Note: Risk Analysis of Water Pollution -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- 1 Water Resources: Quantity and Quality -- 1.1 Water Pollution and Risk Analysis -- 1.1.1 A Systemic View of Water Resources -- 1.1.1.1 Examples of Application -- 1.1.2 The New Paradigm of Water Quality -- 1.1.2.1 Human Well-being and Health -- 1.1.2.2 Ecological Impacts and Biodiversity -- 1.1.2.3 Fishing and Oyster Farming -- 1.1.2.4 Tourism -- 1.1.2.5 Algal and Chlorophyllic Photosynthesis -- 1.1.2.6 Zooplankton Growth -- 1.1.2.7 Bacteria -- 1.1.3 Integrated Water Resources Management -- 1.2 Water Pollution in Transboundary Regions -- 1.2.1 The UNECE Convention (Helsinki, 1992) -- 1.3 The EU Water Framework Directive -- 1.4 Uncertainties in Water Resources Management -- 1.5 Environmental Risk Assessment and Management -- 1.6 Aim and Organisation of the Book -- 1.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- 2 Risk Identification -- 2.1 Definition of Risk -- 2.2 Typology of Risks and the Precautionary Principle -- 2.2.1 Unacceptable versus Acceptable Risks -- 2.2.2 Controllable versus Uncontrollable Risks -- 2.2.3 Gradual versus Sudden Risks -- 2.2.4 The Precautionary Principle -- 2.3 Uncertainties in Water Pollution Problems -- 2.3.1 Aleatory Uncertainties or Randomness -- 2.3.2 Epistemic or Man-induced Uncertainties -- 2.4 Water Quality Specifications -- 2.4.1 Water Quality Standards -- 2.4.2 Effluent Standards -- 2.5 Probabilistic Risk and Reliability -- 2.6 Fuzzy Risk and Reliability -- 2.7 Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- 3 Risk Quantification -- 3.1 Stochastic Approach -- 3.1.1 Direct Evaluation -- 3.1.1.1 Margin of Safety -- 3.1.1.2 The Safety Factor -- 3.1.2 Second-Moment Formulation -- 3.1.3 Frequency Analysis of Data -- 3.1.3.1 Probability Distribution of Extremes -- 3.1.3.2 Analysis of Frequency. , 3.1.4 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.4.1 Deterministic Modelling -- 3.1.4.2 Stochastic Modelling -- 3.1.5 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 3.2 Fuzzy Set Theory -- 3.2.1 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.1.1 Fuzzy Regression as an Extension of Interval Analysis -- 3.2.1.2 Statistical Regression -- 3.2.1.3 Interval Regression -- 3.2.1.4 Fuzzy Regression -- 3.2.2 Fuzzy Modelling -- 3.3 Time Dependence and System Risk -- 3.3.1 Failure and Reliability Functions -- 3.3.2 Failure Rate and Hazard Function -- 3.3.3 Expected Life -- 3.3.4 System Risk and Reliability -- 3.3.4.1 Series Systems -- 3.3.4.2 Parallel Systems -- 3.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- 4 Risk Assessment of Environmental Water Quality -- 4.1 Risk in Coastal Water Pollution -- 4.1.1 Uncertainties in Coastal Water Quality Processes -- 4.1.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 4.1.2.1 Molecular Diffusion -- 4.1.2.2 Turbulent Diffusion -- 4.1.2.3 Turbulent Dispersion -- 4.1.2.4 Growth Kinetics -- 4.1.2.5 Coastal Circulation -- 4.1.3 Random Walk Simulation -- 4.1.4 Dispersion by Wind-generated Currents -- 4.2 Risk in River Water Quality -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Mathematical Modelling and Simulation -- 4.2.2.1 Physically Based Mathematical Models -- 4.2.2.2 Numerical Simulation -- 4.2.3 Time Series of Water Quality Data -- 4.2.4 Risk Assessment -- 4.3 Risk in Groundwater Contamination -- 4.3.1 Importance of Groundwater Resources -- 4.3.1.1 Groundwater in the Hydrological Cycle -- 4.3.1.2 Steps in Groundwater Development -- 4.3.2 Properties and Field Investigation of Groundwater Systems -- 4.3.2.1 Water in Geological Formations -- 4.3.2.2 Space and Time Scales -- 4.3.3 Aquifer Hydraulic Properties -- 4.3.3.1 Scale Effects -- 4.3.3.2 Measurements and Field Investigations -- 4.3.4 Conceptual and Mathematical Models -- 4.3.4.1 Conceptual Models and Flow Equations -- 4.3.4.2 Analytical Solutions. , 4.3.5 Spatial Variability and Stochastic Modelling -- 4.3.5.1 Uncertainties in Aquifer Contamination Studies -- 4.3.5.2 Stochastic Description -- 4.3.6 Risk Assessment of Groundwater Pollution -- 4.3.6.1 Immiscible Fluids -- 4.3.6.2 Solute Transport and Random Walks -- 4.4 Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- 5 Risk Management -- 5.1 Performance Indices and Figures of Merit -- 5.2 Objective Functions and Optimisation -- 5.2.1 Economic Optimisation under Certainty and under Risk -- 5.2.2 Optimisation Methods -- 5.2.2.1 Mathematical Programming -- 5.2.3 Discontinuous Decision Problems -- 5.3 Basic Decision Theory -- 5.3.1 Main Elements of Decision Making -- 5.3.1.1 Decision under Certainty -- 5.3.1.2 Decision under Risk -- 5.3.1.3 Decision under Uncertainty or Imprecision -- 5.3.1.4 Decision under Conflict -- 5.3.2 Decision Criteria -- 5.3.2.1 Decision Making under Uncertainty -- 5.3.2.2 Decision Making under Risk -- 5.3.3 Baye's Analysis and Value of Information -- 5.3.3.1 Perfect Information -- 5.3.3.2 Imperfect Information -- 5.4 Elements of the Utility Theory -- 5.5 Multi-objective Decision Analysis -- 5.5.1 Feasible, Non-dominated and Efficient Solutions -- 5.5.2 Solution Procedures and Typology of MCDA Techniques -- 5.6 Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- 6 Case Studies -- 6.1 Coastal Pollution: the Thermaikos Gulf (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.1.1 Description of the Thermaikos Gulf -- 6.1.2 Water Circulation Patterns -- 6.1.3 Water Quality Assessment -- 6.1.4 Risk of Pollution under Climate Change -- 6.1.4.1 Temperature and Climate Change -- 6.1.4.2 Monte Carlo Simulation -- 6.2 River Water Quality: the Axios River (Macedonia, Greece) -- 6.2.1 Present Situation -- 6.2.1.1 Axios River -- 6.2.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 6.3 Groundwater Pollution: the Campaspe Aquifer (Victoria, Australia) -- 6.3.1 The Study Area -- 6.3.2 Risk of Salinisation. , 6.3.2.1 Groundwater Hydrodynamics -- 6.3.2.2 Random Walk Simulation -- Appendix A: The Probabilistic Approach -- A.1 Basic Probability -- A.2 The Multiplicative Law -- A.3 Statistical Independence -- A.4 Rare Events -- A.5 Theorem of Total Probability -- A.6 Bayes' Theorem -- A.7 Random Variables -- A.7.1 Discrete Random Variables -- A.7.2 Continuous Random Variables -- A.8 Expectation, Variance and Standard Deviation -- A.9 Derived Distributions -- A.10 Two-dimensional Distributions -- A.11 Functions of Random Vectors -- A.11.1 Sum of Random Variables -- A.11.2 Difference of Random Variables -- A.11.3 Product of Random Variables -- A.11.4 Ratio of Random Variables -- Appendix B: The Fuzzy Set Theory -- B.1 Basic Definitions -- B.2 Fuzzy Sets -- B.3 h-Level Sets, Normal and Convex Fuzzy Sets -- B.4 Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.1 L-R Representation of a Fuzzy Number -- B.4.2 Triangular and Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers -- B.4.3 Support and h-Level of a Fuzzy Number -- B.5 Cartesian Product -- B.6 Extension Principle -- B.7 Arithmetic Operations on Fuzzy Numbers as Extension of Interval Analysis -- B.8 Arithmetic Operations on Intervals -- B.8.1 Addition and Subtraction of Intervals -- B.8.2 Multiplication and Division of Intervals -- B.8.3 Addition of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.4 Subtraction of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.5 Multiplication of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.6 Division of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.7 Minimum and Maximum of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.8 Mean and Width of Fuzzy Numbers -- B.8.9 Convolution of Fuzzy Numbers -- Appendix C: Hints for Answering Questions and Solutions to Problems -- C.1 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 1 -- C.2 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 2 -- C.3 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 3 -- C.4 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 4 -- C.5 Answers to Questions and Problems - Chapter 5 -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Anbau und Nutzung von Bäumen auf landwirtschaftlichen Flächen -- Vorwort -- Inhaltsverzeichis -- Teil 1: Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - Stand des Wissens -- 1.1 Einleitung -- 1.2 Definition und Entwicklung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 1.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Deutschland -- Literatur -- 2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen - rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen -- 2.1 Agrarrecht der Europäischen Union -- 2.2 Bundeswaldgesetz -- 2.3 Gleichstellungsgesetz -- 2.4 Grünland -- 2.5 Forstvermehrungsgutgesetz -- 2.6 Bundes-Umweltverträglichkeits-Prüfungsgesetz -- 2.7 Bundesnaturschutzgesetz -- 2.8 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 3 Auswirkungen von absehbarem Klimawandel auf Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 3.1 Absehbarer Klimawandel - was wird sich nach heutigem Kenntnisstand ändern? -- 3.1.1 Historischer Klimawandel -- 3.1.2 Aktueller Klimawandel -- 3.2 Potentiale von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und mögliche zukünftige Entwicklungen -- 3.2.1 Das Waldwachstumsmodell 4C -- 3.2.2 Modellanwendung: Simulationsstudie Ostdeutschland -- 3.2.3 Ergebnisse für Ostdeutschland -- 3.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 4 Standortsbasierte Leistungsschätzung in Agrarholzbeständen in Brandenburg und Sachsen -- 4.1 Herleitung von Pappeln- und Weiden-Ertragsfunktionen für Brandenburg -- 4.1.1 Schätzung der Wasserversorgung -- 4.1.2 Bonitierung der Agrarholzbestände über die Bestandeshöhe -- 4.1.3 Herleitung standortsbezogener Erträge mit der Boundary-Line-Methode -- 4.1.4 Schätzung der standortsbezogenen Massenleistungen -- 4.2 Aufstellung von Standort-Leistungsbeziehungen für Pappeln in Sachsen -- 4.3 Bewertung der Untersuchungsansätze und der Datengrundlage -- 4.4 Agrarholzvorzugsstandorte in Brandenburg -- 4.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 5 Leistungsvermögen und Leistungserfassung von Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.1 Ertragsleistungen von Kurzumtriebsplantagen. , 5.1.1 Pappel -- 5.1.2 Weide -- 5.1.3 Robinie -- 5.1.4 Zusammenfassende Bewertung -- 5.2 Ertragsermittlung in Kurzumtriebsbeständen -- 5.2.1 Vollerntemethode -- 5.2.2 Teilerntemethode -- 5.2.3 Probebaumverfahren (Stockerntemethode) -- 5.2.4 Regressionsmethode -- 5.2.5 Vergleichende Bewertung der Verfahren -- 5.3 Ausblick -- 5.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 6 Begründung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen: Baumartenwahl und Anlageverfahren -- 6.1 Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.1 Anforderungen an Baumarten für Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 6.1.2 Standortsabhängige Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.3 Zielstellungsbedingte Baumartenwahl -- 6.1.4 Klon- und Sortenwahl -- 6.1.5 Pflanzmaterial -- 6.2 Planung und Anlage -- 6.2.1 Flächenauswahl unter Berücksichtigung der Ernteverfahren -- 6.2.2 Räumliche Ordnung und Pflanzverband -- 6.2.3 Flächenvorbereitung und Pflanzzeitpunkt -- 6.2.4 Pflanzverfahren und Technik -- 6.2.5 Manuelle Pflanzung -- 6.2.6 Maschinelle Pflanzung -- 6.3 Weitere Bewirtschaftungsaspekte -- 6.3.1 Wildmanagement und Zäunung -- 6.3.2 Mäuse -- 6.3.3 Begleitvegetation -- 6.3.4 Rückschnitt -- 6.3.5 Düngung -- 6.3.6 Landschaftspflegerische Begleitmaßnahmen -- 6.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 7 Bewirtschaftungsstrategien von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 7.1 Überblick über die Bewirtschaftungsstrategien -- 7.2 Nutzungsstrategien -- 7.2.1 Stoffliche Nutzung -- 7.2.2 Energetische Nutzung -- 7.2.3 Weitere Nutzungsoptionen -- 7.3 Anbaustrategien -- 7.3.1 Anbau auf Marginalstandorten -- 7.3.2 Schaffung großer Leitbeispiele („Leuchttürme") -- 7.3.3 Schnellwachsende Hölzer als Landschaftselemente -- 7.3.4 Anbau auf Grünlandflächen -- 7.4 Plantagenstruktur und Nachhaltigkeit -- 7.5 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 8 Abiotische und biotische Schadfaktoren in Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 8.1 Abiotische Schadfaktoren -- 8.1.1 Trockenheit -- 8.1.2 Frost -- 8.1.3 Wind -- 8.2 Biotische Schadfaktoren. , 8.2.1 Begleitvegetation -- 8.2.2 Pilze, Bakterien und Viren -- 8.2.3 Insekten -- 8.2.4 Säugetiere -- 8.3 Allgemeine Empfehlungen zum vorbeugenden Schadensmanagement sowie zu Bekämpfungsmaßnahmen -- 8.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 9 Technologien der Ernte und Rodung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 9.1 Erntetechnik -- 9.1.1 Verfahrensübersicht -- 9.1.2 Stammholzlinien -- 9.1.3 Bündellinien -- 9.1.4 Hackgutlinien -- 9.2 Rodetechnik -- 9.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 10 Logistische Bereitstellung von Agrarholz für regionale Nutzungen am Beispiel von Brandenburg -- 10.1 Rahmenbedingungen für die zukünftige Bereitstellung von Agrarholz in Brandenburg -- 10.2 Anforderungen möglicher Abnehmer an die Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3 Technische Elemente der Bereitstellung von Agrarholz -- 10.3.1 Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsprozesse: Ernte und Bringung zum Feldrand -- 10.3.2 Lagerung und Trocknung -- 10.3.3 Umschlag und Transport -- 10.4 Bewertung abnehmerorientierter Bereitstellungsketten -- 10.4.1 Lagerung und Trocknung von Hackschnitzeln zur Belieferung mittelgroßer Strom- und Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.2 Ganzjährige Belieferung kleiner Wärmeerzeuger -- 10.4.3 Ganzjährige Belieferung von Abnehmern industrieller Größenordnung -- 10.5 Zusammenfassende Empfehlungen für den Aufbau von Bereitstellungsstrukturen -- 10.6 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 11 Regionale Wertschöpfungsketten im Rahmen der Nutzung von schnellwachsenden Baumarten im ländlichen Raum am Beispiel Südbrandenburgs -- 11.1 Hintergründe des verstärkten Anbaus schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2 Regionale Lösungsmöglichkeiten zum Anbau schnellwachsender Baumarten -- 11.2.1 Der „Energiewald Lauchhammer" - eine Möglichkeit der großflächigen Etablierung von schnellwachsenden Bäumen. , 11.2.2 Die Erzeugergemeinschaft „Biomasse Schraden e.V." - eine Möglichkeit der regionalen Wertschöpfung mit schnellwachsenden Baumarten durch Interessenbündelung -- 11.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 12 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Einordnung der Holzerzeugung in die Anbaustruktur landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen -- 12.1 Arbeitsgänge bei der Bewirtschaftung von Kurzumtriebsplantagen - zur Variationsbreite der Kosten -- 12.1.1 Flächenvorbereitung, Pflanzung und Pflege -- 12.1.2 Ernte und Transport -- 12.1.3 Rückwandlung der Fläche -- 12.2 Wirtschaftlichkeit von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 12.2.1 Methode -- 12.2.2 Wirtschaftlichkeitsermittlung anhand verschiedener Berechnungsansätze -- 12.3 Vergleich der Ergebnisse mit dem Marktfruchtanbau -- 12.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 13 Ökonomische Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz: Verfahrensvergleich mit landwirtschaftlichen Kulturen im regionalen Kontext -- 13.1 Welches Ziel wird mit der ökonomischen Bewertung von Kurzumtriebsholz verfolgt? -- 13.2 Vorgehensweise bei der Bewertung -- 13.3 Zur Ökonomie der Produktionsverfahren -- 13.4 Abhängigkeit von Standortfaktoren -- 13.5 Szenarienanalyse auf Verfahrensebene -- 13.6 Verlauf der Barwerte bei Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.7 Konkurrenzfähigkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz im regionalen Kontext -- 13.8 Verfügbarkeit von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.9 Abschließende Bewertung der Ökonomie von Kurzumtriebsholz -- 13.10 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 14 Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.1 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz - ein Widerspruch? -- 14.2 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext nachhaltiger Entwicklung und landschaftsökologischer Potenziale -- 14.3 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Naturschutz im Kontext biologischer Vielfalt -- 14.4 Kurzumtriebsplantagen und Landschaftsbild. , 14.5 Flächenauswahl für die Anlage von Kurzumtriebsplantagen aus Sicht des Naturschutzes -- 14.6 Fazit -- 14.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 15 Monetäre Bewertung ökologischer Leistungen des Agrarholzanbaus -- 15.1 Monetäre Bewertung und ökologisch erweiterte Nutzen-Kosten-Analysen -- 15.2 Agrarholzanbau und dessen monetäre Bewertung -- 15.2.1 Holzerträge -- 15.2.2 Klimaschutz -- 15.2.3 Grundwasserhaushaltsregulierung -- 15.2.4 Biodiversität -- 15.2.5 Weitere ökosystemare Wirkungen -- 15.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 16 Wasserhaushalt von Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.1 Erfassung der Komponenten des Wasserhaushalts -- 16.2 Untersuchungen zum Wasserhaushalt -- 16.3 Erste Messergebnisse einer Versuchsfläche in Sachsen -- 16.4 Wasserverbrauch von Pappel-KUP im Vergleich zu anderen Landnutzungsformen -- 16.5 Langfristige Veränderungen des Wasserhaushalts durch Kurzumtriebsplantagen -- 16.6 Schlussfolgerungen -- 16.7 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 17 Modellierung des Kohlenstoffhaushalts von Pappel-Kurzumtriebsplantagen in Brandenburg -- 17.1 Kenngrößen der Kohlenstoffspeicherung -- 17.1.1 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffflüsse -- 17.1.2 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Biomasse -- 17.1.3 Kennzeichnung der Kohlenstoffspeicherung in der Streuschicht und im Boden -- 17.2 Modellierungsansatz -- 17.2.1 Das shortcar-Modell -- 17.2.2 Datenaufarbeitung und Modellparametrisierung -- 17.2.3 Ergebnisse und Diskussion -- 17.3 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 18 Ökologische Bewertung des Zukunftsrohstoffs Agrarholz -- 18.1 Bewertungsfragestellungen -- 18.2 Ökobilanz, Untersuchungsrahmen und Datengrundlagen -- 18.3 Diskussion der Ergebnisse -- 18.3.1 Vergleichende Betrachtung der Nutzungspfade -- 18.4 Zusammenfassung -- Literatur -- 19 Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus bei Landwirten -- 19.1 Methodik -- 19.2 Ergebnisse. , 19.2.1 Einflussfaktoren auf die Akzeptanz des Energieholzanbaus.

Note: Intro -- Silicon Carbide: Volume 1: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Volume 1 Silicon Carbide: Growth, Defects, and Novel Applications -- Part A Growth of SiC -- 1 Bulk growth of SiC - review on advances of SiC vapor growth for improved doping and systematic study on dislocation evolution -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Experiments -- 1.3 Results and discussions -- 1.4 Spatial distribution of dislocations in SiC -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Bulk and epitaxial growth of micropipe-free silicon carbide on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Search for stable rhombohedral facets in 6H- and 4H-SiC -- 2.3 PVT growth of bulk 6H- and 4H-SiC on rhombohedral (011n) facets -- 2.4 Homoepitaxial Liquid Phase Epitaxy growth on basal and rhombohedral plane seeds -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth and development of a fast growth technique -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental -- 3.3 Formation of extended defects in 4H-SiC epitaxial growth -- 3.4 Fast epitaxial growth of 4H-SiC -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Fabrication of high performance 3C-SiC vertical MOSFETs by reducing planar defects -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Reduction of planar defects in 3C-SiC -- 4.3 Performance of vertical MOSFETs -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part B Characterization of Defects and Material Properties -- 5 Identification of intrinsic defects in SiC: Towards an understanding of defect aggregates by combining theoretical and experimental approaches -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Assessing the identity of defects in SiC -- 5.3 Vacancy-related defects -- 5.4 Vacancy aggregation and its consequences -- 5.5 Carbon interstitial-related defects and high-frequency vibrations -- 5.6 The carbon aggregation and its implications. , 5.7 Summary and outlook -- References -- 6 EPR identification of intrinsic defects in SiC -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Isolated vacancy -- 6.3 Pulsed ELDOR of TV2a: Observation of missing central line -- 6.4 Divacancy -- 6.5 Antisites and antisite-vacancy pairs -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Electrical and topographical characterization of aluminum implanted layers in 4H silicon carbide -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Experimental -- 7.3 Electrical characterization -- 7.4 Topographical characterization -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Optical properties of as-grown and process-induced stacking faults in 4H-SiC -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural aspects -- 8.3 Imaging techniques -- 8.4 Optical SFs signature -- 8.5 More realistic type-II QW model -- 8.6 Transfer matrix method -- 8.7 Focussing on a single QW -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Characterization of defects in silicon carbide by Raman spectroscopy -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Experimental setup -- 9.3 Polytype conversion in 3C-SiC grown by chemical vapor deposition -- 9.4 Electronic Raman studies of shallow donors in silicon carbide -- 9.5 Graphene layers on SiC-surfaces -- 9.6 Summary -- References -- 10 Lifetime-killing defects in 4H-SiC epilayers and lifetime control by low-energy electron irradiation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Experimental -- 10.3 Results and discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Identification and carrier dynamics of the dominant lifetime limiting defect in n- 4H-SiC epitaxial layers -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Defects in 4H-SiC epilayers -- 11.3 Identification of the lifetime killer -- 11.4 Carrier dynamics at the Z1/2 defect -- 11.5 Summary -- References -- 12 Optical beam induced current measurements: principles and applications to SiC device characterization -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theory and principle of OBIC: calculation of the current. , 12.3 Description of the experimental set-up -- 12.4 Study of device termination technique -- 12.5 Determination of carrier lifetime -- 12.6 Determination of ionization coefficients -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Measurements of impact ionization coefficients of electrons and holes in 4H-SiC and their application to device simulation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Experiments -- 13.3 Modeling of anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- 13.4 Application to device simulation of power devices -- 13.5 Summary and conclusions -- Appendix A: Interpolation formula for anisotropic impact ionization coefficients -- Appendix B: Scaling properties in the design of power devices -- References -- 14 Analysis of interface trap parameters from double-peak conductance spectra taken on N-implanted 3C-SiC MOS capacitors -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Experimental -- 14.3 Experimental results -- 14.4 Model -- 14.5 Discussion -- 14.6 Summary -- References -- 15 Non-basal plane SiC surfaces: Anisotropic structures and low-dimensional electron systems -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Crystal structure and bulk truncated surface termination -- 15.3 Experimental procedures -- 15.4 Hydrogen etching -- 15.5 a-plane and m-plane surfaces -- 15.6 Surface phases on SiC (1 102) -- 15.7 The SiC(1102) surface -- 15.8 Summary -- References -- Part C Novel Applications -- 16 Comparative columnar porous etching studies on n-type 6H SiC crystalline faces -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Experimental -- 16.3 Results and discussion -- 16.4 Summary -- References -- 17 Micro- and nanomechanical structures for silicon carbide MEMS and NEMS -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Single crystalline SiC -- 17.3 Polycrystalline SiC -- 17.4 Amorphous SiC -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Epitaxial graphene: a new material -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Experimental aspects. , 18.3 Comparison of graphene and FLG on SiC(0001) and SiC (000 1) -- 18.4 Band structure of FLG near the K-point -- 18.5 Summary and outlook -- References -- 19 Density functional study of graphene overlayers on SiC -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Method -- 19.3 Structural properties -- 19.4 Electronic structure -- 19.5 Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- The Role of Evidence in Risk Characterization -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- List of Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- References -- I From Scientific Analysis to Risk Policy -- 2 Risk Assessment and Risk Communication for Electromagnetic Fields: A World Health Organization Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Conceptual Framework for Risk Assessment -- 2.3 EHC on EMFs -- 2.3.1 ELF Fields -- 2.3.2 Static Fields -- 2.4 Comparison Between the WHO ELF-EHC and the California Report -- 2.5 Communicating about Risks of EMFs -- 2.6 Discussion -- Appendix 1 -- References -- 3 Characterizing Evidence and Policy Making -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Science-based Evidence -- 3.2.1 From Basic Research to Recommendations -- 3.2.2 Officially Appointed Expert Committees and Self-appointed Experts -- 3.2.3 Communication of Recommendations -- 3.3 Society-based Evidence -- 3.4 Policy Making -- 3.4.1 Role of Policy Drafters in Policy Making -- 3.4.2 Role of Politicians in Policy Making -- 3.4.3 Policy Making and the Media -- 3.4.4 Policies -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- II Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Evidence Characterization in Different Research Areas -- 4 Basic Principles and Evidence Characterization of the Data from Genetox Investigations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Cell Cycle -- 4.3 Test Systems -- 4.3.1 COMET Assay to Evaluate Primary DNA Damage -- 4.3.2 Chromosomal Aberrations -- 4.3.3 Micronuclei -- 4.3.4 Sister Chromatid Exchanges -- 4.3.5 Other Assay Systems and Endpoints -- 4.4 Methodological Aspects -- 4.4.1 In Vitro Studies -- 4.4.1.1 CAs in HPLs -- 4.4.1.2 CAs in Fibroblasts -- 4.4.1.3 MN -- 4.4.1.4 SCEs -- 4.4.1.5 Metabolic Activation -- 4.4.2 In Vivo Studies -- 4.4.2.1 Mammals -- 4.4.2.2 Humans -- 4.5 GLP -- 4.6 Evidence Characterization and Interpretation of Genetox Results -- 4.6.1 Interpretation of Data from One Endpoint. , 4.6.2 Interpretation of Data from Four Endpoints -- 4.6.3 Interpretation of Data from Three Endpoints -- 4.6.4 Interpretation of Data from Two Endpoints -- 4.7 Genetox Studies with Electromagnetic Fields -- References -- 5 Animal Studies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Exposure Systems -- 5.3 Sham Exposure and Cage Controls -- 5.4 Replication Studies -- 5.5 Interpretation of Results -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Epidemiology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Types and Risk Estimation -- 6.3 Making Sense of Conflicting Results -- 6.3.1 Temporal Relation Consistent with Cause and Effect -- 6.3.2 Strength of the Association -- 6.3.3 Dose-Response Relationship -- 6.3.4 Consistency Within and Across Studies -- 6.3.5 Specificity -- 6.3.6 Absence of Bias and Confounding -- 6.3.7 Biological Plausibility -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Principles and Practice of Evidence Characterization in Environmental Clinical Case Studies -- 7.1 Clinical Environmental Medicine -- 7.2 Assessment of Health Complaints -- 7.2.1 Environmental Attribution -- 7.2.2 Case History -- 7.3 Exposure Assessment and Evaluation -- 7.3.1 Biomonitoring -- 7.3.2 Effect and Susceptibility Monitoring -- 7.3.3 On-site Inspection -- 7.3.4 Ambient Monitoring -- 7.4 Interdisciplinary Clinical Diagnostics -- 7.4.1 Evaluation of Clinical Cases -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- III Making Sense of Conflicting Data: Procedures for Characterizing Evidence -- 8 Characterizing Evidence with Evidence-based Medicine -- 8.1 What is Evidence-based Medicine? -- 8.2 EbM Process -- 8.3 Five Steps of EbM -- 8.3.1 Asking Answerable Questions -- 8.3.2 Finding the Best Available Evidence -- 8.3.3 Critical Appraisal -- 8.3.4 Acting on the Evidence -- 8.3.5 Evaluate your Performance -- 8.4 Comparing the EbM to Other Approaches of Characterizing Evidence -- References. , 9 The IARC Monographs' Approach to Characterizing Evidence -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Pertinent Data for Carcinogen Identification -- 9.3 International Agency for Research on Cancer Evaluations -- 9.3.1 Evaluating Epidemiologic Studies -- 9.3.2 Evaluating Bioassays in Experimental Animals -- 9.3.3 Evaluating Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data -- 9.3.4 Overall Evaluation -- 9.4 Hazard versus Risk -- 9.5 Ensuring Impartial Evaluations -- 9.6 Characterizing Evidence in the Future -- References -- 10 The Swiss Health Risk Approach -- 10.1 Background -- 10.2 Aims -- 10.3 Approach -- 10.3.1 Evidence Rating -- 10.3.2 Relevance to Health -- 10.3.3 Exposure Levels -- 10.3.4 Summary Scheme -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.4.1 Gradual Rating of the Evidence -- 10.4.2 Source-specific Evaluation -- 10.4.3 Lack of Data -- 10.4.4 Publication Bias -- 10.4.5 Rating of the Study Quality -- 10.4.6 Meta-analyses -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Procedures for Characterizing Evidence: German Commission on Radiation Protection (Strahlenschutzkommission) -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Assessment of Scientific Evidence -- 11.3 Relevance to Human Health -- 11.4 Weight of Evidence -- 11.5 Multidisciplinary Assessment -- 11.6 Regulations -- 11.7 Precautions -- 11.8 Electromagnetic Interference -- 11.9 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Lessons from the California Electromagnetic Field Risk Assessment of 2002 -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Policy Questions and Questions about Causal Claims and Arguments -- 12.3 Bradford Hill's and Koch's Questions -- 12.4 The Asymmetry of Some "Rule In" Tests -- 12.5 Toulmin's Argument Anatomy and Bayes' Theorem as a Universal Warrant -- 12.6 Special Importance of Coherence -- 12.7 Plausibility, Experimentation and Analogy -- 12.8 Causal Arguments Can Become More Transparent but Will Always Involve Judgment -- References. , 13 Evidence Maps - A Tool for Summarizing and Communicating Evidence in Risk Assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Evidence Maps Approach -- 13.2.1 Background -- 13.2.2 Structure of Evidence Maps -- 13.2.3 Constructing an Evidence Map: Cancer Epidemiology -- 13.3 Insights from the Process of Building Evidence Maps -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- IV Psychological and Ethical Aspects in Dealing with Conflicting Data and Uncertainty -- 14 Perception of Uncertainty and Communication about unclear Risks -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Uncertainty in Risk Assessment -- 14.3 Uncertainty Communication and Lay Persons' Perception of Uncertainty Information -- 14.3.1 Intuitive Toxicology: How do Nonexperts Understand the Risk Assessment Framework? -- 14.3.2 How do People Understand Information about Relative Risks -- 14.3.3 Information about Uncertainty in Risk Assessment: How do Nonexperts Cope With It? -- 14.3.4 Uncertainty Descriptions: How do People Understand Qualitative, Quantitative and Visual Expression? -- 14.3.5 Contextual Effects -- 14.4 Lay Peoples' Perception of Precautionary Measures -- 14.5 Outlook and Conclusions -- References -- 15 Ethical Guidance for Dealing with Unclear Risk -- 15.1 Ethical Guidance in Cases of Unclear Risk - The Challenge -- 15.2 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.2.1 Entry Points of Ethical Reflection in General -- 15.2.2 Unclear Risk: Nonstandard Situations with Respect to Risk -- 15.2.3 Moral Conflicts in Situations of Unclear Risk -- 15.3 Ethical Approaches to (Unclear) Risk -- 15.3.1 Consequentialist Approach -- 15.3.2 Principle of Pragmatic Consistency -- 15.3.3 "Imperative of Responsibility" (Jonas) -- 15.3.4 Projected Time -- 15.3.5 Deontological Advice -- 15.3.6 Interim Conclusions (1) -- 15.4 Operative Approaches -- 15.4.1 Precautionary Principle. , 15.4.2 Principle of Prudent Avoidance -- 15.4.3 Interim Conclusions (2) -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- V Practical Implications -- 16 Lessons Learned: Recommendations for Communicating Conflicting Evidence for Risk Characterization -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Guiding Principles in Risk Communication -- 16.2.1 Prudence -- 16.2.1.1 Assess the Underlying Problem -- 16.2.1.2 Both Content and Process do Matter -- 16.2.2 Transparency -- 16.2.2.1 Make Your Expertise Transparent -- 16.2.2.2 Describe the Context of Your Work and the Process of Arriving at the Conclusion -- 16.2.2.3 Reveal your Evaluation Framework -- 16.2.2.4 Describe the Rules that You Use for Evaluating the Weight of Evidence -- 16.2.3 Impartiality -- 16.2.3.1 Give the Pros and Cons of Your Assessment -- 16.2.3.2 Depict the Remaining Uncertainties but Do Not Forget to Point Out the Evidence Already Available -- 16.2.4 Reasonableness -- 16.2.4.1 Explain the Process of Evaluating Evidence -- 16.2.4.2 Explain the Relevance of the Endpoints for Evaluating Human Health Risks -- 16.2.4.3 Put the Available Evidence in Perspective -- 16.2.4.4 Support Accessibility of Critical Information -- 16.2.4.5 Assess the Potential Risk -- 16.2.4.6 Put the Potential Risk in Perspective -- 16.2.5 Clarity -- 16.2.5.1 Give No More Information than Necessary -- 16.2.5.2 Be Aware of Your Language -- 16.2.5.3 Test the Perceptions of your Communication Formats -- 16.2.6 Responsibility -- 16.2.6.1 How Much Evidence is Evidence Enough for Taking Action? -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Electrostatic Discharge -- Contents -- Preface to the First Edition -- Preface to the Third Edition -- Acknowledgements -- 1. The Electrostatic Discharge Phenomenon -- 1.1. Physics Involved -- 1.2. Influencing Parameters -- 1.3. Various Types of Electrostatic Charging with Humans and Objects -- 1.4. Statistics of Voltages and Currents Reached During ESD -- 1.4.1. Personnel ESD Statistics -- 1.4.2. Furniture and Objects ESD Statistics -- 1.5. Waveforms of Electrostatic Discharges -- 1.5.1. Personal ESD Waveforms -- 1.5.2. Furniture ESD Waveforms -- 1.5.3. Summary: Comparison of Dynamic Parameters for Personnel and Furniture ESD -- 1.5.4. Actual versus Idealized ESD Waveforms -- References -- 2. Effects of ESD on Electronics -- 2.1. Direct Discharge to an Electronic Component -- 2.2. Direct Discharge to Electronic Equipment Enclosure -- 2.3. Indirect Discharge -- 2.4. Coupling Mechanisms of ESD Pulse into the Victim's Circuitry -- 2.4.1. Magnetic Field Coupling -- 2.4.2. Electric Field Coupling from Indirect ESD on Floating Parts -- 2.4.3. Measured E- and H-Field Values near an ESD to a Grounded Structure -- 2.4.4. Effect of Wave Impedance on Voltages Induced in Nearby PCBs and Small Circuits -- 2.4.5. Effect of a Typical Metallic Cabinet on ESD-Radiated Effects -- 2.4.6. Common Impedance Coupling with an ESD -- 2.5. Response of Victim Circuits and Type of Errors -- 2.5.1. Influence of Circuit Impedances -- 2.5.2. Specific Disturbance Created by the Hand/Metal Initial Spike -- 2.5.3. Errors/Malfunctions Induced in Analog Devices -- 2.6. Prediction of Actual ESD-Induced Error, Fast Approximation Method -- 2.7. Remarks on the Actual Current Paths and Associated Radiation -- 2.8. Personnel or Furniture ESD: Which One is Worse? -- References -- 3. Principal ESD Specifications -- 3.1. ESD Test Specifications for Device Sensitivity. , 3.1.1. MIL-Std 883 -- 3.1.2. EIA/JEDEC and ESD Association Test Methods -- 3.2. ESD Specifications for Equipment Immunity -- 3.2.1. International Standard IEC 61000-4-2 -- 3.2.2. ANSI C.63-16, ESD Test Methods, and Criteria for Electronic Equipment -- 3.2.3. ESD Immunity for Automobile Electronics, SAE J1113-13 and ISO 10605 -- 3.2.4. MIL-Std 1541, ESD Immunity Requirements for Space Systems -- 3.3. Antistatic Control Procedures -- 3.3.1. Military Domain: MIL-Std 1686 and MIL 263 Handbook -- 3.3.2. Industry Standards for Static Control Programs -- References -- 4. ESD Diagnostics and Testing -- 4.1. ESD Simulators: How They Work -- 4.1.1. Arc or Direct Contact -- 4.1.2. Simulators for Equipment Test, Based on IEC 61000-4-2 Standard -- 4.1.3. Detailed Review of the IEC 61000-4-2 Simulator Definition -- 4.1.4. Generators with Different Networks, Very High Voltage and Field Enhancement Accessories -- 4.1.5. Special Relays Required for ESD Simulators -- 4.2. Furniture Versus Personnel ESD Simulation -- 4.3. Other Types of ESD Simulators for Component Testing -- 4.4. ESD Test Setup-Direct and Indirect ESD -- 4.4.1. Ground Reference -- 4.4.2. Direct versus Indirect ESD -- 4.4.3. Roles of the HCP and VCP -- 4.4.4. Grounding the Simulator and the EUT -- 4.4.5. External Cables and System Configuration -- 4.5. ESD Test Routine and Discharge Procedures -- 4.5.1. Preparation of EUT for Test Readiness -- 4.5.2. Application of the Discharges -- 4.6. No Error/No Damage Concept: The Several Layers of Severity -- 4.7. The Error per Discharge Concept or Multiple-Trials Approach -- 4.7.1. Practical Application of the Error per Pulse Concept -- 4.7.2. ESD Test Plan with Cost-Effectiveness Constraints -- 4.8. ESD Test During Design and Development -- 4.9. ESD For Field Diagnostics and Forced Crash Method -- 4.10. Home-Made Investigation Tools and Diagnostic Hints. , References -- 5. Design for ESD Immunity -- 5.1. ESD Protection at Component Level -- 5.1.1. Integrated Circuits with Internal ESD Protection -- 5.1.2. Additional ESD Protection: When Is It Needed and How Much? -- 5.2. ESD Protection at the PCB Level (Internal Circuitry) -- 5.2.1. Reducing the Field-to-PCB Coupling Mechanisms -- 5.2.2. PCB Connectors Areas -- 5.2.3. Signal Ground versus Chassis Ground -- 5.2.4. PCB Hardening with Plastic Products -- 5.3. ESD Protection by Internal Wiring and Mechanical Packaging -- 5.4. ESD Protection by Box Shielding and Envelope Design -- 5.4.1. Some Shielding Basics -- 5.4.2. How to Maintain Shield Integrity with Metal Housings -- 5.4.3. How to Make Shield Barriers for Plastic Housings -- 5.4.4. Treatment of Shield Openings -- 5.4.5. Nonmetallized Plastic Boxes -- 5.5. ESD Protection of External Cables and I/O Ports -- 5.5.1. External Cable Shielding -- 5.5.2. ESD Hardening of I/O Ports -- 5.5.3. I/O Cable Entries ESD Protection with Plastic Products -- 5.6. ESD Immunity by Software and Noise Inhibition Techniques -- 5.7. ESD Immunity with Miniature, Portable Devices -- 5.8. System ESD Immunity -- 5.9. ESD Control at Installation Level -- References -- 6. ESD Cases Studies -- 6.1. Case 1: The Reradiating Ground Strap -- 6.2. Case 2: ESD Hardening of a Printer -- 6.3. Case 3: The Data Terminal with Floating Tray -- 6.4. Case 4: The Safety Wire "Antenna -- 6.5. Case 5: The Touchy Watchdog -- 6.6. Case 6: The Trigger-Happy Air bag Initiator -- 6.7. Conclusion: Troubleshooting Hints -- Appendix A. ESD Protection by Design of Chips and Microcircuits -- Appendix B. Prediction of ESD Damage Level for a Semiconductor Junction -- Appendix C. Spark-Over Voltages -- Appendix D. Fatigue Phenomena During Repeated ESD Testing -- Appendix E. Prediction of ESD-Induced Noise by Fast Frequency-Domain Calculations. , Appendix F. More Experiments on ESD Coupling to Boxes -- Appendix G. Examples of Simple SPICE Modeling of ESD Coupling Effects -- Appendix H. Time-to-Frequency Conversion for a Single Transient -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Horse Health & -- Nutrition For Dummies -- About the Authors -- Dedication -- Authors' Acknowledgments -- Contents at a Glance -- Table of Contents -- Introduction -- About This Book -- Conventions Used in This Book -- What You're Not to Read -- Foolish Assumptions -- How This Book Is Organized -- Icons Used in This Book -- Where to Go from Here -- Part I: Honing Basic Horse Care Skills -- Chapter 1: Taking on Your Horse's Health -- Knowing the Traits of a Healthy Horse -- Understanding the Equine Mind's Link to Health -- The Details of Routine Horse Care -- Exercising for the Best Health Possible -- Feeding Your Hungry Horse -- Tackling Disease -- Caring for Mare and Foal -- Easing into the Senior Years -- Chapter 2: Sizing Up a Healthy Horse -- Gauging the Signs of a Healthy Horse -- Adding Another Healthy Horse to the Family -- Chapter 3: Connecting Your Horse's Behavior to Health -- Horse Behavior 101 -- Detecting and Fixing Behavior Problems -- Chapter 4: Getting Up to Speed on Routine Care -- Working with Your Vet to Ensure Good Care -- Housing Your Horse Safely and Comfortably -- Grooming Your Horse -- Taking Care of Your Horse's Hooves -- Ridding Your Horse of Pests and Parasites -- Smile Pretty! Caring for Your Horse's Teeth -- Chapter 5: Exercising for Health -- Starting Safely with Exercise -- Surveying Workout Options for Your Horse -- Helping Your Horse Recover from Injuries or Illness -- Part II: Good Eats: Nutrition and Feeding -- Chapter 6: The Building Blocks of Good Nutrition -- Drink Up! The Importance of Water in a Horse's Diet -- Keeping Your Horse's System Working Right with Roughage -- Energizing Your Horse with Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fat -- Understanding the Value of Vitamins -- Staying Strong with Minerals -- Chapter 7: Your Hungry Horse: Feeding Fundamentals -- Hay Now! Choosing Hay for Your Horse. , Grazing Time: Providing Pasture for Your Horse -- Considering Other Feeds -- Feeding Your Horse Properly -- Chapter 8: Special Considerations for Your Horse's Diet -- The Skinny on Dietary Supplements -- Helping Horses with Weight Problems -- Controlling Allergies with Diet -- Affecting Your Horse's Behavior with Diet -- Chapter 9: Growing Your Own Food -- Before You Begin: The Basics of Growing Food for Horses -- Starting and Maintaining a Pasture -- Harvesting Hay for the Future -- Part III: Recognizing and Treating Illnesses -- Chapter 10: Introducing the Anatomy of a Horse -- The Workings of Your Horse's Innards -- Important Parts on the Outside of Your Horse -- Chapter 11: Tackling Common Ailments -- Getting a Leg Up on Soundness Issues -- Trying to Stomach Digestive Problems -- Saving Your Horse's Skin: Examining Skin Disorders -- Watching Out for Eye Problems -- A Common Respiratory Problem: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -- Surveying Other Systemic Problems -- Chapter 12: Fighting Infectious Diseases -- A Toxin Produced by Bacteria: Botulism -- Affecting the Nervous System: Encephalomyelitis -- A Disease in Three Forms: Equine Herpes Virus ( EHV) -- Equine Infectious Anemia ( EIA) -- Hitting the Respiratory System: Equine Influenza -- A Common Neurological Disease: Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis ( EPM) -- Beware of Ticks! Lyme Disease -- A Fatal Neurological Disease: Rabies -- A Nasty Bacterial Disease: Strangles -- A Lockup of the Muscles: Tetanus -- Attacking the Brain: West Nile Virus -- Chapter 13: Staying Prepared with Equine First Aid -- Gathering the Right Tools and Information for Emergencies -- Approaching an Injured Horse -- Applying First Aid -- Knowing When to Call the Vet Immediately -- Chapter 14: Checking Out Complementary and Alternative Therapies -- Understanding Which Treatments May Help Your Horse. , Finding a Practitioner -- Part IV: Horse Care for All Stages of Life -- Chapter 15: Breeding Your Horse -- Equine Reproduction 101 -- Determining Whether You Should Breed Your Horse -- Surveying Different Breeding Methods -- The Skinny on Horse Pregnancy -- Delivering a Baby Horse -- Chapter 16: Caring for the Newborn -- Monitoring Mom and Baby after Delivery -- Providing Healthcare and Good Nutrition for Mom and Baby -- Training Your Baby Horse Early On -- Chapter 17: Helping Your Horse Age Gracefully -- Knowing How Old Is Old -- Handling Common Health Issues in Your Senior Horse -- Feeding Your Senior Horse -- Making Sure Your Senior Horse Stays Active -- Retiring Your Senior Horse -- Chapter 18: Reaching the End of Your Horse's Life -- Facing the Process of Euthanasia -- Taking Care of Your Horse's Remains -- Grieving for Your Horse -- Part V: The Part of Tens -- Chapter 19: Ten Signs of Horse Illness -- A Fever -- Diarrhea -- An Inability to Pass Manure -- Heavy or Noisy Breathing -- Weight Loss or Gain -- Limping -- Lethargy or Depression -- Aggression -- Misbehavior under Saddle -- Additional Signs of Pain -- Chapter 20: Ten Ways to Keep Your Horse Healthy -- Minimize Stress -- Schedule an Annual Vet Exam -- Have Your Horse Vaccinated Annually -- File Your Horse's Teeth Regularly -- Take Good Care of Your Horse's Hooves -- Deworm Regularly -- Exercise Daily -- Feed Quality Food -- Keep Your Horse at an Optimum Weight -- Use Joint Nutraceuticals -- Appendix: Resources for Horse Care -- Veterinary Teaching Hospitals -- Horse Care Magazines -- Horse Books -- Health and Nutrition Web Resources -- Horse Health Stores Online -- Hoof Care Resources -- Resources for Alternative and Complementary Therapies -- Horse Breed Resources -- Pet Loss Hotlines -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Clinical Trials Handbook -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Clinical Trials -- 2 Regulatory Requirements for Investigational New Drug -- 3 Preclinical Assessment of Safety in Human Subjects -- 4 Predicting Human Adverse Drug Reactions from Nonclinical Safety Studies -- 5.1 History of Clinical Trial Development and the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 5.2 Adaptive Research -- 6 Organization and Planning -- 7 Process of Data Management -- 8 Clinical Trials Data Management -- 9.1 Clinical Trials and the Food and Drug Administration -- 9.2 Phase I Clinical Trials -- 9.3 Phase II Clinical Trials -- 9.4 Designing and Conducting Phase III Studies -- 9.5 Phase IV: Postmarketing Trials -- 9.6 Phase IV and Postmarketing Clinical Trials -- 9.7 Regulatory Approval -- 9.8 New Paradigm for Analyzing Adverse Drug Events -- 10.1 Clinical Trials in Interventional Cardiology: Focus on XIENCE Drug-Eluting Stent -- 10.2 Clinical Trials Involving Oral Diseases -- 10.3 Dermatology Clinical Trials -- 10.4 Emergency Clinical Trials -- 10.5 Gastroenterology -- 10.6 Gynecology Randomized Control Trials -- 10.7 Special Population Studies (Healthy Patient Studies) -- 10.8 Musculoskeletal Disorders -- 10.9 Oncology -- 10.10 Pharmacological Treatment Options for Nonexudative and Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration -- 10.11 Paediatrics -- 10.12 Clinical Trials in Dementia -- 10.13 Clinical Trials in Urology -- 10.14 Clinical Trials on Cognitive Drugs -- 10.15 Bridging Studies in Pharmaceutical Safety Assessment -- 10.16 Brief History of Clinical Trials on Viral Vaccines -- 11 Methods of Randomization -- 12 Randomized Controlled Trials -- 13 Cross-Over Designs -- 14.1 Biomarkers -- 14.2 Biomarkers in Clinical Drug Development: Parallel Analysis of Alzheimer Disease and Multiple Sclerosis -- 15 Review Boards -- 16 Size of Clinical Trials. , 17 Blinding and Placebo -- 18 Pharmacology -- 19 Modeling and Simulation in Clinical Drug Development -- 20 Monitoring -- 21 Inference Following Sequential Clinical Trials -- 22 Statistical Methods for Analysis of Clinical Trials -- 23 Explanatory and Pragmatic Clinical Trials -- 24.1 Ethics of Clinical Research in Durg Trials -- 24.2 Ethical Issues in Clinical Research -- 25 Regulations -- 26 Future Challenges in Design and Ethics of Clinical Trials -- 27 Proof-of-Principle/Proof-of-Concept Trials in Drug Development -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Structural Components -- Table of Contents -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Constitutive Equations -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Fundamental concepts -- 2.2.1. Domain of elasticity -- 2.2.2. Hardening -- 2.2.3. Normality rules -- 2.3. Unified theory of viscoplasticity -- 2.3.1. General form of the constitutive law -- 2.3.2. Choice of viscosity law -- 2.3.3. Isotropic hardening laws -- 2.3.4. Kinematic hardening laws -- 2.3.5. Cyclic hardening and softening -- 2.3.6. Static recovery -- 2.3.7. Time-independent limit case -- 2.3.8. Methods of determination -- 2.3.8.1. Determination of hardening laws within independent time-scheme -- 2.3.8.2. Determination of the viscosity law -- 2.3.8.3. Determination of static recovery effects -- 2.3.9. Other unified approaches -- 2.4. Other types of modeling -- 2.4.1. Plasticity-creep partition -- 2.4.2. Methods by means of micro-macro transposition -- 2.4.3. More advanced hardening laws -- 2.4.4. Aging -- 2.4.5. Damage -- 2.5. Conclusion -- 2.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 3. Measurement of Elastic Constants -- 3.1. Elastic constants -- 3.1.1. The perfect crystal - elastic constants -- 3.1.2. Isotropic solid - elastic moduli -- 3.1.3. From isotropic solid to real material -- 3.1.4. Dynamic modulus -- 3.2. Quasi-static mechanical tests -- 3.2.1. Uni-axial tensile and compression tests -- 3.2.2. Torsion and bending tests -- 3.2.3. Hydrostatic compression tests -- 3.3. Ultrasonic methods -- 3.3.1. Principle -- 3.3.2. Measurement error sources -- 3.3.3. Measurements at high temperatures -- 3.3.4. Immersion-bath ultrasound interferometry -- 3.4. Resonant methods -- 3.4.1. Introduction to resonant methods -- 3.4.2. Various experimental methods -- 3.4.3. Bar and disk tests -- 3.4.4. Bending tests on foil -- 3.4.5. Torsion tests -- 3.4.6. Other tests -- 3.5. Modulus measurements of coatings. , 3.5.1. Vibratory methods -- 3.5.2. Instrumented indentation -- 3.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 4. Tensile and Compression Tests -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Description of the tensile test -- 4.2.1. Test piece -- 4.2.2. Gripping -- 4.2.3. Tensile testing machine -- 4.2.3.1. Arrangements -- 4.2.3.2. Stiffness -- 4.3. Standard data -- 4.4. Determination of constitutive equations -- 4.4.1. True stress and strain -- 4.4.2. Empirical expressions of the work hardening curve -- 4.4.3. Necking -- 4.4.3.1. Condition with no strain rate effect -- 4.4.3.2. Strain rate sensitivity -- 4.4.3.3. Yield drops -- 4.5. Damage determination -- 4.6. Compression test -- 4.7. Conclusion -- 4.8. Notations -- 4.9. Bibliography -- Chapter 5. Hardness Tests -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Standard hardness tests -- 5.2.1. Vickers hardness tests -- 5.2.2. Micro-hardness -- 5.2.3. Nano-hardness (Berkovich type indenter) -- 5.2.4. Brinell and Rockwell ball tests -- 5.3. Analytical approaches of hardness tests -- 5.3.1. Identification of the modulus of elasticity (Hertz contact) -- 5.3.2. Identification of the yield strength (Hill's analysis) -- 5.4. Finite element analysis of hardness test -- 5.4.1. Finite element method -- 5.4.2. Effect of work-hardening amplitude -- 5.4.3. Effect of the type of hardening -- 5.4.4. Pile-up method -- 5.4.5. Viscous material -- 5.4.6. Porous materials -- 5.4.7. Films and surface coatings -- 5.4.8. Measurement of fracture toughness of brittle materials -- 5.5. Conclusion -- 5.6. Appendices -- 5.6.1. Appendix 1: formulary (Hertz contact) -- 5.6.2. Appendix 2: slip line method (Hill) -- 5.6.3. Appendix 3: equivalences between tensile and hardness tests -- 5.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 6. Fatigue Tests -- 6.1. Principles -- 6.1.1. Definition -- 6.1.2. Objective of fatigue tests -- 6.1.3. Classification of fatigue tests. , 6.1.4. Classification of loading modes -- 6.1.5. Test pieces -- 6.1.5.1. Shape -- 6.1.5.2. Dimensions -- 6.1.5.3. Machining of test pieces -- 6.1.6. Calibration of testing machines -- 6.1.6.1. Definition of a dynamometric bar -- 6.1.6.2. Determination of cyclic loads -- 6.1.6.3. Dynamic calibration of testing machines by axial load -- 6.2. High-cycle fatigue tests - endurance limit -- 6.2.1. Classification of loadings -- 6.2.2. Stress-number of cycles to failure curve (Wöhler curve) -- 6.2.3. Nature and dispersion of fatigue test results -- 6.2.4. Determination of endurance limit of metallic materials -- 6.2.4.1. Estimation of fatigue resistance, σD -- 6.2.4.2. Statistical methods -- 6.2.5. Expression of the S-N curve -- 6.2.6. Estimation of the number of cycles N50 by the Henry straight line method -- 6.2.6.1. Field of application -- 6.2.6.2. Principle of the method -- 6.2.6.3. Implementation of the method -- 6.2.7. Accounting for the main parameters of influence -- 6.2.7.1. Mechanical parameters -- 6.2.7.2. Geometric parameters -- 6.2.7.3. Parameters of material processing -- 6.2.7.4. Environmental parameters -- 6.2.8. Examination of the fracture facies of the test pieces -- 6.3. Low-cycle fatigue tests -- 6.3.1. Introduction -- 6.3.2. Physical mechanisms of low-cycle fatigue -- 6.3.3. Methods for low-cycle fatigue tests -- 6.3.4. Experimental apparatus -- 6.3.4.1. Machines -- 6.3.4.2. Test pieces -- 6.3.4.3. Instrumentation -- 6.3.5. Data processing -- 6.3.5.1. Stress response: cyclic hardening/softening curves -- 6.3.5.2. Stress-strain hysteresis loops -- 6.3.5.3. Resistance to low-cycle fatigue curves -- 6.3.6. Ratcheting effect -- 6.4. Measurement of the crack propagation rate in fatigue -- 6.4.1. Introduction -- 6.4.1.1. Fatigue crack initiation and propagation -- 6.4.1.2. Recalling the notion of plastic zone at the crack tip. , 6.4.1.3. The Paris law -- 6.4.1.4. Crack closure phenomenon -- 6.4.2. Implementation of crack propagation rate measurements -- 6.4.2.1. Principle of the test -- 6.4.2.2. Test pieces -- 6.4.2.3. Equipment -- 6.4.2.4. Performing the test -- 6.4.2.5. Processing and presentation of results -- 6.4.2.6. Main information to deliver after the test -- 6.4.3. Other types of tests -- 6.4.3.1. Devices for testing outside ambient environment -- 6.4.3.2. Variable loading tests -- 6.4.3.3. Tests on non-metallic materials -- 6.5. Bibliography -- Chapter 7. Impact Tests -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Some history -- 7.3. Description of the impact test -- 7.3.1. Test piece -- 7.3.2. Charpy impact pendulum -- 7.3.3. Charpy instrumented impact pendulum -- 7.3.3.1. Measurement of the load -- 7.3.3.2. Measurement of the displacement -- 7.3.3.3. Different time-displacement curves -- 7.3.3.4. Determinations of the characteristic values of the load -- 7.3.3.5. Determination of the global fracture energy -- 7.3.3.6. Determination of the percentage of brittle appearance from the load-time curve -- 7.4. Determination of transition curves -- 7.5. Transition temperature and upper shelf -- 7.6. Impact fracture energy-fracture toughness empirical correlations -- 7.7. Bibliography -- Chapter 8. Fracture Toughness Measurement -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Fracture mechanics bases -- 8.2.1. Rice Cherepanov J integral -- 8.2.2. Stress intensity factor K -- 8.2.3. Plastic zone at the crack tip -- 8.2.3.1. Plastic zone correction -- 8.2.3.2. Plane stress plastic zone -- 8.2.3.3. Plane strain plastic zone -- 8.3. Implementation of fracture toughness tests -- 8.3.1. Test pieces -- 8.3.2. Data processing -- 8.3.3. Validity of measurements -- 8.4. Measurement of fracture toughness JIc -- 8.4.1. Basis of elastoplastic fracture mechanics -- 8.4.2. JIc testing. , 8.4.2.1. Interrupted loadings method -- 8.4.2.2. Partial unloading method -- 8.4.2.3. Potential drop method -- 8.4.2.4. Other methods -- 8.4.2.5. Crack tip blunting -- 8.4.3. Data processing -- 8.4.4. Conditions of validity -- 8.5. CTOD measurement -- 8.6. Conclusion -- 8.7. Notations -- 8.8. Bibliography -- Chapter 9. Dynamic Tests -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Test methods relying on propagation techniques and on the Hopkinson bar -- 9.2.1. Compression device and uni-dimensional theory -- 9.2.1.1. Radial inertia -- 9.2.1.2. Calculation of applied load and of displacement -- 9.2.1.3. Dynamic compression Hopkinson test -- 9.2.2. Torsion with Hopkinson bars -- 9.2.2.1. Overall considerations -- 9.2.2.2. Case of very ductile materials -- 9.2.3. Tension with Hopkinson bars -- 9.2.3.1. Low resistance specimen adaptation -- 9.2.3.2. Adaptation of a tensile test bench line for interrupted tests -- 9.2.3.3. Brittle material case: alternatives -- 9.2.4. Taylor test -- 9.2.4.1. Overall considerations -- 9.2.4.2. Principle -- 9.3. Dynamic fracture mechanics tests -- 9.3.1. Introduction -- 9.3.2. Charpy test analysis according to the Kishimoto method -- 9.3.3. Charpy test with Hopkinson bars -- 9.4. Plate against plate test -- 9.4.1. Principle -- 9.4.1.1. Traveling diagram -- 9.4.1.2. Rankine-Hugoniot conservation equation -- 9.4.1.3. Lagrangian analysis -- 9.4.1.4. Application to the characterization of an elastomer -- 9.5. Collision tests -- 9.5.1. Inertia wheel instrumented impacting device -- 9.5.1.1. Overall considerations -- 9.5.1.2. Discussion and application to an adhesive joint -- 9.5.1.3. Application to an adhesive joint -- 9.5.2. Drop weight tests -- 9.5.2.1. Introduction: the critical mass-velocity couple -- 9.6. Bibliography -- Chapter 10. Notched Axi-symmetric Test Pieces -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Geometry and notations. , 10.3. Notch test piece testing.

Note: Planet Water: Investing in the World's Most Valuable Resource -- Contents -- Introduction -- Part I: WATER -- Chapter 1: Water: Prerequisite for Life and Living -- Prerequisite for Life -- Prerequisite for Living -- Chapter 2: The Global Water Condition -- The Human Cost of Waterborne Disease -- Supply and Demand -- Regional Fundamentals -- Water Institutions -- Overview of Water Regulation in the United States -- Global Water Regulations -- Nongovernmental Organizations -- The Institutional Impact on Water Investing -- The Role of Water in Economic Growth -- Chapter 3: Public Good, Commodity, or Resource? -- What Is Water? -- Water as a Public (Social) Good -- Water as a Commodity -- The Answer: Water as a Resource -- Chapter 4: The Cost of Clean Water -- How Big Is the Universe? -- The Global Cost of Clean Water -- From the Whole to the Parts -- The Transition from Cost to Price -- Part II: INVESTING IN WATER -- Chapter 5: The Business of Water -- Water versus Wastewater -- Functional Categories -- Water-Related Applications -- Drivers of the Water Industry -- Chapter 6: Water Utilities -- A Brief History -- Regulatory Providers Face Regulatory Burdens -- Nonregulated Activities -- The Future of Water Utilities -- Foreign Water Utilities -- Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Centralized Water and Wastewater Treatment -- The Basics -- Centralized Treatment -- Treatment Chemicals -- Mixed Oxidants -- Carbon -- Resins: Ion Exchange -- Chapter 8: Decentralized Water and Wastewater Treatment -- Decentralized Treatment -- The Roots of Decentralized Treatment -- Water Softeners and Salinity -- Groundwater Treatment -- Membrane Bioreactors: The Future of Decentralized Treatment -- Chapter 9: Water Infrastructure -- The Distribution System -- Stormwater Infrastructure -- Investment Components -- Pipeline Rehabilitation -- Flow Control and Pumps. , Chapter 10: Water Analytics -- Metering -- Monitoring, Measuring, and Testing -- Asset Management -- Chapter 11: Water Resource Management -- Water Resource Management Defined -- The Principle of Sustainability -- Remediation -- Water Supply: Reservoirs and Dams -- Irrigation -- Chapter 12: Desalination -- The Promise of Desalination -- The Process of Desalination -- Part III: WATER BEYOND THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY -- Chapter 13: Emerging Issues -- Unregulated Contaminants -- Biosolids Management: There's Money in Sludge -- Biotechnology -- Regulation -- Regulating Nonpoint Sources of Water Contamination -- Water Reuse -- Water Conservation -- Nanotechnology -- Algal Toxins -- Measuring Chlorophyll-a -- Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products -- Chapter 14: Water as an Asset Class -- Is Water an Asset Class? -- What Is an Asset Class? -- Chapter 15: Climate Change and the Hydrologic (Re) Cycle -- Planning for Uncertainty -- Impacts on Water Quality -- Occurrence of Drought -- Investing in Drought -- Chapter 16: Forward-Looking Thoughts for Water Investors -- Is Water the Next Oil? -- Water and the Global Economic Crisis -- Picking Water Stocks -- The Age of Ecology-Again or Finally -- Appendix A: Water Contaminants -- Appendix B: Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Appendix C: Metric Conversions and Flow Equivalents -- Glossary -- Notes -- About the Author -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapor -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Brief Description of the AVLIS Process as Applied to Uranium -- 1.3 General Description of the AVLIS Process -- 1.4 Theoretical Description of the AVLIS Process -- 1.4.1 Theoretical Description of the Method for Incoherent Interaction Between Radiation and Atoms -- 1.4.2 Features of Coherent Two-Photon Excitation -- 1.4.3 Evaporation of Separated Material, Collimation of an Atomic Beam, and Ion Extraction -- 1.5 Photochemical Laser Isotope Separation in Atomic Vapors -- 1.6 Other Methods of Isotope Separation -- 2 Laser Technique for Isotope Separation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Requirements for a Laser System in the AVLIS Process -- 2.3 Laser Complex -- 2.3.1 Pumping Lasers -- 2.3.2 Tunable Lasers -- 2.4 Complexes for Laser Isotope Separation -- 3 Chemical Reactions of Atoms in Excited States -- 3.1 General View of Photochemical Reactions -- 3.2 Experimental Study of Photochemical Reactions Between Atoms and Molecules -- 3.3 Collisional Quenching of Excited Atomic States by Molecules -- 3.4 Resonance Transfer of Excitation in Collisions -- 3.5 Collisional Processes with Rydberg Atoms -- 3.6 Isotope Exchange Reactions -- 3.7 Radical Reactions in Collisions -- 4 Isotope Separation by Single-Photon Isotope-Selective Excitation of Atom -- 4.1 Description of the Method -- 4.2 Mathematical Model of the Method -- 4.3 Calculation Results on Isotope-Selective Excitation of Zinc Atoms -- 4.3.1 Transversal Gas Circulation -- 4.3.2 Longitudinal Gas Circulation -- 4.4 Output Parameters Versus the Detuning of Radiation Frequency -- 4.5 Influence of the Radiation Line Profile on Output Characteristics of the Separation Process. , 4.6 Experiments on Laser Separation of Zn Isotopes by the Photochemical Method -- 4.7 Experiments on Laser Separation of Rubidium Isotopes by the Photochemical Method -- 5 Coherent Isotope-Selective Two-Photon Excitation of Atoms -- 5.1 Brief Description of Two-Photon Excitation and the Mathematical Model -- 5.2 Two-Photon Excitation of Led Atoms -- 5.3 Two-Photon Excitation of Boron and Silica Atoms -- 5.4 Photochemical Separation of Zinc Isotopes by Means of the Two-Photon Excitation -- 5.4.1 Description of the Method -- 5.4.2 Polarization of Radiation -- 5.4.3 Mathematical Model of Cascade Superluminescence -- 5.4.4 Calculation Results -- 5.4.5 Experimental Results -- 5.5 Zinc Isotope Separation by Evaporating Material from Chamber Walls -- 5.5.1 Problem Statement -- 5.5.2 Physical Analysis -- 5.5.3 Calculation Results and Their Analysis -- 5.5.4 Influence of Diffusion Processes on the Selectivity of Isotope Separation -- 6 Prospects for Industrial Isotope Production by Methods of Laser Isotope Separation -- 6.1 Microelectronics and Optoelectronics -- 6.2 Nuclear Fuel Cycle -- 6.3 Medicine and Biology -- 7 Appendix A: Mathematical Description of the Processes Based on Kinetic Equations -- 8 Appendix B: Operation Features of Copper-Vapor Laser Complexes -- 8.1 Specificity of Creating the Complexes of Copper-Vapor Lasers -- 8.1.1 Specificity of Measuring Laser Radiation Parameters in CVL Complexes -- 9 Appendix C: Physical and Technical Problems of Increasing the Power of Copper-Vapor Lasers -- 10 Appendix D: Neutron Transmutation Doping of Silica -- 11 Appendix E: Employment of Boron Isotopes in Microelectronics -- 12 Appendix F: Employment of Boron in Nuclear Fuel Cycle Equipment -- References -- Subject Index -- The Authors of this Book.