Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Illustrations -- Preface (1993) -- Preface -- Part One: The Historical Background up to World War II -- 1: Beginnings -- 2: Charles Babbage and His Analytical Engine -- 3: The Astronomical Ephemeris -- 4: The Universities: Maxwell and Boole -- 5: Integrators and Planimeters -- 6: Michelson, Fourier Coefficients, and the Gibbs Phenomenon -- 7: Boolean Algebra: x2 = xx = x -- 8: Billings, Hollerith, and the Census -- 9: Ballistics and the Rise of the Great Mathematicians -- 10: Bush's Differential Analyzer and Other Analog Devices -- 11: Adaptation to Scientific Needs -- 12: Renascence and Triumph of Digital Means of Computation -- Part Two: Wartime Developments: ENIAC and EDVAC -- 1: Electronic Efforts prior to the ENIAC -- 2: The Ballistic Research Laboratory -- 3: Differences between Analog and Digital Machines -- 4: Beginnings of the ENIAC -- 5: The ENIAC as a Mathematical Instrument -- 6: John von Neumann and the Computer -- 7: Beyond the ENIAC -- 8: The Structure of the EDVAC -- 9: The Spread of Ideas -- 10: First Calculations on the ENIAC -- Part Three: Post-World War II: The von Neumann Machine and The Institute for Advanced Study -- 1: Post-EDVAC Days -- 2: The Institute for Advanced Study Computer -- 3: Automata Theory and Logic Machines -- 4: Numerical Mathematics -- 5: Numerical Meteorology -- 6: Engineering Activities and Achievements -- 7: The Computer and UNESCO -- 8: The Early Industrial Scene -- 9: Programming Languages -- 10: Conclusions -- Appendix: World-Wide Developements -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials with an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 Elastic Behavior -- 1.2 Plastic Behavior -- 1.3 Viscoelastic Behavior -- 1.4 Creep -- 1.5 Recovery -- 1.6 Relaxation -- 1.7 Linearity -- CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL SURVEY OF CREEP -- 2.1 Creep of Metals -- 2.2 Creep under Uniaxial Stress -- 2.3 Creep under Combined Stresses -- 2.4 Creep under Variable Stress -- 2.5 Creep of Plastics -- 2.6 Mathematical Representation of Creep of Materials -- 2.7 Differential Form -- 2.8 Integral Form -- 2.9 Development of Nonlinear Constitutive Relations -- CHAPTER 3. STATE OF STRESS AND STRAIN -- 3.1 State of Stress -- 3.2 Stress Tensor -- 3.3 Unit Tensor -- 3.4 Principal Stresses -- 3.5 Mean Normal Stress Tensor and Deviatoric Stress Tensor -- 3.6 Invariants of Stress -- 3.7 Traces of Tensors and Products of Tensors -- 3.8 Invariants in Terms of Traces -- 3.9 Hamilton-Cayley Equation -- 3.10 State of Strain -- 3.11 Strain-Displacement Relation -- 3.12 Strain Tensor -- CHAPTER 4. MECHANICS OF STRESS AND DEFORMATION ANALYSES -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Law of Motion -- 4.3 Equations of Equilibrium -- 4.4 Equilibrium of Moments -- 4.5 Kinematics -- 4.6 Compatibility Equations -- 4.7 Constitutive Equations -- 4.8 Linear Elastic Solid -- 4.9 Boundary Conditions -- 4.10 The Stress Analysis Problem in a Linear Isotropic Elastic Solid -- CHAPTER 5. LINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE EQUATIONS -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Viscoelastic Models -- 5.3 The Basic Elements: Spring and Dashpot -- 5.4 Maxwell Model -- 5.5 Kelvin Model -- 5.6 Burgers or Four-element Model -- 5.7 Generalized Maxwell and Kelvin Models -- 5.8 Retardation Spectrum for tn -- 5.9 Differential Form of Constitutive Equations for Simple Stress States. , 5.10 Differential Form of Constitutive Equations for Multiaxial Stress States -- 5.11 Integral Representation of Viscoelastic Constitutive Equations -- 5.12 Creep Compliance -- 5.13 Relaxation Modulus -- 5.14 Boltzmann's Superposition Principle and Integral Representation -- 5.15 Relation Between Creep Compliance and Relaxation Modulus -- 5.16 Generalization of the Integral Representation to Three Dimensions -- 5.17 Behavior of Linear Viscoelastic Material under Oscillating Loading -- 5.18 Complex Modulus and Compliance -- 5.19 Dissipation -- 5.20 Complex Compliance and Complex Modulus of Some Viscoelastic Models -- 5.21 Maxwell Model -- 5.22 Kelvin Model -- 5.23 Burgers Model -- 5.24 Relation Between the Relaxation Modulus and the Complex Relaxation Modulus -- 5.25 Relation Between Creep Compliance and Complex Compliance -- 5.26 Complex Compliance for tn -- 5.27 Temperature Effect and Time-Temperature Superposition Principle -- CHAPTER 6. LINEAR VISCOELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Beam Problems -- 6.3 Stress Analysis of Quasi-static Viscoelastic Problems Using the Elastic-Viscoelastic Correspondence Principle -- 6.4 Thick-walled Viscoelastic Tube* -- 6.5 Point Force Acting on the Surface of a Semi-infinite Viscoelastic Solid -- 6.6 Concluding Remarks -- CHAPTER 7. MULTIPLE INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior under Uniaxial Loading -- 7.3 Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior under Multiaxial Stress State -- 7.4 A Linearly Compressible Material -- 7.5 Incompressible Material Assumption -- 7.6 Linearly Compressible, II -- 7.7 Constant Volume -- 7.8 Incompressible and Linearly Compressible Creep in Terms of σ -- 7.9 Incompressible and Linearly Compressible Relaxation in Terms of ε -- 7.10 Constitutive Relations under Biaxial Stress and Strain. , 7.11 Constitutive Relations under Uniaxial Stress and Strain -- 7.12 Strain Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress States, Compressible Material -- 7.13 Strain Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Stress States, Linearly Compressible Material -- 7.14 Stress Components for Biaxial and Uniaxial Strain States -- 7.15 Approximating Nonlinear Constitutive Equations under Short Time Loading -- 7.16 Superposed Small Loading on a Large Constant Loading -- 7.17 Other Representations -- 7.18 Finite Linear Viscoelasticity -- 7.19 Elastic Fluid Theory -- 7.20 Thermodynamic Constitutive Theory -- CHAPTER 8. NONLINEAR CREEP AT CONSTANT STRESS AND RELAXATION AT CONSTANT STRAIN -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Constitutive Equations for 3 X 3 Matrix -- 8.3 Components of Strain for Creep at Constant Stress -- 8.4 Components of Stress for Relaxation at Constant Strain -- 8.5 Biaxial Constitutive Equations for 2 x 2 Matrix -- 8.6 Components of Strain (or Stress) for Biaxial States for 2 x 2 Matrix -- 8.7 Constitutive Equations for Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.8 Components of Strain for Creep of Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.9 Components of Stress for Relaxation of Linearly Compressible Material -- 8.10 Poisson's Ratio -- 8.11 Time Functions -- 8.12 Determination of Kernel Functions for Constant Stress Creep -- 8.13 Determination of Kernel Functions for Constant-Strain Stress-Relaxation -- 8.14 Experimental Results of Creep -- CHAPTER 9. NONLINEAR CREEP (OR RELAXATION) UNDER VARIABLE STRESS (OR STRAIN) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Direct Determination of Kernel Functions -- 9.3 Product-Form Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.4 Additive Forms of Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.5 Modified Superposition Method -- 9.6 Physical Linearity Approximation of Kernel Functions -- 9.7 Comparison. , CHAPTER 10. CONVERSION AND MIXING OF NONLINEAR CREEP AND RELAXATION -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Relation Between Creep and Stress Relaxation for Uniaxial Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 10.3 Example: Prediction of Uniaxial Stress Relaxation from Creep of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material -- 10.4 Relation Between Creep and Relaxation for Biaxial Nonlinear Viscoelasticity -- 10.5 Behavior of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material under Simultaneous Stress Relaxation in Tension and Creep in Torsion -- 10.6 Prediction of Creep and Relaxation under Arbitrary Input -- CHAPTER 11. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC MATERIALS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Nonlinear Creep Behavior at Elevated Temperatures -- 11.3 Determination of Temperature Dependent Kernel Functions -- 11.4 Creep Behavior under Continuously Varying Temperature-Uniaxial Case -- 11.5 Creep Behavior under Continuously Varying Temperature for Combined Tension and Torsion -- 11.6 Thermal Expansion Instability -- CHAPTER 12. NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC STRESS ANALYSIS -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Solid Circular Cross-section Shaft under Twisting -- 12.3 Beam under Pure Bending -- 12.4 Thick-walled Cylinder under Axially Symmetric Loading -- CHAPTER 13. EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Loading Apparatus for Creep -- 13.3 Load Application -- 13.4 Test Specimen -- 13.5 Uniform Stressing or Straining -- 13.6 Strain Measurement -- 13.7 Temperature Control -- 13.8 Humidity and Temperature Controlled Room -- 13.9 Internal Pressure -- 13.10 Strain Control and Stress Measurement for Relaxation -- 13.11 A Machine for Combined Tension and Torsion -- APPENDIX A1: LIST OF SYMBOLS -- APPENDIX A2: MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTION OF NONLINEAR VISCOELASTIC CONSTITUTIVE RELATION -- APPENDIX A3: UNIT STEP FUNCTION AND UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION -- APPENDIX A4: LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION*. , APPENDIX A5: DERIVATION OF THE MODIFIED SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE FROM THE MULTIPLE INTEGRAL REPRESENTATION -- APPENDIX A6: CONVERSION TABLES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SUBJECT INDEX -- AUTHOR INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Microemulsions: Theory and Practice -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Schulman' s Microemulsions -- I. Introduction -- II. Microemulsions of Commerce -- III. Physical Properties -- IV. Definitions -- Reference -- Chapter 2. Commercial History -- I. Introduction -- II. Carnauba Wax Emulsions -- III. Cutting Oils -- IV. Pine Oil Emulsions -- V. Flavor Emulsions -- VI. Pesticide Emulsions -- VII. Emulsion Polymers -- VIII. Other Systems -- References -- Chapter 3. Formulation -- I. Introduction -- II. Mechanics -- III. Choice of Emulsifiers -- IV. Emulsifiable Oils -- V. The Impasse -- VI. Rheology -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 4. How To Formulate Microemulsions with Less Surfactants -- I. Introduction -- II. Optical Identification of Microemulsions -- III. Relationship between w/o and o/w Microemulsions -- IV. Formulating Microemulsions with Less Solubilizer -- References -- Chapter 5. The Mixed Film Theory -- I. Introduction -- II. The Early Years -- III. The Bowcott and Schulman Paper -- IV. The Oil/Water Interface -- V. Complementary Studies -- VI. New Approaches -- References -- Chapter 6. Microemulsions and Micellar Solutions -- I. Stability of Microemulsions, Basic Factors -- II. Three- and Four-Component Diagrams Phase Diagrams -- III. W/O Microemulsions -- IV. O/W Microemulsions -- V. Mixed Film Theory versus Micellar Aspects -- VI. Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7. Microemulsion and Tertiary Oil Recovery -- I. Introduction -- II. Effect of Capillary and Viscous Force son Residual Oil Saturation and Displacement Efficiency -- III. Desirable Physico-Chemical Properties of a Micro­emulsion Slug -- IV. Mobility Control Design for the Microemulsion Process -- V. Economic Aspects of the Process -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents: Acid and Aprotic Solvents -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Trifluoroacetic Acid -- I. Introduction -- II. Solvent Purification -- III. Physical Properties and Solvent Structure -- IV. Electrochemistry -- V. Solubilities -- VI. Reactions in Trifluoroacetic Acid -- References -- Chapter 2. Halosulfuric Acids -- I. Fluorosulfuric Acid -- II. Chlorosulfuric Acid -- References -- Chapter 3. The Interhalogens -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparations and Problems of Purity -- III. Physical Properties -- IV. Chemical Properties-Halogenation -- V. Solvent Properties -- VI. Spectroscopic and Structural Studies of Some Halogen Fluorides -- References -- Chapter 4. Inorganic Halides and Oxyhalides as Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Antimony Halides -- III. Arsenic Halides -- IV. Nitrosyl and Nitryl Halides -- V. Phosphoryl and Thiophosphoryl Halides -- VI. Seleninyl Chloride -- VII. Sulfur Halides and Oxyhalides -- VIII. Tin(IV) Chloride -- References -- Chapter 5. Molten Salts as Nonaqueous Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Halide Melts -- III. Nitrate Melts -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Spouted Beds -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The Spouted Bed -- 1.2 History -- 1.3 Requirements for Spouting -- 1.4 Spouted Beds in The Gas Solids Contacting Spectrum -- 1.5 Spouting Versus Fluidization -- 1.6 Layout of Subject Matter -- Chapter 2. The Onset of Spouting -- 2.1 Mechanism -- 2.2 Pressure Drop -- 2.3 Minimum Spouting Velocity -- Chapter 3. Flow Pattern of Gas -- 3.1 Experimental Findings -- 3.2 Prediction of Flow Pattern -- 3.3 Residence Time Distribution -- Chapter 4. Flow Pattern of Solids -- 4.1 Particle Motion in Spout -- 4.2 Particle Motion in Annulus and Recirculation -- 4.3 Gross Mixing Behavior -- Chapter 5. Bed Structure -- 5.1 Spout Shape -- 5.2 Void Age Distribution -- Chapter 6. Spouting Stability -- 6.1 Experimental Observations -- 6.2 Maximum Spoutable Bed Depth -- Chapter 7. Particle Attrition -- Chapter 8. Heat Transfer -- 8.1 Between Fluid and Particles -- 8.2 Between Wall and Bed -- 8.3 Between Submerged Object and Bed -- Chapter 9. Mass Transfer and Drying -- 9.1 Mass Transfer under External Control Conditions -- 9.2 Mass Transfer under Internal Control Conditions -- 9.3 Design Equations for Solids Drying -- Chapter 10. Vapor Phase Chemical Reaction -- 10.1 The Spouted Bed as a Chemical Reactor -- 10.2 Theoretical Model for Predicting Catalytic Conversion -- 10.3 Predicted Reactor Performance -- 10.4 Comparison with Fixed and Fluidized Beds -- 10.5 Experimental Support -- Chapter 11. Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Diffusional -- 11.3 Thermal -- 11.4 Mechanical -- 11.5 Solids as Reactants -- 11.6 Solids as Heat Carrier or Catalyst -- Chapter 12. Modifications and Variations -- 12.1 Multiple Spouting -- 12.2 Multistage Spouting -- 12.3 Pulsed Flow Spouting -- 12.4 Spouting with Tubular Inserts. , 12.5 Derivative Techniques -- Chapter 13. Design -- 13.1 General Considerations -- 13.2 Experiments Required and Scale-Up Criteria -- 13.3 Some Practical Suggestions -- Appendix -- Nomenclature -- Conversion Factors -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Technology, Part A -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter I. Protein Food Technologies and the Politics of Food: An Overview -- I. The Food Problems: Political Imperatives -- II. The Special Role of Protein -- III. Means for Increasing Protein Supply -- IV. The Introduction of New Food Technologies -- V. The Role of Government -- VI. Politicians and the Scientific and Technology Community -- VII. Commentary -- References -- Chapter II. The Amino Acid Fortification of Cereals -- I. Introduction -- II. Protein Requirements and Protein Quality -- III. Rationale for Amino Acid Fortification -- IV. Experimental Studies in Animals -- V. Experimental Studies in Humans -- VI. Related Aspects of Amino Acid Fortification -- VII. Improvement of Food Staples vs Mixed Diets -- VIII. Practical Considerations -- IX. Feasibility Studies -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter III. The Amino Acid Fortification of Intact Cereal Grains -- I. Introduction -- II. Amino Acids for Fortification -- III. Techniques of Fortification -- IV. Quality and Safety of Products -- V. Nutritional Impact of Rice Fortification -- VI. Further Aspects of Cereal Fortification -- References -- Chapter IV. The Protein Enrichment of Bread and Baked Products -- I. Introduction -- II. Cereal Proteins -- III. Egg and Milk Proteins -- IV. Grain Legume and Oilseed Proteins -- V. Single Cell Proteins -- VI. Fish Proteins -- VII. Less Conventional Proteins -- VIII. Synthetic Amino Acids -- IX. Composite Flours -- X. Discussion and Summary -- References -- Chapter V. Legume Foods -- I. Introduction -- II. Production -- III. Consumption -- IV. Variations in Composition -- V. Variation in Nutritive Value -- VI. Food Mixtures -- VII. Storage Effects -- VIII. Protein Extraction and Concentration -- IX. Prospects -- References. , Chapter VI. New Approaches to the Marketing of Red Meats -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Note and Some Considerations of the Present Situation -- III. Some Economic and Cultural Considerations -- IV. Some Important Biological Factors in the Meat Industry -- V. Consumer Quality Attributes Other than Nutrition and Hygiene -- VI. Some Aspects of Animal Production -- VII. Foot and Mouth Disease -- VIII. Future Trends -- IX. Government Regulation -- X. Summary -- References -- Chapter VII. New Approaches to Marketing Poultry Products -- I. Introduction -- II. Inherent Properties -- III. Poultry Meat -- IV. Eggs -- References -- Chapter VIII. Meat Analogs -- I. Introduction -- II. Historical Development of Meat Analogs -- III. Commercial Developments -- IV. Nutritional Aspects -- V. Marketing Aspects -- VI. Considerations for the Future -- References -- Chapter IX. New Protein Food Technologies in Japan -- I. Introduction -- II. Tofu -- III. Miso -- IV. Kamaboko and Fish Sausage-Fish Jelly -- V. Textured Vegetable Protein -- VI. Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein (HVP) -- VII. New Enzyme Applications -- VIII. The Protein Food Structure of Japan -- References -- Chapter X. Regulatory Aspects of New Protein Foods -- I. Introduction -- II. Formulation -- III. Labeling and Advertising -- IV. Quality Control -- V. Conclusion -- References -- Glossary -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents: Principles and Basic Solvents -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents of Other Volumes -- Chapter 1. Solvation and Complex Formation in Protic and Aprotic Solvents -- I. Solvation, Solubility, and Complex Stability -- II. Selection and Properties of Solvents to Be Compared -- III. Solvation Enthalpies of Individual Ions and Neutral Molecules in Some Representative Solvents -- IV. Stabilities of Complexes in the Solvents Selected -- V. Thermodynamics of Complex Formation Reactions in the Solvents Selected -- References -- Chapter 2. Solvent Basicity -- I. Introduction -- II. Basicity of Bulk Solvents -- III. Basicity of Solvents as Solutes in Reference Acid Media -- IV. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Brønsted and Lewis Reference Acids in Inert Media -- V. Basicity of Solvents as Reactants with Reference Acids in the Gas Phase -- VI. Correlation of Solvent Basicity Parameters -- References -- Note Added in Proof -- Chapter 3. Nonaqueous Solvents in Organic Electroanalytical Chemistry -- I. Introduction -- II. Advantages of the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- III. Problems Involved in the Use of Nonaqueous Solvents -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Ion-Selective Electrodes in Nonaqueous Solvents -- I. Introduction -- II. Fundamental Theoretical Considerations -- III. Practical Applications -- References -- Chapter 5. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent -- I. Introduction -- II. Purification of Pyridine -- III. Physical Properties of Pyridine -- IV. Pyridine as a Nonaqueous Solvent for Analytical Studies -- V. Behavior of Salts in Pyridine -- VI. Acid-Base Equilibria in Pyridine -- VII. Redox Reactions in Pyridine -- VIII. Halogens and Halogen Complexes in Pyridine -- References. , Chapter 6. Anhydrous Hydrazine and Water-Hydrazine Mixtures -- I. Introduction -- II. Preparation -- III. Properties -- IV. Hydrazine as a Reagent -- V. Anhydrous Hydrazine as a Solvent -- VI. Water-Hydrazine Mixtures as Solvents -- VII. Solvation by Hydrazine: Comparison with Other Solvents -- VIII. Experimental Data -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Chemistry and Action of Herbicide Antidotes -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Part I: Introduction -- CHAPTER 1. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: FROM CONCEPT TO PRACTICE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHENOXYACETIC ACIDS AND OTHER GROWTH REGULATORS AS ANTIDOTES -- III. NEED FOR ANTIDOTES -- IV. CONSIDERATIONS IN SCREENING METHODS FOR ANTIDOTE DETECTION -- V. CORN-EPTC SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VI. MULTIPLE CROP-MULTIPLE HERBICIDE SCREEN FOR ANTIDOTES -- VII. 1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE AS A SEED TREATMENT ANTIDOTE -- VIII. ANTIDOTES IN RELATION TO DORMANCY -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part II: Antidote Structure-Activity Relationships -- CHAPTER 2. ANTIDOTES PROTECT CORN FROM THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDE INJURY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DISCOVERY OF R-25788 AS AN EPTC ANTIDOTE -- III. R-25788 ALSO ANTIDOTES CORN INJURY FROM OTHER THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- IV. EFFECTIVENESS OF R-25788 IN FIELD TRIALS -- V. PROPERTIES AND IMPORTANCE OF R-25788 -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. DIAZOSULFONATES AS PROTECTANTS AGAINST ATRAZINE TOXICITY TO SOYBEANS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES -- III. SOIL INCORPORATION OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- IV. SEED COATING OF DIAZOSULFONATES -- V. REFERENCES -- Part III: Comparative Activity, Selectivity, and Field Applications of Herbicide Antidotes -- CHAPTER 4. COMPARATIVE ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY OF HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. PHYSIOLOGICAL SELECTIVITY OF N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE (R-25788) AS AN ANTIDOTE FOR EPTC IN CORN -- III. COMPARATIVE SELECTIVITY OF NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AND R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR EPTC IN PLANTS -- IV. ACTIVITY OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) AND NA (1,8-NAPHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE) AS ANTIDOTES FOR OTHER HERBICIDES IN ADDITION TO EPTC. , V. EFFECT OF R-25788 ON EPTC UPTAKE AND METABOLISM IN CORN -- VI. STRUCTURE/ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES IN CORN -- VII. DISCUSSION -- VIII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- IX. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. FIELD APPLICATIONS OF THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THIOCARBAMATE ANTIDOTES -- III. REFERENCES -- Part IV: Physiological Actions of Thiocarbamate Herbicides and Their Antidotes -- CHAPTER 6. SITE OF UPTAKE AND ACTION OF THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES AND HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES IN CORN SEEDLINGS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. APPLICATION AS VAPORS -- III. APPLICATION TO THE SOIL IN THE SHOOT OR ROOT ZONE -- IV. APPLICATION BY THE SPLIT-ROOT TECHNIQUE -- V. APPLICATION AS FOLIAGE SPRAYS AND DIPS -- VI. APPLICATION IN LANOLIN PASTE -- VII. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF LIPID COMPONENTS TO THIOCARBAMATES AND ANTIDOTES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EPICUTICULAR WAX SYNTHESIS -- III. INTERNAL FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS -- IV. COMPLEX LIPID SYNTHESIS -- V. LIGHT INTENSITY INFLUENCE -- VI. CHLOROPLAST CONSTITUENT SYNTHESIS -- VII. MIXED-FUNCTION MONOOXYGENASE ACTIVITY -- VIII. DISCUSSION -- IX. REFERENCES -- Part V: Antidote Metabolism and Effects on Herbicide Metabolism -- CHAPTER 8. METABOLISM OF R-25788 (N,N-DIALLYL-2,2-DICHLOROACETAMIDE) IN CORN PLANTS, RATS AND SOIL -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- IV. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION: A MECHANISM FOR HERBICIDE DETOXICATION AND SELECTIVITY IN PLANTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- III. GLUTATHIONE CONJUGATION IN PLANTS -- IV. GLUTATHIONE-S-TRANSFERASES -- V. GSH CONJUGATION AND HERBICIDE SELECTIVITY -- VI. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. INVOLVEMENT OF GLUTATHIONE AND GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASES IN THE ACTION OF DICHLOROACETAMIDE ANTIDOTES FOR THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDES -- I. INTRODUCTION. , II. THIOCARBAMATE METABOLISM IN CORN PLANTS AND MAMMALS -- III. THIOCARBAMATE SULFOXIDES ARE POTENT HERBICIDES -- IV. R-25788 ENHANCES EPTC SULFOXIDE METABOLISM IN CORN -- V. R-25788 ELEVATES CORN GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VI. CORRELATION OF ANTIDOTAL POTENCY FOR COMPOUNDS RELATED TO R-25788 WITH INCREASED ROOT GSH CONTENT AND GSH S-TRANSFERASE ACTIVITY -- VII. FINDINGS ON VARIOUS ANTIDOTE-ORGANISM-HERBICIDE COMBINATIONS -- VIII. COMMENTS ON OTHER OBSERVATIONS RELATIVE TO R-25788 ACTION -- IX. ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- X. REFERENCES -- Part VI: Summary -- CHAPTER 11. HERBICIDE ANTIDOTES: PROGRESS AND PROSPECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GOALS IN FUTURE RESEARCH -- III. ANTIDOTE MODE OF ACTION -- IV. CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- V. REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Water Activity and Food -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. WATER ACTIVITY-BASIC CONCEPTS -- Water in Foods -- Properties of Solutions -- Water Binding -- Water Sorption Isotherms -- Temperature Effects -- Hysteresis -- Frozen Foods -- Nonequilibrium Conditions -- Applications -- Water Activity Values for Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 2. METHODS -- Desired Characteristics -- Water Activity Methods -- Relative Humidity Methods -- Total Moisture Methods -- Calibration -- Control of αw -- References -- CHAPTER 3. ENZYME REACTIONS AND NONENZYMATIC BROWNING -- Effect of Water Activity on Enzymatic Reactions -- Effect of Water Activity on Nonenzymatic Browning Reactions -- References -- CHAPTER 4. LIPID OXIDATION, CHANGES IN TEXTURE, COLOR, AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY -- Effect of αw on Lipid Oxidation -- Effect of αw on Food Texture -- Effect of αw on Food Pigments -- Effect of αw on Nutrients -- References -- CHAPTER 5. MICROBIAL GROWTH -- Bacteria -- Fungi -- Interactions with Water Activity -- Sporulation, Germination, and Outgrowth -- Solute Effects -- Hysteresis Effects -- Physiological Basis of Tolerance of Reduced Water Activity -- References -- CHAPTER 6. FOOD PRESERVATION AND SPOILAGE -- Cereals and Legumes -- Fish -- Meat -- Milk Products -- Vegetables -- Fruit -- Confectionery -- References -- CHAPTER 7. MICROBIAL SURVIVAL -- Survivor Curves -- Survival at Freezing Temperatures -- Survival at Moderate Temperatures -- Survival at Elevated Temperatures -- Sublethal Impairment -- References -- CHAPTER 8. FOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS -- Staphylococcus aureus -- Toxigenic Molds -- Salmonella -- Clostridium perfringens -- Clostridium botulinum -- Vibrio parahaemolyticus -- Bacillus cereus -- Parasites -- References -- CHAPTER 9. CONTROL OF αw AND MOISTURE -- Dehydration -- Concentration by Water Removal. , Intermediate Moisture Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 10. PACKAGING, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTS -- Bulk Storage of Commodities -- Transport -- Refrigerated Storage of Bulk Products -- Packaged Foods -- Measurement of Water Vapor Permeability -- Permeability of Packaging Materials -- Unrefrigerated Packaged Foods -- Refrigerated Packaged Foods -- References -- CHAPTER 11. FOOD PLANT SANITATION -- Process Equipment Cleaning -- Food Storage Sanitation -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Insects and Insect Control -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Fumigants and Antimicrobial Agents -- Effect of Relative Humidity and aw on Bacterial Survival on Surfaces -- Effect of Relative Humidity on Airborne Microorganisms -- References -- Appendix A -- Appendix B -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- The Penetrometer and Soil Exploration: Interpretation of Penetration Diagrams-Theory and Practice -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Preface -- Introduction -- Notations -- Chapter 1. History of The Penetrometer -- 1.1 Origin and characteristics -- 1.2 The Dutch static penetrometers (Goudsche Machinefabriek) -- 1.3 The Frankipfahl static penetrometer (Germany) -- 1.4 American pocket penetrometers -- 1.5 The Sol-Essais (Parez) static penetrometer (France) -- 1.6 The Degebo static penetrometer (Germany) -- 1.7 The G.C. static penetrometer (Belgium) -- 1.8 The recording static penetrometer (U.S.A.) -- 1.9 The Franki static penetrometer (Belgium) -- 1.10 The Soletanche static penetrometer (France) -- 1.11 The Fugro electric-static penetrometer (The Netherlands) -- 1.12 The penetrometers of C.E.B.T.P. (France) -- 1.13 The electric static penetrometer of the Ponts et Chaussées Laboratory at Saint Brieuc (France) -- 1.14 The B.M.E.E. light penetrometer (Great Britain) -- 1.15 The American static penetrometer -- 1.16 The N.B.R.I. static penetrometer (South Africa) -- 1.17 The Australian static penetrometers -- 1.18 The Russian penetrometers -- 1.19 The Bulgarian static penetrometer -- 1.20 Remarks on the static penetrometer -- 1.21 The Fondasol dynamic penetrometer (France) -- 1.22 The Sermes dynamic penetrometer (France) -- 1.23 The Dynatest (France) -- 1.24 The Swedish penetrometers -- 1.25 The Danish penetrometer -- 1.26 Critical considerations on the dynamic penetrometer -- 1.27 The Swiss penetrometers -- 1.28 The Jangot-Bonneton static-dynamic penetrometer (France) -- 1.29 The Meurisse static-dynamic penetrometer (France) -- 1.30 The Andina static-dynamic penetrometer (Switzerland and France) -- 1.31 Graphical representation of penetrometer tests -- 1.32 Recommendations of the international commission. , Chapter 2. General theory -- 2.1 Preliminary evaluation of the diagrams and soil classification -- 2.2 Deep foundations -- 2.3 Shallow footings -- 2.4 Dynamic-penetrometer tests -- 2.5 Settlement forecast -- Chapter 3. The De Beer theory for the interpretation of penetrometer test data -- 3.1 Shallow foundations -- 3.2 Incipient failure conditions under shallow footings -- 3.3 Cohesionless soils -- 3.4 Cohesive soils -- 3.5 Interpretation of the penetrometer diagrams -- 3.6 Comparison between the Belgian and the early French theories -- 3.7 Notes pertaining to deep foundations -- Chapter 4. Kerise's theory -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dense granular soils -- 4.3 Loose and medium dense granular soils -- 4.4 Cohesive soils -- 4.5 Conclusions -- Chapter 5. Dutch theories developed at the Delft Laboratory -- 5.1 Pile foundation design based on penetrometer test data -- 5.2 Experimental research in Delft -- 5.3 Practical applications of the Delft Laboratory method -- 5.4 Research on the skin friction as determined from static-penetrometer tests -- 5.5 Tests performed in The Netherlandss -- 5.6 Effects of vertical heterogeneity of soils - Geuze's law -- Chapter 6. Static penetrometers in the U.S.A. and Canada -- 6.1 Research by A.S. Vesic (U.S. A.) -- 6.2 Tests of CL. Crowther (U.S.A.) -- 6.3 Research by J.H. Schmertmann (U.S.A.) -- 6.4 Tests of Y. Lacroix (U.S.A.) -- 6.5 Canadian tests -- Chapter 7. Side friction and skin friction -- 7.1 Measurements of side friction -- 7.2 Cohesionless soils -- 7.3 Cohesive soils -- 7.4 Soil classification by determination of side friction fs and point resistance qc with static penetrometers -- Chapter 8. The dynamic penetrometer -- 8.1 Tests with dynamic penetrometers fitted with a cone -- 8.2 Interpretation of dynamic-penetration tests for shallow foundations. , 8.3 Theories for the interpretation of dynamic-penetrometer diagrams for deep foundations -- 8.4 Experiences in the Lyons area with sand and gravel mixtures -- 8.5 Heavy-and light-duty dynamic penetrometers -- 8.6 The dynamic penetrometer and the driving of sheet piles -- 8.7 Particular dynamic-penetrometer method for determining soil parameters -- 8.8 Precautions to be observed during dynamic penetration of cohesive soils -- Chapter 9. The Standard Penetration Test and the static penetrometer -- 9.1 Standard Penetration Test (S.P.T.) -- 9.2 Limitations on the use of the S.P.T -- 9.3 The various types of Standard Penetration Test -- 9.4 Experience of the Bureau of Reclamation (Denver, Colo.) -- 9.5 Thesis of Bazaraa -- 9.6 Comparison between the S.P.T. and the static-penetrometer test -- 9.7 Meyerhof's theory -- 9.8 Israeli experiences -- 9.9 Notes on the use of S.P.T. in South America and Spain -- Chapter 10. Discussions -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Raedschelders' comments on intermittent or continuous static penetration (Belgium) -- 10.3 L'Herminier's and Tcheng's experiences (France) -- 10.4 Static penetrometer tests in chalk deposits -- 10.5 Tests performed in Turkey -- 10.6 Brasilian tests -- 10.7 Tests performed in Yugoslavia -- 10.8 German experiences -- 10.9 Bulgarian tests -- 10.10 Australian experiences -- 10.11 Experiences in Venezuela -- 10.12 Investigations performed for Belawan Harbor (Sumatra) -- 10.13 British experiences -- 10.14 Italian tests -- 10.15 Penetration tests in the U.S.S.R -- 10.16 Swedish method of interpretation of penetration diagrams -- 10.17 In situ measurements of sand porosity -- 10.18 South African tests -- 10.19 Correlations between static penetrometer and pressuremeter -- 10.20 Jimenez Salas'experiences (Spain) -- 10.21 Compaction control with the static penetrometer. , 10.22 Driven pile length determination from static penetrometer diagrams -- 10.23 Required depth of soundings -- 10.24 Influence of rate of penetration and point diameter on the point resistance value of the static penetrometer -- 10.25 Penetration tests in Japan -- Chapter 11. The static penetrometer and the prediction of settlements -- 11.1 General comments -- 11.2 Determining the constant of compressibility by static penetrometer -- 11.3 Method of determining the correlation between qc and soil compressibility (research of E.C.L. and I.N.S.A., Lyons) -- 11.4 Results of the research made at the "Ecole Centrale de Lyon" and the I.N.S.A. of Lyons (France) -- 11.5 Practical examples for sands -- 11.6 Practical examples for clays -- 11.7 Experiences of Parez and Bachelier (France) -- 11.8 Delft Laboratory's results -- 11.9 Comparison between reinforced concrete design and soil mechanics -- 11.10 Estimates of settlements from S.P.T. data -- 11.11 Research in Africa -- 11.12 Haefeli's experiences (Switzerland) -- 11.13 English experiences -- 11.14 Australian tests -- 11.15 Theory of Schmertmann (U.S.A.) -- Chapter 12. Conclusions -- 12.1 Interpretation of static-penetration diagrams -- 12.2 Interpretation of dynamic penetration diagrams -- 12.3 Elementary precautions to be observed -- Appendix A: A.S.T.M. tentative standard method for deep quasi-static-cone penetration test -- Appendix B: L'Herminier's theory for the interpretation of penetration test data -- Appendix C: Bearing-capacity factors -- Appendix D: Curves of equal vertical stresses under a continuous footing and a square footing -- Bibliography.