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  • Articles  (183)
  • 2015-2019  (183)
  • 2017  (183)
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  • 2015-2019  (183)
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  • 1
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    Global Biogeographic Analysis of Methanogenic Archaea Identifies Community-Shaping Environmental Factors of Natural Environments (2017)
    In:  Frontiers in Microbiology
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 2
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    IUGG Electronic Journal Vol. 17 (2017)
    IUGG Secretariat, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: These short, informal newsletters, issued every month on approximately the first day of the month, are intended to keep IUGG Member National Committees informed about the activities of the IUGG Associations and actions of the IUGG Secretariat. Special issues are sometimes distributed mid-month as deemed appropriate. The content usually includes a synopsis of scientific meetings during the following three months in order to illustrate the disciplinary and geographical diversity of IUGG interests. E-Journals may be forwarded to those who will benefit from the information.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/other
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  • 3
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    Geoethics in Science Communication: The Relationship between Media and Geoscientists (2017)
    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-15
    Description: The themes addressed by geoethics are becoming central to all scientific debate. A growing number of scientists now consider geoethics as an effective tool to increase, in the scientific community and society as a whole, the awareness of local and global environmental problems that humanity faces. Geoethics deals with ethical, social and cultural aspects related to geosciences. Geoethics addresses fundamental issues such as the prudent and sustainable use of geo-resources, management of natural hazards, defence of geoheritage as a common value to be protected and enhanced. But above all, geoethics aims to raise, in the community of geoscientists, their awareness of responsibilities in conducting scientific and professional activity. In order to extend this awareness to the whole of civil society and also to foster the recognition of the usefulness of geosciences in daily life, geoscience communication should be recognized as a fundamental activity connected with scientific and professional work, since geoscience knowledge is a tool to contribute to the construction of social knowledge for human communities. But today what is the role played by geosciences in the scientific mass culture? Are the geosciences part of a collective “cultural heritage”? Do the publishing world and media offer adequate space to geosciences? Through the analysis of two Italian case studies, the authors highlight the critical features of the relationship between geoscientists and the media and try to suggest some actions that are useful to make the relationship between these two separate fields more functional, with the goal of bringing citizens closer to geosciences and increasing the awareness of the individual and collective responsibility towards the Earth.
    Description: IAPG - International Association for Promoting Geoethics
    Description: Published
    Description: 2TM. Divulgazione Scientifica
    Description: 3TM. Comunicazione
    Description: 1VV. Altro
    Description: JCR Journal
    Keywords: geoethics ; science communication ; media ; geoscientists ; web churnalism ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Stability of marine phytoplankton communities facing stress related to global change: Interactive effects of heat waves and turbidity (2017)
    ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 497, pp. 219-229, ISSN: 0022-0981
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-11-21
    Description: According to climate models, coastal ecosystems will face an increased frequency of heat waves and increased turbidity due to terrestrial sediment run-off induced by increasing precipitation. Several studies have examined the effects of heat waves and turbidity separately, whereas this study analysed the individual effects of both stressors as well as their interaction, because stressors affect communities differently when acting in combination. Using a factorial experimental design, we simulated heat waves (22 °C and 26 °C compared to an 18 °C control) and turbidity (sediment addition). The response of the phytoplankton community was analysed for the aggregate parameters biovolume and diversity index (H′), as well as for community composition. Heat waves had a significant negative effect on biovolume, whereas turbidity tended to affect biovolume positively. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant interactions of heat waves and turbidity for H′ and community composition. Strong heat waves (26 °C) alleviated the otherwise positive effect of turbidity on H′, i.e. highest diversity remained in the turbid control. Diatoms gained dominance in the control and the 22 °C heat wave treatment with Cylindrotheca closterium being the successful competitor. At 26 °C this species was lost and small flagellates dominated the experimental communities. Future increases in heat wave intensity and frequency may thus induce major changes in phytoplankton community structure whereas algae might profit from increased turbidity as an additional source of nutrients.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    ICDP Primer - Planning, Managing, and Executing Continental Scientific Drilling Projects (2017)
    GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This brochure is designed for scientists and engineers of upcoming drilling projects and explains the key steps and important challenges in planning and executing continental scientific drilling.
    Language: English
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 6
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    The importance of mesozooplankton in management decisions concerning the South-Eastern Weddell Sea. Assessing the contribution of mesozooplankton to the biomass availability for higher trophic levels and its relation with sea ice (2017)
    Van Hall Larenstein
    In:  EPIC3Van Hall Larenstein, 51 p.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-10-12
    Description: The Southern Ocean is one of the harshest environments on the earth, yet it thrives with life. Krill is thought to be the pivotal organism in the Southern Ocean food web, as it channels the carbon produced by algae to higher trophic levels. However, mesozooplankton probably has a similar function in the Southern Ocean ecosystem. The ecosystem based management which is operated in the Southern Ocean focusses on krill and often neglects other carbon pathways. This study is set up to analyse how important mesozooplankton is in the food web of the south-eastern Weddell Sea, how its abundance and community structure is related to sea-ice and what this implies for the future management of the Southern Ocean. To answer these questions a combination of state-of-the-art research methods were used, including a size-class based approach in combination with C:N ratio analysis, bulk-stable isotope analysis, taxonomic analysis and literature studies. The biomass of mesozooplankton was found to exceed the biomass of krill in the Weddell Sea sampling area, and therefore has a higher contribution to the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The most abundant mesozooplankton species was Calanoides acutus which corresponded with the size fraction with the highest biomass, namely 1000 μm. The undersea-ice mesozooplankton community (0-2 meter) was significantly different than in the 0-50 water depth layer. The C:N ratio was the highest in the 250 μm size fraction in the 0-2 meter. Regarding environmental variables, the interaction of chlorophyll a and sea-ice ridges best explained the species distribution of the 0-2 meter water layer. Species from the 0-2 meter depth stratum were found to be more dependent on sea-ice algae than the species in the 0-50 meter depth stratum. The health indicators of CCAMLR do not cover the whole ecosystem, as only high trophic level species are used. (Meso)zooplankton would be a good bottom-up health indicator, functioning as early warning indicator. Mesozooplankton and sea ice both fit in the WSMPA criteria and the general objectives of the WSMPA. It is concluded that mesozooplankton should be monitored and used as a health indicator for the ecosystem in the WSMPA.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Thesis , notRev
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  • 7
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    Flexible reaction norms to environmental variables along the migration route and the significance of stopover duration for total speed of migration in a songbird migrant (2017)
    In:  EPIC3Frontiers in Zoology, 14(1), ISSN: 1742-9994
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: Background Predicting the consequences of continuing anthropogenic changes in the environment for migratory behaviours such as phenology remains a major challenge. Predictions remain particularly difficult, because our knowledge is based on studies from single-snapshot observations at specific stopover sites along birds’ migration routes. However, a general understanding on how birds react to prevailing environmental conditions, e.g. their ‘phenotypic reaction norm’, throughout the annual cycle and along their entire migration routes is required to fully understand how migratory birds respond to rapid environmental change. Results Here, we provide direct evidence that northern wheatears (Oenanthe oenanthe) from a breeding population in Alaska adjusted their probability to resume migration as well as the distance covered per night, i.e. travel speed, to large-scale environmental conditions experienced along their 15,000 km migratory route on both northwards and southwards migrations. These adjustments were found to be flexible in space and time. At the beginning of autumn migration, northern wheatears showed high departure probabilities and high travel speeds at low surface air temperatures, while far away from Alaska both traits decreased with increasing air temperatures. In spring, northern wheatears increasingly exploited flow assistance with season, which is likely a behavioural adjustment to speed up migration by increasing the distance travelled per night. Furthermore, the variation in total stopover duration but not in travel speed had a significant effect on the total speed of migration, indicating the prime importance of total stopover duration in the overall phenology of bird migration. Conclusion Northern wheatears from Alaska provide evidence that the phenotypic reaction norm to a set of environmental conditions cannot be generalized to universal and persistent behavioural reaction pattern across entire migratory pathways. This highlights the importance of full annual-cycle studies on migratory birds to better understand their response to the environment. Understanding the mechanisms behind phenotypic plasticity during migration is particularly important in the assessment of whether birds can keep pace with the potentially increasing phenological mismatches observed on the breeding grounds.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
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    Towards establishing a new environmental archive – Annual growth periodicity, stable carbon isotope variability and reconstruction potential of 'Akoko (Euphorbia olowaluana), a native Hawaiian tree with C4 photosynthetic pathway (2017)
    In:  Erdkunde
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: Tree ring patterns provide one of the best records of pre-instrumental environmental and climate variability. To date, tree ring chronologies were explored from woody plant species with C3 photosynthetic pathway, only. For the first time, we have studied wood growth periodicity and stable carbon isotope ratios of tree ring cellulose of a tree species with C4 photosynthesis and compared these data to those of a C3 tree species from the same habitat. The investigated species, Māmane (Sophora chrysophylla, C3) and 'Akoko (Euphorbia olowaluana, C4), are small endemic Hawaiian trees sampled from a rather dry, high elevation site on the ridge between Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea on the island of Hawai'i, USA. A relatively strong correlation in ring patterns was found within the 'Akoko and the Māmane individuals as well as with ring-width patterns from a nearby population of introduced Deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara) trees that serve as a reference. This correlation is evidence that the C4-plant 'Akoko may form annual growth rings. In addition to being the first demonstration of annual growth rings in a C4 plant, our findings have important implications for future climate change research in Hawai‘i. Unlike plants with a C3-photosynthetic pathway, C4 plants do not show strong discrimination against 13C during the photosynthetic fixation of CO2. Thus, 'Akoko may provide a record of past atmospheric CO2 concentration (CO2 atm) that can be compared with, and possibly supplement, the well-known Keeling curve produced by the nearby Mauna Loa Atmospheric Observatory. Regression analysis indicates a significant relationship between 'Akoko δ13C averages and atmospheric δ13C values. Furthermore, time series of tree ring data from both species provide long-term information on the response of C3 and C4-plants to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change. Trends in δ13C (intrinsic water-use efficiency, iWUE) of the two species show similar responses in that both demonstrate an increase in iWUE over time and with increased CO2 atm. 'Akoko and Māmane iWUE curves are different however, in that the 'Akoko (C4) curve is non-linear and a significant increase could only be observed post 1975, while the Māmane curve shows a distinct linearly increasing trend throughout the observation period.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 9
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    The environmental and evolutionary history of Lake Ohrid (FYROM/Albania): interim results from the SCOPSCO deep drilling project (2017)
    In:  Biogeosciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Description: This study reviews and synthesises existing information generated within the SCOPSCO (Scientific Collaboration on Past Speciation Conditions in Lake Ohrid) deep drilling project. The four main aims of the project are to infer (i) the age and origin of Lake Ohrid (Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia/Republic of Albania), (ii) its regional seismotectonic history, (iii) volcanic activity and climate change in the central northern Mediterranean region, and (iv) the influence of major geological events on the evolution of its endemic species. The Ohrid basin formed by transtension during the Miocene, opened during the Pliocene and Pleistocene, and the lake established de novo in the still relatively narrow valley between 1.9 and 1.3 Ma. The lake history is recorded in a 584 m long sediment sequence, which was recovered within the framework of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) from the central part (DEEP site) of the lake in spring 2013. To date, 54 tephra and cryptotephra horizons have been found in the upper 460 m of this sequence. Tephrochronology and tuning biogeochemical proxy data to orbital parameters revealed that the upper 247.8 m represent the last 637 kyr. The multi-proxy data set covering these 637 kyr indicates long-term variability. Some proxies show a change from generally cooler and wetter to drier and warmer glacial and interglacial periods around 300 ka. Short-term environmental change caused, for example, by tephra deposition or the climatic impact of millennial-scale Dansgaard–Oeschger and Heinrich events are superimposed on the long-term trends. Evolutionary studies on the extant fauna indicate that Lake Ohrid was not a refugial area for regional freshwater animals. This differs from the surrounding catchment, where the mountainous setting with relatively high water availability provided a refuge for temperate and montane trees during the relatively cold and dry glacial periods. Although Lake Ohrid experienced significant environmental change over the last 637 kyr, preliminary molecular data from extant microgastropod species do not indicate significant changes in diversification rate during this period. The reasons for this constant rate remain largely unknown, but a possible lack of environmentally induced extinction events in Lake Ohrid and/or the high resilience of the ecosystems may have played a role.
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 10
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    What is a sustainable level of timber consumption in the EU : toward global and EU benchmarks for sustainable forest use (2017)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-07
    Description: Renewable energy targets in the European Union (EU) have raised the demand for timber and are expected to increase dependence on imports. However, EU timber consumption levels are already disproportionally high compared to the rest of the world. The question is, how much timber is available for the EU to sustainably harvest and import, in particular considering sustainable forest management practices, a safe operating space for land-system change, and the global distribution of "common good" resources. This article approaches this question from a supply angle to develop a reference value range for the current as well as future sustainable supply of timber at the EU-27 and global levels. For current supply estimates, national-level data on forest area available for wood supply, productivity in that area, as well as the rate available for harvest were collected and aggregated into three potential supply scenarios. For future supply estimates, a safe operating space scenario halting land use change, a sensitivity analysis, and a literature review were performed. To provide both a comparison of global versus EU sustainable supply capacities and to develop a benchmark toward evaluating and comparing levels of consumption to sustainable supply capacities, per capita calculations were made. Results revealed that the per capita sustainable supply potential of EU forests is estimated to be around three times higher than the global average in 2050. Whether a global or EU reference value is more appropriate for EU policy orientation, considering both strengthened economic and cultural ties to the forest in forest-rich countries as well as the need to prevent problem shifting associated with exporting land demands abroad, is discussed. Further research is needed to strengthen and harmonize data, improve methods for modeling future scenarios and incorporate interdisciplinary and multi-stakeholder perspectives toward the development of robust and politically relevant reference values for sustainable consumption levels.
    Keywords: ddc:600
    Repository Name: Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie
    Language: English
    Type: article , doc-type:article
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