -- 1. Crop-Weather Interaction and Agro-Met Observatory -- 1.1 Weather Parameters -- 1.2 Crop-Weather Relationship -- 1.2.1 Rice -- 1.2.2 Wheat -- 1.2.3 Maize -- 1.2.4 Millets including minor millets -- 1.2.5 Cotton -- 1.2.6 Sugarcane -- 1.2.7 Groundnut -- 1.2.8 Sunflower -- 1.2.9 Soybean -- 1.2.10 Summary -- 1.3 Agricultural Meteorological Observatory -- 1.3.1 Selection of site for meteorological observatory -- 1.3.2 Layout of the agro-met observatory -- 1.3.3 Installation of meteorological instruments -- 1.3.4 Installation of instruments -- 1.3.5 Fixing Thermometers in SSS -- 1.3.6 Setting and Maintenance of Thermometers -- 1.3.7 Instruments to be Placed in DSS -- 1.3.8 Registers to be Maintained -- 1.3.9 Fixing Time for Taking Observation in a Proposed Observatory -- 1.3.10 Order of observation -- 1.3.11 Methodology for fixing True North -- 1.3.12 Inspection Report -- 2. Agro-Climatic Analysis -- 2.1 Agro-climatic Zones and Agro-ecological Regions of India -- 2.2 Agricultural Climatological Characterization -- 2.2.1 Block level characterization -- 2.2.2 Establishing Night School on Climate Literacy at Block Level -- 2.2.3 Nomination of Block Level Climate Manager -- 3. Crop Micrometeorology -- 3.1 Importance of Micrometeorology in Crop Production -- 3.2 Important Microclimatology Instruments -- 3.3 Recent Research Output on Microclimatology of Crops -- 3.3.1 Maize-Wheat Cropping System -- 3.3.2 Microclimate Profiles of Pigeon Pea -- 3.3.3 Spatial and Temporal Variation in Microclimate in Capsicum -- 3.3.4 Micrometeorology study in pearl millet -- 3.3.5 Variation in Energy Fluxes Over Wheat Ecosystem -- 3.3.6 Radiation use efficiency in potato under different microclimate (Raktim Jyoti Saikia et al., 2020). , 3.4 Modifications of Micrometeorology for Enhancing Crop's Productivity -- 3.4.1 Shelter belt/Wind break -- 3.4.2 Intercropping and Paired Row Cropping -- 3.4.3 Mulching -- 3.4.4 Irrigation -- 3.4.5 Other Practices -- 3.4.6 Fruit Maturity -- 4. Remote Sensing -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Remote Sensing -- 4.3 Satellites for Agrometeorology Purpose -- 4.4 Applications of Remote Sensing in Agricultural Meteorology -- 4.4.1 Agro-ecological zoning -- 4.4.2 Resource Mapping -- 4.4.3 Monitoring the Changes in Land Use Pattern -- 4.4.4 Crop Area and Crop Type Identification -- 4.4.5 Crop Growth and Productivity Monitoring -- 4.4.6 Crop Yield Forecasting -- 4.4.7 Monitoring Extreme Weather Events and Their Impacts -- 4.4.8 Pest and disease monitoring -- 4.4.9 Satellite Based Weather Forecasting -- 4.4.10 Satellite Data for Agro-met Advisory Service -- 4.4.11 Crop Insurance and Remote Sensing -- 4.4.12 Forest fire monitoring -- 4.5 Problems and Possibilities in Remote Sensing for Agrometeorology -- 4.5.1 Problems in Remote Sensing -- 4.5.2 Possibilities in Remote Sensing -- 5. Crop Simulation Models -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 History and Development of Crop Models -- 5.3 Crop Simulation Models: Paradigm Shift Moving Beyond Individual Crops to Farm Systems -- 5.3.1 Types of Crop Simulation Models -- 5.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Agricultural System Models -- 5.4 Applications of Crop Simulation Models -- 5.4.1 Integration of Knowledge Across Disciplines-Standardized Framework -- 5.4.2 Assessing The Yield Gaps and Genetic Gains of Various Crops Towards Crop Intensification -- 5.4.3 Application in Crop Breeding Programme- Genomic Selection -- 5.4.4 Input Management-Crop Growth Models as Decision Support System -- 5.4.5 Risk Mitigation and Management -- 5.4.6 Application in Policy Decisions. , 5.5 Case Studies of Application of Crop Simulation Model for Farm Management Decisions -- 5.5.1 Application of APSIM Model in Deciding the Best Cropping System -- 5.5.2 Application of DSSAT Model in Programming Irrigation -- 5.5.3 Application of APSIM Model in Nitrogen Management Decision -- 5.5.4 Python-based Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (PEPIC) Model for Nitrogen Loss Assessment -- 5.5.5 AQUACROP- Economic Model for Irrigation Management -- 5.6 Challenges of Crop Modelling -- 5.6.1 Challenges of Crop Modelling in India -- 6. Weather Codes and Their Management -- 6.1 Normal Weather Code -- 6.2 Flood Weather Code -- 6.3 Drought Weather Code -- 6.4 Contingency Plan -- 6.5 General Management During Floods and Drought -- 6.5.1 Floods -- 6.5.2 Droughts -- 7. Integrated Weather Forecast and Agro-Advisories -- 7.1 Importance of Weather Forecast in Agriculture -- 7.2 Genesis of Weather Forecast in India -- 7.3 Weather Forecast -- 7.4 Integration of Weather Forecast -- 7.5 Automated Weather Forecast System -- 7.6 Weather Forecast Validation/Verification -- 7.7 Traditional Knowledge on Weather Forecast -- 7.8 Weather Thumb Rules Developed by Community in the Absence of Weather Forecast Information -- 8. Climate Change -- 8.1 Climate Change -- 8.1.1 Climate Variability -- 8.1.2 Climate Change vs Variability -- 8.1.3 Characterizing and Historicizing Climate Change -- 8.2 Definition of the Term "Global Warming" -- 8.2.1 Global Warming - Relationship with Climate Change -- 8.3 IPCC and Its Reports -- 8.3.1 First Assessment Report -- 8.3.2 Second Assessment Report -- 8.3.3 Third Assessment Report -- 8.3.4 Fourth Assessment Report -- 8.3.5 Fifth Assessment Report -- 8.3.6 Representative Concentration Pathways of AR5 -- 8.4 Observed and Projected Changes in Climate -- 8.4.1 Observed and Projected Changes in Climate in India. , 8.4.2 Observed Changes in Climate in Tamil Nadu (case study) -- 8.4.3 Future Climate Projections Under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Scenarios Over Tamil Nadu -- 8.5 Climate Change Impact on Agriculture -- 8.5.1 Climate Change Implication on Agriculture -- 8.5.2 Crops Response to Climate Change -- 8.5.3 Impact of Climate Change on Rice Over Tamil Nadu -- 8.5.4 Elevated Temperature and CO2 on C3 (Rice) and C4 (Maize) Plants in Tamil Nadu -- 8.5.5 Impact on physiology of C3 (rice) and C4 (maize) crops -- 8.5.6 Climate Change Implication on Water -- 8.5.7 Soil and Fertilizer -- 8.5.8 Climate Change Impact on Pest -- 8.5.9 Effect on Insecticide Use Efficiency -- 8.5.10 Effect on Natural Pest Control -- 8.5.11 Impact of Climate Change on Disease -- 8.5.12 Crop-weed Competition -- 8.6 Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture -- 8.6.1 Soil Management -- 8.6.2 Water Management -- 8.6.3 Fertilizer Management -- 8.6.4 Crop Management -- 8.7. Mitigation and Resilience -- 8.7.1 Mitigation -- 8.7.2 Resilience -- 8.8 Protected Agriculture -- 9. Livestock Climatology -- 9.1 Productivity -- 9.1.1 Cattle -- 9.1.2 Poultry -- 9.2 Pest and Disease Impact -- 9.2.1 Cattle -- 9.2.2 Poultry -- 9.3 Shed Requirement -- 9.4 Micrometeorology / Microclimatology -- 9.5 Physical Stress -- 10. Astro-Meteorology -- 10.1 History of Ancient Forecasting -- 10.2 Role of Panchangs in Astro-Meteorology -- 10.3 Astro-Meteorology in 20th Century -- References -- Bibliography -- Annexure I: Selected Questions and Answers -- Annexure II: Practical Tools (Computations and calculations) -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editors-in-Chief -- Contributors -- PART G: Characterization and Modelling Techniques -- G1. Introduction to Section G1: Structure/Microstructure -- G1.1. X-Ray Studies: Chemical Crystallography -- G1.2. X-Ray Studies: Phase Transformations and Microstructure Changes -- G1.3. Transmission Electron Microscopy -- G1.4. An Introduction to Digital Image Analysis of Superconductors -- G1.5. Optical Microscopy -- G1.6. Neutron Techniques: Flux-Line Lattice -- G2. Introduction to Section G2: Measurement and Interpretation of Electromagnetic Properties -- G2.1. Electromagnetic Properties of Superconductors -- G2.2. Numerical Models of the Electromagnetic Behavior of Superconductors -- G2.3. DC Transport Critical Currents -- G2.4. Characterisation of the Transport Critical Current Density for Conductor Applications -- G2.5. Magnetic Measurements of Critical Current Density, Pinning, and Flux Creep -- G2.6. AC Susceptibility -- G2.7. AC Losses in Superconducting Materials, Wires, and Tapes -- G2.8. Characterization of Superconductor Magnetic Properties in Crossed Magnetic Fields -- G2.9. Microwave Impedance -- G2.10. Local Probes of Magnetic Field Distribution -- G2.11. Some Unusual and Systematic Properties of Hole-Doped Cuprates in the Normal and Superconducting States -- G3. Introduction to Section G3: Thermal, Mechanical, and Other Properties -- G3.1. Thermal Properties: Specific Heat -- G3.2. Thermal Properties: Thermal Conductivity -- G3.3. Thermal Properties: Thermal Expansion -- G3.4. Mechanical Properties -- G3.5. Magneto-Optical Characterization Techniques -- PART H: Applications -- H1. Introduction to Large Scale Applications -- H1.1. Electromagnet Fundamentals -- H1.2. Superconducting Magnet Design -- H1.3. MRI Magnets. , H1.4. High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads -- H1.5. Cables -- H1.6. AC and DC Power Transmission -- H1.7. Fault-Current Limiters -- H1.8. Energy Storage -- H1.9. Transformers -- H1.10. Electrical Machines Using HTS Conductors -- H1.11. Electrical Machines Using Bulk HTS -- H1.12. Homopolar Motors -- H1.13. Magnetic Separation -- H1.14. Superconducting Radiofrequency Cavities -- H2. Introduction to Section H2: High-Frequency Devices -- H2.1. Microwave Resonators and Filters -- H2.2. Transmission Lines -- H2.3. Antennae -- H3. Introduction to Section H3: Josephson Junction Devices -- H3.1. Josephson Effects -- H3.2. SQUIDs -- H3.3. Biomagnetism -- H3.4. Nondestructive Evaluation -- H3.5. Digital Electronics -- H3.6. Superconducting Analog-to-Digital Converters -- H3.7. Superconducting Qubits -- H4. Introduction to Radiation and Particle Detectors that Use Superconductivity -- H4.1. Superconducting Tunnel Junction Radiation Detectors -- H4.2. Transition-Edge Sensors -- H4.3. Superconducting Materials for Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detectors -- H4.4. Metallic Magnetic Calorimeters -- H4.5. Optical Detectors and Sensors -- H4.6. Low-Noise Superconducting Mixers for the Terahertz Frequency Range -- H4.7. Applications: Metrology -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Authors -- Chapter 1: General Introduction -- 1.1 Zero Energy Buildings -- 1.2 The Sun and the Earth -- 1.2.1 The Sun -- 1.2.2 The Earth -- 1.2.3 Sun-Earth Angles -- 1.2.4 Solar Radiation -- 1.3 Climate -- 1.3.1 Climatic Conditions -- 1.3.2 Weather Conditions -- 1.3.3 Macro- and Microclimate -- 1.3.3.1 Macroclimate -- 1.3.3.2 Microclimate -- 1.4 Passive Houses -- 1.4.1 Strategies for Passive Design -- 1.4.1.1 Solar Access -- 1.4.1.2 Wind Control -- 1.5 Architectural Design of Passive Buildings -- 1.5.1 Site Planning -- 1.5.1.1 Building Location and Orientation -- 1.5.1.2 Building Orientation -- 1.5.1.3 Clustering -- 1.5.2 Envelope Design or Building Envelope -- 1.5.2.1 Building Shape -- 1.5.2.2 Entrances and Windows -- 1.5.2.3 Solar Shading Techniques -- 1.5.2.4 Insulation -- 1.5.2.5 Infiltration Reduction -- 1.5.3 Interior Design -- 1.6 Bioclimatic Design -- 1.6.1 History [25] -- 1.6.2 Building Design Strategies Depending on Climatic Conditions -- 1.7 Energy Conservation -- 1.7.1 Introduction -- 1.7.2 Energy Consumption [29, 30] -- 1.7.3 Energy Efficiency -- 1.8 Design Approach to ZEB [32] -- 1.8.1 Stage 0: Research [33, 34] -- 1.8.2 Stage 1: Reduce -- 1.8.3 Stage 2: Reuse -- 1.8.4 Stage 3: Produce -- 1.9 Case Study of an Energy Neutral Building [37, 38] -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 2: Basic Heat Transfer -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conduction -- 2.2.1 Temperature Field -- 2.2.2 Fourier's Heat Conduction Equation -- 2.2.3 Thermal Conductivity -- 2.2.4 Thermal Diffusivity -- 2.2.5 Conductive Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 2.2.6 Dimensionless Heat Conduction Parameters -- 2.2.6.1 Biot Number (Bi) -- 2.2.6.2 Fourier Number -- 2.3 Convection -- 2.3.1 Dimensionless Heat Convection Parameters. , 2.3.1.1 Nusselt Number (Nu) -- 2.3.1.2 Reynolds Number (Re) -- 2.3.1.3 Prandtl Number (Pr) -- 2.3.1.4 Grashof Number (Gr) -- 2.3.1.5 Rayleigh Number (Ra) -- 2.3.2 Types of Convection -- 2.3.2.1 Free Convection -- 2.3.2.2 Forced Convection [4] -- 2.3.2.3 Mixed-Mode Convection -- 2.4 Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 2.5 Radiation -- 2.5.1 Radiation Involving Real Surfaces -- 2.5.2 Kirchhoff's Law -- 2.5.3 Laws of Thermal Radiation -- 2.5.3.1 Planck's Law -- 2.5.3.2 Wien's Displacement Law -- 2.5.3.3 Stefan-Boltzmann Law -- 2.5.3.4 Sky Radiation -- 2.5.4 Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 2.6 Evaporation (Mass Transfer) -- 2.7 Total Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 2.8 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient -- 2.8.1 Parallel Slabs [5] -- 2.8.2 Parallel Slabs with Air Cavity [5] -- 2.9 Thermal Circuit Analysis -- 2.9.1 Composite Wall -- 2.9.2 Composite Roof -- 2.10 Energy balance [19] -- 2.10.1 Energy Balance for Winter's Day -- 2.10.2 Energy Balance on a Cloudy Day -- 2.10.3 Energy Balance on a Summer's Day in an Air-Conditioned Building -- 2.10.4 Energy Balance for Intermediate Season Like Spring and Autumn -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 3: Thermal Comfort -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Physical Aspects -- 3.2.1 Air Temperature -- 3.2.2 Relative Humidity -- 3.2.3 Air Movement -- 3.2.4 Mean Radiant Temperature -- 3.2.5 Air Pressure -- 3.2.6 Air Ingredients -- 3.2.7 Air Electricity -- 3.2.8 Acoustics -- 3.2.9 Daylighting -- 3.2.9.1 Windows and Fenestrations -- 3.2.9.2 Skylights -- 3.2.9.3 Solar Tubes -- 3.2.9.4 Semi-Transparent Solar Photovoltaic Lighting System (SSPLS) and Transparent Facades -- 3.2.9.5 Light Shelves -- 3.2.9.6 Sawtooth Roofs -- 3.2.9.7 Heliostats -- 3.2.9.8 Smart glass windows -- 3.2.9.9 Hybrid Solar Lighting (HSL) -- 3.3 Physiological Aspects -- 3.3.1 Nutritional Intake -- 3.3.2 Age. , 3.3.3 Ethnic Influences -- 3.3.4 Gender Differences -- 3.3.5 Constitution -- 3.4 Behavioral Aspects -- 3.4.1 Clothing -- 3.4.2 Activity Level -- 3.4.3 Adaptation and Acclimatization -- 3.4.4 Time of the Day/Season -- 3.4.5 Occupancy -- 3.4.6 Psychological Factors -- 3.5 The Comfort Equation -- 3.5.1 Conduction -- 3.5.2 Convection -- 3.5.3 Radiation -- 3.5.4 Evaporation -- 3.5.5 Respiration -- 3.6 Thermal Comfort Indices -- 3.6.1 Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Index -- 3.6.2 Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied (PPD) Index -- 3.6.3 Adaptive Comfort Standard -- 3.6.3.1 Field Studies and Rational Indices -- 3.6.3.2 Rational Approach -- 3.6.4 Visual Comfort -- 3.7 Building Performance Parameters -- 3.7.1 Thermal Load Leveling (TLL) -- 3.7.2 Decrement Factor -- 3.8 Related Standards -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- References -- Chapter 4: Energy and Exergy Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Brief History of Thermodynamics -- 4.2 Laws of Thermodynamics -- 4.2.1 The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -- 4.2.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics -- 4.2.3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 4.2.4 The Third Law of Thermodynamics -- 4.3 Energy Analysis -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Energy Matrices -- 4.3.3 Embodied Energy Analysis -- 4.3.4 Energy Density Analysis -- 4.3.4.1 Process Analysis -- 4.3.4.2 Input-output Analysis -- 4.3.4.3 Hybrid Analysis -- 4.3.5 An Overall Thermal Energy -- 4.3.5.1 Energy Payback Time (EPBT) -- 4.3.6 Energy Production Factor (EPF) -- 4.3.7 Life Cycle Conversion Efficiency (LCCE) -- 4.3.8 Energy Matrices of Photovoltaic (PV) Module -- 4.4 Exergy Analysis -- 4.4.1 Low-grade and High-grade Energy -- 4.4.1.1 Exergy as a Process -- 4.4.2 Exergy Efficiency -- 4.4.3 Solar Radiation Exergy -- 4.4.3.1 Exergy Analysis Methods -- 4.4.4 Exergy Analysis of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Systems -- 4.5 Case Study with Roof-Mounted BiPVT System. , 4.5.1 Description -- 4.5.2 Overall Embodied Energy, EPBT, EPF -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- Problems -- References -- Chapter 5: Solar Cell Materials, PV Modules and Arrays -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basics of Semiconductors and Solar Cells -- 5.2.1 Intrinsic Semiconductor -- 5.2.2 Non-Intrinsic Semiconductor -- 5.2.3 Fermi Level in Semiconductor -- 5.2.4 p-n Junction -- 5.2.5 Photovoltaic Effect -- 5.2.6 Solar Cell (Photovoltaic) Materials -- 5.2.6.1 Silicon (Si) -- 5.2.6.2 Single-Crystal Solar Cell -- 5.2.7 Basic Parameters of Solar Cells -- 5.3 Photovoltaic (PV) Modules and PV Arrays -- 5.3.1 Single-Crystal Solar Cells PV Module -- 5.3.2 Thin-Film PV Modules -- 5.3.3 Packing Factor ( β c) of PV Module -- 5.3.4 Efficiency of PV Modules -- 5.3.5 Energy Balance Equations for PV Modules -- 5.3.5.1 For Opaque (Glass to Tedlar) PV Modules [15] -- 5.3.5.2 For Semi-Transparent (Glass-to-Glass) PV Modules -- 5.3.6 Series and Parallel Combination of PV Modules -- 5.3.7 Degradation of Solar Cell Materials [32] -- 5.3.7.1 Dust Effect -- 5.3.7.2 Aging Effect -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- References -- Chapter 6: Static Design Concept for a Light-Structured Building for Cold Climatic Conditions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sol-air Temperature -- 6.2.1 Bare Surface -- 6.2.2 Wetted Surface -- 6.2.3 Blackened and Glazed Surface -- 6.3 Thermal Gain -- 6.3.1 Direct Gain -- 6.3.1.1 Direct Gain through Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (SPV) System -- 6.3.1.2 Direct Gain through Glazed Windows -- 6.3.1.3 Net Thermal Energy Gains -- 6.3.2 Indirect Gains -- 6.3.2.1 Thermal Storage Wall/Roofs -- 6.3.2.2 Trombe Walls -- 6.3.2.3 Waterwalls -- 6.3.2.4 Trans Walls -- 6.3.2.5 Solariums -- 6.3.3 Isolated Gain -- 6.3.4 Direct and Indirect Gain through Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Systems Integrated with Building. , 6.3.4.1 Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic (SPV) Roof Integrated with Building's Rooftop -- 6.3.4.2 Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Trombe Walls -- 6.3.4.3 Integration of Roof (with Vent) with Semi-Transparent Photovoltaic Modules -- 6.3.4.4 Integration of Roof with Opaque Photovoltaic Modules -- 6.3.4.5 PVT Solariums -- Objective Questions -- Answers -- References -- Chapter 7: Dynamic Design Concepts for Hot Climatic Conditions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Phase Change Materials (PCMs) -- 7.3 Infiltration/Natural Ventilation -- 7.3.1 Smart Windows -- 7.3.2 Literature Study: Infiltration/Natural Ventilation -- 7.3.3 Shading -- 7.3.4 Windows -- 7.3.4.1 Self-Inflating Curtains -- 7.3.4.2 Window Quilt Shade -- 7.3.4.3 Venetian Blind between the Glasses -- 7.3.4.4 Transparent Heat Mirrors -- 7.3.4.5 Solar Shading Devices -- 7.3.4.6 Roofs -- 7.3.5 Walls -- 7.3.5.1 Heat Trap -- 7.3.5.2 Optical Shutter -- 7.3.5.3 Shading by Textured Surface -- 7.3.5.4 Trees and Vegetation [17] -- 7.4 Literature Study: Shading -- 7.5 Thermotropic and Thermochromic Coatings -- 7.6 Courtyards -- 7.7 Air Cavities -- 7.7.1 Literature Study: Air Cavity -- 7.8 Green Roofs/Cool Roofs -- 7.8.1 Literature Study: Cool Roof -- 7.8.2 Evaporative Cooling -- 7.8.3 Literature Study: Evaporative Cooling -- 7.9 Radiative Cooling -- 7.9.1 Literature Study: Radiative Cooling -- 7.10 Movable Insulation -- 7.11 Dynamic Insulation Walls -- 7.11.1 Exterior Insulation -- 7.11.2 Interior Insulation -- 7.12 Wind Towers -- 7.12.1 Literature Study: Wind Towers -- 7.13 Air Vents [12] -- 7.14 Rock Bed Regenerative Cooler -- 7.15 Earth Coupling -- 7.15.1 Earth-Air Heat Exchanger (EAHE) -- 7.15.1.1 Literature Study: EAHE -- 7.16 Roof Pond -- 7.16.1 Literature Study: Roof Pond-Passive Cooling -- 7.16.2 Trombe Walls -- 7.17 Different Compositions of Trombe Wall -- 7.17.1 Vented Trombe Wall. , 7.17.2 Phase Change Material (PCM) Trombe Wall.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Technologies for Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils -- 2 Characteristics of Fixed-Bed Catalytic Hydrotreating -- 3 Hydrotreating Experiments for Heavy Oil Partial Upgrading -- 4 Hydrotreating Experiments for Full Heavy Oil Upgrading -- 5 Long-Term Heavy Oil Upgrading Test -- 6 Semi-Commercial Test for Upgrading of Heavy Crude Oils -- 7 Kinetics and Reactor Modeling of Heavy Oil Fixed-Bed Hydrotreating -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Editors -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1. Introduction to Lung Physiology from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Brief Introduction to Nanotechnology and Nanoparticle Mediated Drug Delivery -- 1.1.2 The Inhalation Route -- 1.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Lungs -- 1.3 Nanoparticle-based Systems for Pulmonary Application -- 1.4 Treatment of Chronic Diseases Through the Pulmonary Route -- References -- 2. Introduction to Pharmacology of the Lung from a Drug Delivery Perspective -- 2.1 The Respiratory Tract: An Overview -- 2.1.1 The Conducting Zone -- 2.1.2 The Respiratory Zone -- 2.2 Respiratory Pathology -- 2.2.1 Asthma Overview -- 2.2.1.1 Classifications and Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.2 Chronic Bronchitis Overview -- 2.2.2.1 Chronic Bronchitis Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Overview -- 2.2.3.1 COPD Goals of Treatment -- 2.2.4 Cystic Fibrosis Overview -- 2.2.4.1 Cystic Fibrosis Goals of Treatment -- 2.3 Respiratory Drug Delivery Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Therapeutic Administrations of Inhaled Medications -- 2.3.2 Inhaler Devices -- 2.3.2.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler -- 2.3.2.2 Dry Powder Inhaler -- 2.3.2.3 Respimat Soft Mist Inhaler -- 2.3.2.4 Nebulizers -- 2.3.4 Patient Education -- 2.4 Overview of Inhaled Therapies -- 2.4.1 β2 Adrenergic Agonists -- 2.4.1.1 β2 Adrenergic Agonists Subtypes: SABA and LABA -- 2.4.1.2 β2 Adrenergic Agonists Side Effects -- 2.4.2 Corticosteroids -- 2.4.2.1 Corticosteroids Side Effects -- 2.4.3 Anti-cholinergic Agents -- 2.4.3.1 Anti-cholinergic Side Effects -- 2.5 Overview of Oral Therapies -- 2.5.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants -- 2.5.1.1 Mucolytics/Expectorants Side Effects -- 2.5.2 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitors. , 2.5.2.1 Phosphodiesterase (PDE) Inhibitor Side Effects -- 2.5.3 Macrolides -- 2.5.3.1 Macrolide Side Effects -- 2.5.4 Leukotriene Modifiers -- 2.5.4.1 Leukotriene Modifier Side Effects -- 2.6 Recommended Therapies for Asthma and COPD Management -- 2.6.1 Asthma -- 2.6.2 COPD -- 2.7 Systemic Drug Delivery via the Lungs -- References -- 3. Mechanism and Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mechanisms of Drug Permeation into the Lungs -- 3.3 Deposition of Aerosol Particles in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1 Mechanisms of Particle Deposition in the Respiratory Airways -- 3.3.1.1 Inertial Impaction -- 3.3.1.2 Sedimentation -- 3.3.1.3 Brownian Diffusion -- 3.3.2 Factors Affecting Particle Deposition -- 3.3.3 Effect of Particle Size -- 3.1 Respiratory Clearance of Inhaled Particles -- 3.4.1 Mucociliary Clearance -- 3.4.2 Alveolar Clearance -- 3.5 Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 3.5.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers -- 3.5.2 Dry Powder Inhalers (DPIs) -- 3.5.3 Nebulizers -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4. Transepithelial Route of Drug Delivery through the Pulmonary System -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Macrostructure of Lungs -- 4.3 Drug Targeting: Anatomical Sites -- 4.3.1 Anatomical Barriers to Drug Flow -- 4.4 Drug Deposition: Mechanism -- 4.4.1 Physiological Factors Affecting Deposition -- 4.4.1.1 Effect of Diseased State on Drug Deposition -- 4.5 Levels of Clearance -- 4.5.1 The Mechanism to Overcome Pulmonary Clearance -- 4.6 Airway Cells, Pulmonary Circulation, and Receptors: Importance and Function -- 4.6.1 Airway Cells -- 4.6.2 Airway Receptors -- 4.6.3 Effect of Blood Circulation on Drug Delivery -- 4.7 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Dissolution, Metabolism, Absorption, and Clearance -- 4.7.1 Pulmonary Dissolution -- 4.7.2 Pulmonary Absorption -- 4.7.3 Mucociliary Clearance -- 4.7.4 Pulmonary Retention. , 4.8 Affect of Lung Physiology and Pathophysiology on Drug Absorption -- 4.8.1 Pharmacokinetics of Nasal Drug Delivery -- 4.8.2 Pharmacokinetic Processes of Oral, Intravenous, and Inhalation Administration -- 4.9 Pulmonary Drug Delivery: Different Molecular Size -- 4.9.1 Smaller Molecules Used to Deliver Drugs through the Pulmonary Route -- 4.9.2 Large Microporous Molecules -- 4.9.3 Pulmonary Delivery of Large Peptides and High Molecular Weight Drugs -- 4.9.3.1 Insulin -- 4.9.3.2 Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWH) -- 4.10 Nanocarriers in Pulmonary Delivery of Drugs -- References -- 5. Understanding the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Pharmacokinetics of the Lung and Lung Drug Delivery -- 5.2.1 Absorption of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.2.2 Elimination of Drugs in the Lungs -- 5.3 Pharmacodynamics of Lung Drug Delivery: Recent Trends and Clinical Evidence -- 5.3.1 Inhaled Antibiotics -- 5.3.2 Hormones Administered through the Pulmonary Route -- 5.3.2.1 Inhaled Insulins -- 5.3.2.2 Inhaled Growth Hormone -- 5.3.3 Inhaled Corticosteroids -- References -- 6. Chronic Lung Diseases: Treatment, Challenges, and Solutions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Types of Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.1.1.1 Asthma -- 6.1.1.1.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.2 Chronic Bronchitis -- 6.1.1.2.1 Pathophysiology -- 6.1.1.3 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) -- 6.1.1.3.1 Risk Factors -- 6.1.1.3.2 Pathophysiology -- 6.2 Different Treatment Strategies of Chronic Lung Diseases along with Their Pharmacology -- 6.2.1 Current Treatment Strategy for Lung Diseases -- 6.2.1.1 Treatment of Chronic Asthma (26-28) -- 6.2.1.2 Current Treatment Strategy of Bronchitis (29,30) -- 6.2.1.3 Current Treatment Strategy of COPD (31-34) -- 6.2.2 Bioactive Compounds -- 6.2.2.1 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Asthma (36,37). , 6.2.2.2 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of Chronic Bronchitis (38, 39) -- 6.2.2.3 Bioactive Compounds for Treatment of COPD (40, 41) -- 6.3 Conventional Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.3.1 Material Based -- 6.3.1.1 Multifunctional Nanocarriers -- 6.3.1.2 Hydrogels -- 6.3.1.3 Micelle -- 6.3.1.4 Dendrimer -- 6.3.1.5 Liposomes -- 6.4.2 Administration Based -- 6.4.2.1 Pulmonary Drug Administration -- 6.4.2.2 Inhalation Delivery -- 6.4.2.3 Systematic Delivery -- 6.4.3 Different Drug Delivery Systems for Different Categories of Patients -- 6.4.3.1 Elderly Patients -- 6.4.3.2 Pregnant Patients -- 6.4.3.3 Obese Patients -- 6.4 Recent Development in Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Mitigating Chronic Lung Diseases -- 6.5 Challenges and Solutions -- 6.5.1 Asthma -- 6.5.2 Bronchial Disorders -- 6.5.3 COPD -- 6.6 Future Prospects -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7. Understanding of Lung Diseases with a Focus on Applications of Nano-particulate Drug Delivery Systems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Lung Diseases: A Brief Insight -- 7.2.1 Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD) -- 7.2.2 Restrictive Lung Disease (RLD) -- 7.2.3 Pleural Lung Disease -- 7.2.4 Vascular Lung Disease -- 7.3 Management and Treatment of Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1 Pharmacological Approaches to Treating Lung Diseases -- 7.3.1.1 Bronchodilators -- 7.3.1.1.1 Beta-2 Agonists -- 7.3.1.1.2 Anti-muscarinic Drugs -- 7.3.1.1.3 Methylxanthines -- 7.3.1.1.4 Combination Bronchodilator Therapy -- 7.3.1.2 Anti-Inflammatory Agents -- 7.3.1.2.1 Corticosteroids -- 7.3.1.2.2 Phosphodiesterase-4-Inhibitors (PDE4 Inhibitors) -- 7.3.1.2.3 Antibiotics -- 7.3.1.2.4 Leukotriene Modulators -- 7.3.1.2.5 Antioxidants -- 7.3.1.3 Vaccinations -- 7.3.1.4 Nicotine Replacement Therapy -- 7.3.2 Non-pharmacological Approach. , 7.3.2.1 Oxygen Therapy and Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.1.1 Oxygen Therapy -- 7.3.2.1.2 Ventilatory Support -- 7.3.2.2 Surgical Interventions -- 7.3.2.2.1 Lung Volume Reduction Surgery -- 7.3.2.2.2 Bullectomy -- 7.3.2.2.3 Lung Transplantation -- 7.3.2.2.4 Bronchoscopic Interventions -- 7.3.2.3 Education and Self-Management -- 7.3.2.4 Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs -- 7.3.2.5 Exercise Training -- 7.3.2.6 Self-Management Education -- 7.3.2.7 Palliative Care -- 7.4 Application of Nano-Drug Delivery Systems in Lung Diseases -- 7.4.1 Characteristics of Pulmonary Nano-Drug Delivery -- 7.4.1.1 Pulmonary Distribution of Drug -- 7.4.1.2 Improved Solubility/Dissolution Rate -- 7.4.1.3 Sustained Release Properties -- 7.4.1.4 Delivery of Macromolecules -- 7.4.1.5 Internalization by Cells -- 7.4.2 Fate of Nanocarriers in the Lungs -- 7.4.3 Strategies to Overcome Clearance of Nanocarriers -- 7.4.4 Nano-Formulation for Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.2 Antigenic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.1.4 Depots -- 7.4.4.1.5 Pressure Sensitive Metered Dose Inhalers (pMDIs) -- 7.4.4.2 Vesicular Nano-Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.4.4.2.1 Liposomes -- 7.4.4.2.2 Nanoemulsions -- 7.4.4.3 Advantage of Particulate Drug Delivery to Lungs -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8. Model for Pharmaceutical aerosol transport through stenosis airway -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Numerical Method -- 8.3 Geometrical Development -- 8.4 Grid Generation and Validation -- 8.5 Results and Discussion -- 8.5.1 Effects of Aging Cases -- 8.5.1.1 Airflow Analysis -- 8.5.1.1.1 Velocity Profiles -- 8.5.1.1.2 Velocity Contours -- 8.5.1.2 Pressure Drop -- 8.5.1.2.1 Pressure Distribution -- 8.5.1.2.2 Pressure Contours -- 8.5.1.3 Wall Shear -- 8.5.1.4 Turbulent Intensity -- 8.5.1.5 Particle Transport. , 8.5.1.5.1 Deposition Efficiency.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Editor -- Contributors -- SECTION I: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Machine Learning Applications in Subsurface Energy Resource Management: State of the Art -- Chapter 2: Solving Problems with Data Science -- SECTION II: Reservoir Characterization Applications -- Chapter 3: Machine Learning-Aided Characterization Using Geophysical Data Modalities -- Chapter 4: Machine Learning to Discover, Characterize, and Produce Geothermal Energy -- SECTION III: Drilling Operations Applications -- Chapter 5: Real-Time Drilling and Completion Analytics: From Cloud Computing to Edge Computing and Their Machine Learning Applications -- Chapter 6: Using Machine Learning to Improve Drilling of Unconventional Resources -- SECTION IV: Production Data Analysis Applications -- Chapter 7: Machine Learning Assisted Production Data Filtering and Decline Curve Analysis in Unconventional Plays -- Chapter 8: Hybrid Data-Driven and Physics-Informed Reservoir Modeling for Unconventional Reservoirs -- Chapter 9: Role of Analytics in Extracting Data-Driven Models from Reservoir Surveillance -- Chapter 10: Machine Learning Assisted Forecasting of Reservoir Performance -- SECTION V: Reservoir Modeling Applications -- Chapter 11: An Efficient Deep Learning Based Workflow Incorporating a Reduced Physics Model for Drainage Volume Visualization in Unconventional Reservoirs -- Chapter 12: Reservoir Modeling Using Fast Predictive Machine Learning Algorithms for Geological Carbon Storage -- Chapter 13: Physics-Embedded Machine Learning for Modeling and Optimization of Mature Fields -- Chapter 14: Deep Neural Network Surrogate Flow Models for History Matching and Uncertainty Quantification. , Chapter 15: Generalizable Field Development Optimization Using Deep Reinforcement Learning with Field Examples -- SECTION VI: Predictive Maintenance Applications -- Chapter 16: Case Studies Involving Machine Learning for Predictive Maintenance in Oil and Gas Production Operations -- Chapter 17: Machine Learning for Multiphase Flow Metering -- SECTION VII: Summary and Future Outlook -- Chapter 18: Machine Learning Applications in Subsurface Energy Resource Management: Future Prognosis -- Index.