Anmerkung: Arsenic in Drinking Water -- Copyright -- Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE CHARGE TO THE SUBCOMMITTEE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S APPROACH TO ITS CHARGE -- THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S EVALUATION -- Health Effects -- Recommendations -- Disposition (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion) -- Recommendations -- Mechanism or Mode of Action -- Recommendations -- Variation in Human Sensitivity -- Recommendations -- Other Considerations -- Recommendations -- RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Recommendations -- 1 Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- SCIENTIFIC CONTROVERSIES -- ORGANIZATION OF THIS REPORT -- REFERENCES -- 2 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's 1988 Risk Assessment for Arsenic -- OVERVIEW OF THE EPA 1988 SPECIAL REPORT -- Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response Assessment -- Nutritional Essentiality -- EPA'S 1988 RISK ASSESSMENT: 10 YEARS LATER -- Data Limitations -- Estimating Risk in the United States -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- 3 Chemistry and Analysis of Arsenic Species in Water, Food, Urine, Blood, Hair, and Nails -- SUMMARY OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN WATER AND FOOD -- RELEVANT CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS -- Is Arsenic Similar to Phosphorus? -- Affinity Of Arsenic For Sulfur -- Biomethylation of Arsenic -- Some Geo-chemical Considerations: Absorption and Redox -- Microbial Activity and Arsenic Mobilization -- Free Radical and Peroxy Species -- ANALYSIS OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS -- Hydride Generation with Speciation -- Hidden Arsenic Species -- Arsenic(III) Species -- Chromatographic Separation of Involatile Arsenic Species -- Mass Spectrometry for Arsenic Speciation -- ARSENIC IN WATER -- Arsenic in Groundwater -- Arsenic in Fresh Surface Water -- Arsenic in Estuarine Water -- Practical Quantification Level for Arsenic in Drinking Water -- ARSENIC IN FOOD. , Total-Arsenic Concentrations -- Studies of Arsenic Speciation in Food -- Higher-Level Speciation Studies of Food -- The Nature of Arsenic in Plants -- ARSENIC IN URINE, BLOOD, HAIR, AND NAILS -- Arsenic in Urine -- Total Arsenic in Urine -- Arsenic Species in Urine -- Collection and Storage of Urine Samples for Arsenic Speciation Analysis -- Arsenic Species in Blood -- Arsenic in Hair and Fingernails -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Health Effects of Arsenic -- CANCER EFFECTS -- Ecological Studies -- Cohort Studies -- Case-Control Studies -- Occupational Studies -- NONCANCER EFFECTS -- Cutaneous Effects -- Gastrointestinal Effects -- Cardiovascular Effects -- Hematological Effects -- Pulmonary Effects -- Immunological Effects -- Neurological Effects -- Endocrinological Effects -- Reproductive and Developmental Effects -- Epidemiological Associations -- Animal Data -- Placental Transfer -- Pathogenesis and Possible Mechanisms of Teratogenesis -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Disposition of Inorganic Arsenic -- ABSORPTION -- BIOTRANSFORMATION -- Arsenate Reduction and Arsenite Methylation -- Species Differences -- Factors Influencing the Metabolism of Arsenic -- TRANSPORTATION, DISTRIBUTION, AND ELIMINATION -- Transportation in Blood -- Tissue Distribution -- Intracellular Distribution -- Elimination -- KINETIC MODEL -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 6 Biomarkers of Arsenic Exposure -- ARSENIC IN URINE -- ARSENIC IN BLOOD -- ARSENIC IN HAIR AND NAILS -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Mechanisms of Toxicity -- CANCER EFFECTS -- Results from Bioassays -- Inorganic Arsenic -- Monomethylarsonic Acid (MMA) -- Dimethylarsinic Acid (DMA) -- Relevance of Findings of Bioassays to Humans -- Mode of Action. , Genotoxic Effects Induced by Arsenic Compounds -- Mutational Spectrum -- Comutagenicity -- DNA Methylation -- Oxidative Stress -- Cell Proliferation -- Arsenic-Induced Carcinogenicity and the Shape of Dose-Response Curve-A Mode-of-Action Approach -- NONCANCER EFFECTS -- Inhibitory Effects on Cellular Respiration -- Alterations in the Heme and Porphyrin Biosynthetic Pathways -- Alterations in Cellular Gene Expression-Stress Protein Induction -- Arsenic Toxicity and Metallothionein -- Arsine Gas Toxicity -- Interactions Between Arsenic and Other Common Toxic Metals -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Variation in Human Sensitivity -- VARIATION IN ARSENIC METABOLISM -- Methodological Aspects -- Genetic Polymorphism -- Age, Sex, and Recreational Habits -- Effect of Dose -- Interindividual Variation -- NUTRITIONAL STATUS -- Methyl Group Donors -- Selenium -- Zinc -- Nutritional Status of Populations in Taiwan -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Essentiality and Therapeutic Uses -- DEFINITION OF ESSENTIALITY -- EVIDENCE FOR ESSENTIALITY -- Physiological Importance -- Essentiality in Humans -- Goats and Minipigs -- Rats -- Chicks -- Data Consistency and Reproducibility -- Biochemical Mechanism of Action -- Dose Aspects -- THERAPEUTIC USES OF ARSENIC -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Statistical Issues -- A REVIEW OF DOSE-RESPONSE MODELING AND RISK ASSESSMENT -- THE EPA 1988 ANALYSIS -- Sources of Uncertainty in the EPA 1988 Analysis -- PROBLEMS WITH RISK ASSESSMENT BASED ON ECOLOGICAL DATA -- INTERNAL-CANCER DATA FROM TAIWAN -- OTHER ISSUES -- DISCUSSION -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 Risk Characterization -- REFERENCES -- Addendum to Chapter 9 Experimental Conditions for Nutritional Studies with Arsenic -- RATS AND CHICKS. , Goats and Minipigs -- REFERENCES -- Addendum to Chapter 10 Table A10-1 Internal Cancer Data From Arsenic-exposure Studies Conducted Taiwan Region Endemic To... -- References.

Anmerkung: Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1. OZONE-PRECURSOR EMISSIONS FROM GASOLINE-FUELED VEHICLES -- 2. HIGH-EMITTING MOTOR VEHICLES -- 3. THE USE OF REACTIVITY IN ASSESSING THE OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL OF EMISSIONS -- 4. RELATIVE REACTIVITY AS A MEANS OF COMPARING FUELS -- 5. REACTIVITY OF CO COMMISSIONS -- 6. OVERALL AIR-QUALITY BENEFIT OF RFG -- 7. EFFECT OF OXYGENATES IN RFG -- 8. MTBE BLENDS VERSUS ETHANOL BLENDS-EXHAUST EMISSIONS -- 9. MTBE BLENDS VERSUS ETHANOL BLENDS-EVAPORATIVE EMISSIONS -- 10. REID VAPOR PRESSURE OF ETHANOL-CONTAINING FUEL -- 11. USE OF REACTIVITY TO EVALUATE RFGS -- 12. MODELS USED TO CHARACTERIZE EMISSIONS FROM RFG BLENDS -- 13. OPPORTUNITY TO TRACK EFFECTS OF PHASE II RFG PROGRAM -- 1 Introduction -- THE OZONE-POLLUTION PROBLEM -- HISTORY OF U.S. POLICIES TO MITIGATE OZONE POLLUTION -- CHARGE TO NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL COMMITTEE -- REPORT STRUCTURE -- 2 Ozone Photochemistry -- VOC LIMITATION VS NOX LIMITATION -- REACTION PATHWAYS OF ETHANOL AND METHYL TERTIARY-BUTYL ETHER -- SUMMARY -- 3 The Concept of Ozone-Forming Potential and Its Quantification -- REGULATORY APPLICATION OF VOC OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL -- OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL USING REACTIVITY -- QUANTIFYING OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL USING REACTIVITY -- CHEMICAL MECHANISMS AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT -- REACTIVITY ASSESSMENTS USING SMOG CHAMBERS -- AIR-QUALITY MODELS -- Box- and Trajectory-Model Reactivity Assessments -- Eulerian-Model Reactivity Assessments -- UNCERTAINTIES IN SPECIES' REACTIVITIES DUE TO CHEMICAL-MECHANISM UNCERTAINTY -- VARIABILITY OF OZONE-FORMING POTENTIAL WITH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- UNCERTAINTIES IN RELATIVE REACTIVITIES OF MOTOR-VEHICLE EMISSIONS -- REACTIVITY FOR 1-HR PEAK AND 8-HR AVERAGED OZONE CONCENTRATIONS. , OUTSTANDING TECHNICAL ISSUES IN QUANTIFYING REACTIVITY -- SUMMARY -- 4 Motor Vehicles As a Source of Ozone Precursors -- LIGHT-DUTY VEHICULAR EMISSIONS BY SOURCES AND REGULATION -- Vehicular-Emissions Sources -- Control Standards for These Sources -- MAGNITUDES AND TRENDS OF LIGHT-DUTY VEHICULAR EMISSIONS -- INFLUENCE OF DRIVING PATTERNS ON EMISSIONS VARIABILITY -- Off-Cycle Transient Events -- Underrepresented Events -- Variable Events -- EMISSIONS DETERIORATION AND PROSPECTS FOR DETECTION -- FUNCTIONALITY OF CATALYSTS, OXYGENATED FUELS, AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS -- SUMMARY -- 5 Reformulation of Gasoline -- BASIC PROPERTIES -- Volatility and Distillation Curve -- Octane Number -- Oxygenates in Fuels -- Sulfur in Gasoline -- FEDERAL AND CALIFORNIA REGULATION OF GASOLINE PROPERTIES -- History of Federal Actions Before 1994 -- Corresponding California Actions -- The Auto/Oil Study -- WHAT IS REFORMULATED GASOLINE? -- Federal RFG Program -- California RFG Program -- FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR RFG UNDER THE COMPLEX MODEL -- THE CALIFORNIA PREDICTIVE MODEL -- PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF COMPLEX AND PREDICTIVE MODELS -- SPECIFICATION FLEXIBILITY AND DOWNSTREAM CONTROL IN FEDERAL PHASE II RFG -- MODELING EVAPORATIVE VOC EMISSIONS FROM RFG FOR SIP DEVELOPMENT -- SUMMARY -- 6 The Effects of Reformulated Gasoline On Ozone and Its Precursors -- WHAT CHANGES IN MOTOR-VEHICLE EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF VOCS, NOX, CO, OR AIR TOXICS ARE OBSERVED IN LABORATORY TESTS WHEN RFGS… -- Emissions of Toxics -- Emissions of VOCs -- Exhaust Emissions of NOx -- Effect of Fuel Sulfur Content of RFGs on Exhaust Emissions -- Effect of RVP on Emissions -- HAVE THE CHANGES IN EMISSIONS FROM RFG BLENDS INDICATED BY LABORATORY STUDIES BEEN OBSERVED IN EMISSION STUDIED USING… -- Tunnel Studies -- The 1994 Caldecott Tunnel Studies -- The 1994-1997 Studies -- Remote-Sensing Studies. , ARE THERE DATA TO SUPPORT MEANINGFUL ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC DATA TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF RFGS? -- HAVE CHANGES IN HE CONCENTRATIONS OF AIR TOXICS OR OXYGENATED BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE… -- HAVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CO BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE RELEATED TO THE USE RFGS? -- HAVE CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF OZONE BEEN OBSERVED IN THE ATMOSPHERE AND CAN THESE CHANGES BE RELEATED TO THE USE OF… -- DOCUMENTATION OF RFG EFFECTS IN A FUTURE OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAM -- Question 1: Do in-use Phase H RFG blends decrease the emissions from LDVs? -- Question 2: Are changes in emissions resulting from the use of Phase II RFG blends observable under driving conditions? -- Question 3: Are changes in emissions resulting from the use of Phase II RFG blends observable as a signal in the ambient… -- SUMMARY -- 7 Using Ozone-Forming Potential to Evaluate the Relative Impacts of Reformulated Gasolines: A Case Study -- ASSESSING WHETHER EMISSIONS AND REACTIVITY DIFFERENCES ARE STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT -- FUELS AND EMISSIONS DATA FROM THE AQIRP STUDY -- Effect of Reid Vapor Pressure -- Effect of Oxygenates Using MTBE -- Effect of Ethanol vs. MTBE -- FUELS AND EMISSIONS DATA FROM THE CALIFORNIA ETHANOL TESTING PROGRAM -- IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CONCLUSIONS DRAWN ON THE BASIS OF VOC-MASS EMISSIONS AND THE REACTIVITY OF THE EMISSIONS? -- ANALYSIS USING THE COMPLEX AND PREDICTIVE MODELS -- SUMMARY -- References -- Appendix A Biographical Information on the Committee on Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline -- Appendix B Letter from Senator Richard G. Lugar -- Appendix C Equation Set for the Complex Model- Phase II RFG -- I. BASIC VOC EXHAUST EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE (SUMMER) -- II. CONSOLIDATED EXHAUST VOC EQUATIONS -- III. CONSOLIDATED NON-EXHAUST VOC EQUATIONS (PHASE II). , IV. PHASE II TOTAL VOC EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE-SUMMER OZONE SEASON -- V. SUMMER NOX EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE -- VI. CONSOLIDATED NOX EQUATIONS -- VII. SUMMER TOXICS EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE, PHASE II -- VIII. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS-(1) BENZENE -- IX. CONSOLIDATED BENZENE EQUATIONS -- X. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS- (2) FORMALDEHYDE -- XI. CONSOLIDATED FORMALDEHYDE EQUATIONS -- XII. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS- (3) ACETALDEHYDE -- XIII. CONSOLIDATED ACETALDEHYDE EQUATIONS -- XIV. EMISSIONS EQUATIONS FOR INDIVIDUAL OZONE-SEASON TOXICS-(4) 1,3-BUTADIENE -- XV. CONSOLIDATED 1,3-BUTADIENE EQUATIONS -- XVI. POLYCYCLIC ORGANIC MATTER, MASS EMISSIONS (MILLIGRAMS PER MILE) -- XVII. NON-EXHAUST BENZENE EMISSIONS (MILLIGRAMS PER MILE) -- Appendix D Data on Emissions from Light-Duty Motor Vehicles Using Fuels Selected from the Auto/Oil Air Quality Improvement….

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Glucose Metabolism -- Salt and Water Homeostasis -- Calcium Metabolism -- Thyroid Hormones -- The Pituitary Adrenal Axis -- The Pituitary Gonadal Axis -- The Regulation of Growth Hormone Secretion -- Growth Hormone and IGF-I as Anabolic Therapy -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- L -- M -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Dedication -- CROSSINGS -- From the Commonplace Book: Crossings -- On Roniger Hill -- SAFFORDVILLE -- From the Commonplace Book: Saffordville -- In the Quadrangle: Saffordville -- Upon the First Terrace -- Under Old Nell's Skirt -- Along the Ghost Highway -- On the Town: Cottonwood Falls -- GLADSTONE -- From the Commonplace Book: Gladstone -- In the Quadrangle: Gladstone -- Between Pommel and Cantle -- About the Red Buffalo -- Atop the Mound -- On the Town: Courthouse -- THRALL-NORTHWEST -- From the Commonplace Book: Thrall-Northwest -- In the Quadrangle: Thrall-Northwest -- Of Recharging the System -- Down in the Hollow -- By Way of Spelling Kansas -- On the Town: The Emma Chase -- FOX CREEK -- From the Commonplace Book: Fox Creek -- In the Quadrangle: Fox Creek -- After the Sixteen-Sixty-Six Beast -- Above the Crystalline Basement -- Outside the Z Bar -- On the Town: Gabriel's Inventory -- BAZAAR -- From the Commonplace Book: Bazaar -- In the Quadrangle: Bazaar -- In Ecstasy -- Beneath a Thirty-Six-Square Grid -- Within Her Pages -- On the Town: A Night at Darla's -- MATFIELD GREEN -- From the Commonplace Book: Matfield Green -- In the Quadrangle: Matfield Green -- En las Casitas -- Ex Radice -- Via the Short Line to China -- On the Town: Versus Harry B. (I) -- HYMER -- From the Commonplace Book: Hymer -- In the Quadrangle: Hymer -- Underneath the Overburden -- With the Grain of the Grid -- Around Half Past -- On the Town: Versus Harry B. (II) -- ELMDALE -- From the Commonplace Book: Elmdale -- In the Quadrangle: Elmdale -- Up Dead-End Dirt Roads -- In Kit Form: The Cottonwood Chapter -- Across Osage Hill -- On the Town: Versus Harry B. (III) -- HOMESTEAD -- From the Commonplace Book: Homestead -- In the Quadrangle: Homestead -- Beyond the Teeth of the Dragon. , Amidst the Drummers Desirous -- Regarding Fokker Niner-Niner-Easy -- On the Town: From the Life and Opinions of Sam Wood, with Commentary (I) -- ELK -- From the Commonplace Book: Elk -- In the Quadrangle: Elk -- Among the Hic Jacets -- Out of the Totem Hawk Lexicon -- At the Diamond of the Plain -- On the Town: From the Life and Opinions of Sam Wood, with Commentary (II) -- CEDAR POINT -- From the Commonplace Book: Cedar Point -- In the Quadrangle: Cedar Point -- To Consult the Genius of the Place in All -- Concerning the Glitter Weaver -- According to the Leader -- On the Town: From the Life and Opinions of Sam Wood, with Commentary (III) -- WONSEVU -- From the Commonplace Book: Wonsevu -- In the Quadrangle: Wonsevu -- Toward a Kaw Hornbook -- Beside Coming Morning -- Below the Turf -- Until Black Hole XTK Yields Its Light -- CIRCLINGS -- From the Commonplace Book: Circlings -- Over the Kaw Track -- In Thanks -- About the Author.

Anmerkung: Front Matter -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 The Study Area and Patterns of Water Use -- 3 Factors Affecting Patterns of Water Use -- 4 Water and the Environment -- 5 Options for the Future: Balancing Water Demand and Water Resources -- APPENDIX A Excerpts from the Treaty of Peace Between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan October 26, 1994 -- APPENDIX B Excerpts from the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip September 28, 1995 -- APPENDIX C Effects of Water Use on Biodiversity in the Study Area -- APPENDIX D Guidelines for Rehabilitation of Rivers -- APPENDIX E Bibliography -- APPENDIX F List of Meeting Places and Dates -- APPENDIX G Committee on Sustainable Water Supplies for the Middle East Biographical Sketches.

Anmerkung: Früher u.d.T.: Wissenschaftlich-Technische Berichte aus dem Deutschen Hydrographischen Institut , Engl. Ausg. u.d.T.: German programme contribution to the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS)

Anmerkung: Literaturverz. S. 143 - 154 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss.

Anmerkung: Literaturverz. S. 134 - 141

Anmerkung: Literaturverz. S. 138 - 155 , Zugl.: Kiel, Univ., Diss., 1999

Anmerkung: Auf der CD-ROM: Benchmarkprogramme, Diagnoseprogramme, Tools & Utilities