Note: Intro -- Lackadditive -- Inhaltsverzeichnis -- Die Autoren und ihre Beiträge -- 1 Einführung -- 1.1 Additive in Farben und Lacken -- 1.2 Begriffsbestimmung -- 1.3 Einstufung nach Funktionen -- 1.4 Verbrauchsmengen -- 1.5 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Additiven -- Literatur -- 2 Grundlagen -- 2.1 Einführung -- 2.2 Wechselwirkungen -- 2.3 Chemische Zusammensetzung -- 2.4 Wirksamkeit der Additive -- 2.5 Anwendungen -- Literatur -- 3 Verdicker -- 3.0 Grundlagen -- 3.0.1 Einführung -- 3.0.2 Rheologie und Viskosität -- 3.0.3 Viskositätsmessungen -- 3.1 Anorganische Verdicker -- 3.1.1 Einführung -- 3.1.2 Organoschichtsilikate -- 3.1.3 Herstellung der Organoschichtsilikate -- 3.1.4 Rheologie und Organoschichtsilikate -- 3.1.5 Einfluß der Organoschichtsilikate auf die Lackeigenschaften -- 3.1.5.1 Absetzen -- 3.1.5.2 Ablaufen -- 3.1 5.3 Verlaufen -- 3.1.6 Einarbeitung -- 3.1.6.1 Pulvermethode -- 3.1.6.2 Pastenmethode -- 3.1.6.3 Leicht dispergierbare Organoschichtsilikate -- 3.1.7 Handelsprodukte -- 3.2 Organische Verdicker -- 3.2.0 Einführung -- 3.2.0.1 Organische Verdickungsmittel für Anstrichstoffe auf Wasserbasis -- 3.2.0.2 Verdickungsmittel für Lösemittelfarben -- 3.2.1 Cellulosederivate -- 3.2.1.1 Chemie von Celluloseethern -- 3.2.1.2 Zugabe von Celluloseethern zu einer Farbe -- 3.2.1.3 Farbeigenschaften, beeinflußt durch Celluloseether -- 3.2.1.4 Assoziative Celluloseether -- 3.2.1.5 Kommerzielle Produkte -- 3.2.1.6 Neue Entwicklungen -- 3.2.1.7 Toxikologie und Entsorgung -- 3.2.2 PUR-Verdicker -- 3.2.2.1 Einführung -- 3.2.2.2 Chemischer Aufbau und Lieferform -- 3.2.2.3 Wirkungsmechanismus -- 3.2.2.4 Eigenschaften der PUR-Verdicker -- 3.2.2.5 Anwendungen -- 3.2.2.6 Lackformulierung -- 3.2.2.7 Lackeigenschaften -- 3.2.2.8 Handelsprodukte -- 3.2.3 Organische Verdicker für lösemittelhaltige Lacke -- 3.2.3.1 Einführung -- 3.2.3.2 Produktübersicht. , 3.2.3.3 Hydriertes Ricinusöl -- 3.2.3.4 Polyamide -- 3.2.3.5 Überbasische Sulfonate -- 3.2.3.6 Handelsprodukte -- Literatur -- 4 Grenzflächenaktive Verbindungen -- 4 .1 Netz- und Dispergiermittel -- 4.1.1 Einführung -- 4.1.2 Begriffsbestimmungen -- 4.1.3 Der Dispergierprozeß -- 4.1.3.1 Die Pigmentbenetzung -- 4.1.3.2 Mechanische Zerteilung -- 4.1.3.3 Stabilisierung -- 4.1.3.4 Stabilisierung in polaren Medien: Praxisbeurteilungen -- 4.1.3.5 Stabilisierung in apolaren Systemen: Praxisbeurteilungen -- 4.1.4 Chemische Zusammensetzung der Netz- und Dispergiermittel -- 4.1.4.1 Polymere Dispergiermittel -- 4.1.5 Problemlösungen -- 4.1.6 Bestimmungsmethoden -- 4.1.6.1 Messung der Grenzflächenladung -- 4.1.6.2 Dispergiermittelbedarf -- 4.1.6.3 Ablauf des Dispergierprozesses -- 4.1.6.4 Dispersionsgrad -- 4.1.6.5 Flockulationsgrad -- 4.1.6.6 Ausschwimmen: Rub-out-Test -- 4.1.7 Biologische und toxikologische Eigenschaften -- 4.1.7.1 Tenside -- 4.1.7.2 Polymere -- 4.1.8 Handelsprodukte -- 4.2 Entschäumung von wäßrigen Anstrichstoffen -- 4.2.1 Einführung -- 4.2.2 Schaumbildung in wäßrigen Anstrichstoffen -- 4.2.3 Ursachen der Schaumstabilisierung -- 4.2.3.1 Stabilitätsmindernde Parameter -- 4.2.3.2 Schaumstabilitätsfördernde Parameter -- 4.2.4 Aufbau und Wirkungsweise von Entschäumern und Schauminhibitoren -- 4.2.4.1 Entschäumer -- 4.2.4.2 Schauminhibitoren -- 4.2.5 Formulierung der Wirkstoffe -- 4.2.6 Testmethoden zur Beurteilung von Entschäumern -- 4.2.7 Herstellerinformation -- 4.3 Haftvermittler -- 4.3.1 Definition -- 4.3.2 Modelle zur Interpretation von Haftungserscheinungen -- 4.3.3 Haftfestigkeit im Verbund -- 4.3.4 Haftvermittler -- 4.3.4.1 Allgemeines -- 4.3.4.2 Organofunktionelle Silane -- 4.3.4.3 Metallorganische Verbindungen -- 4.3.4.4 Chlorierte Polyolefine -- 4.3.4.5 Spezielle Kondensate -- 4.3.4.6 Phosphorsäureester -- 4.3.4.7 Polyethylenimin. , 4.3.4.8 Silikone und silikon-modifizierte Polymere -- 4.3.4.9 Sonstiges -- 4.3.4.10 Zusammenfassung -- 4.4 Additive zur Verbesserung der Untergrundbenetzung -- 4.4.1 Einführung -- 4.4.2 Bedeutung der Oberflächenspannung für die Untergrundbenetzung -- 4.4.3 Beeinflussung der Oberflächenspannung von Lacken -- 4.4.4 Messung der Oberflächenspannung -- 4.4.5 Chemie der Silikonadditive -- 4.4.6 Anwendung der Silikonadditive -- 4.4.7 Handelsprodukte -- Literatur -- 5 Additive zur Oberflächenmodifizierung -- 5.1 Additive zur Verbesserung der Oberflächenglätte (Slipadditive) -- 5.1.1 Einführung -- 5.1.2 Begriffsbestimmungen -- 5.1.3 Praktische Bedeutung der Oberflächenglätte -- 5.1.4 Einflußfaktoren auf die Kratzfestigkeit -- 5.1.5 Gleitfähigkeit -- 5.1.6 Beeinflussung der Oberflächenglätte -- 5.1.7 Silikonadditive -- 5.1.8 Wachse -- 5.1.9 Messung der Oberflächenglätte -- 5.1.10 Handelsprodukte -- 5.2 Mattierung -- 5.2.1 Physikalische Grundlagen der Mattierung -- 5.2.1.1 Meßverfahren zur Charakterisierung von Oberflächen -- 5.2.1.2 Glanz und Sheen -- 5.2.1.3 Oberflächenrauhigkeit -- 5.2.1.4 Eigenschaften, die durch Mattierungsmittel nicht beeinflußt werden sollten -- 5.2.1.5 Wirkungsmechanismen der Mattierungsmittel -- 5.2.2 Handelsübliche Mattierungsmittel -- 5.2.2.1 Einführung -- 5.2.2.2 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung -- 5.2.2.3 Anforderungen an moderne Mattierungsmittel -- 5.2.2.4 Amorphe Kieselsäuren -- 5.2.2.5 Natürliche Kieselsäuren und Füllstoffe -- 5.2.2.6 Organische Mattierungsmittel -- 5.2.3 Anwendung der Mattierungsmittel -- 5.2.3.1 Allgemeine Parameter, die die Mattierung beeinflussen -- 5.2.3.2 Lösemittelhaltige Systeme -- 5.2.3.3 Wasserverdünnbare Systeme -- 5.2.3.4 High-Solids/strahlenhärtende Systeme -- 5.2.3.5 Pulverlacke -- 5.2.4 Handelsprodukte -- Literatur -- 6 Verlauf- und Filmbildehilfsmittel -- 6.1 Verlaufmittel -- 6.1.1 Einführung. , 6.1.1.1 Definition und Messung des Verlaufs -- 6.1.1.2 Verlaufsbestimmende physikalische Eigenschaften -- 6.1.1.3 Verlaufsverbesserung: Wirkungsweise der Verlaufsadditive -- 6.1.2 Handelsübliche Verlaufsadditive -- 6.1.2.1 Polymere -- 6.1.2.2 Silikone -- 6.1.2.3 Fluortenside -- 6.1.2.4 Lösemittel -- 6.1.2.5 Sonstige Additive -- 6.1.3 Eigenschaften der Verlaufsadditive -- 6.1.4 Verwendung der Verlaufsadditive -- 6.1.4.1 Polymere -- 6.1.4.2 Silikone -- 6.1.4.3 Fluortenside -- 6.1.4.4 Lösemittel -- 6.1.4.5 Sonstige Additive -- 6.1.5 Praktische Hinweise -- 6.1.6 Toxikologie und Entsorgung der Verlaufsadditive -- 6.2 Filmbildehilfsmittel -- 6.2.1 Einführung -- 6.2.2 Polymerdispersionen : Struktur/Filmbildung -- 6.2.3 Wirkungsweise der Filmbildehilfsmittel -- 6.2.4 Produktübersicht -- 6.2.5 Anwendungstechnische Aspekte -- 6.2.6 Ökologie und Toxikologie -- 6.2.7 Handelsnamen -- Literatur -- 7 Katalytisch wirksame Verbindungen -- 7.1 Trockenstoffe -- 7.1.1 Einführung -- 7.1.2 Historischer Überblick über die Verwendung von Trockenstoffen -- 7.1.3 Zusammensetzung -- 7.1.4 Herstellung -- 7.1.4.1 Fällungsverfahren -- 7.1.4.2 Schmelzverfahren -- 7.1.4.3 Direktumsetzung -- 7.1.5 Der Trocknungsmechanismus und die Funktion von Trockenstoffen -- 7.1.6 Trockenstoffmetalle -- 7.1.6.1 Aktive Trockenstoffe -- 7.1.6.2 Hilfstrockenstoffe -- 7.1.7 Kombinationstrockenstoffe -- 7.1.8 Verlust an Trocknungsvermögen -- 7.1.9 Bleifreie Trockenstoffsysteme -- 7.1.9.1 Bleitrockenstoffsysteme -- 7.1.9.2 Ersatz eines Bleitrockenstoffs -- 7.1.10 Wasserverdünnbare Lacke -- 7.1.10.1 Charakteristische Trocknungsphanomene wasserverdünnbarer Beschichtungsmittel -- 7.1.10.2 Koordinationswirkungen auf Trockenstoffe -- 7.1.10.3 Vorkomplexierte Trockenstoffe -- 7.1.11 High-Solids-Lacke -- 7.1.12 Analysenverfahren -- 7.1.13 Biologische und toxikologische Eigenschaften -- 7.1.14 Handelsnamen. , 7.2 Katalysatoren -- 7.2.1 Einführung -- 7.2.2 Melaminharz-vernetzende Systeme -- 7.2.2.1 Einführung -- 7.2.2.2 Katalyse von HMM-Systemen, Fremdvernetzung -- 7.2.2.3 Anbieternachweis -- 7.2.2.4 Katalyse reaktiver Melaminharzsysteme, Selbstkondensation -- 7.2.2.5 Allgemeine Formulierungshinweise -- 7.2.3 Polyurethansysteme -- 7.2.3.1 Einführung -- 7.2.3.2 2K-PUR-Systeme -- 7.2.3.3 Wärmehärtende 1K-PUR-Systeme -- 7.2.3.4 Polyurethan-Pulverlacke -- 7.2.3.5 Feuchtigkeitshärtende 1K PUR-Systeme -- 7.2.3.6 Anbieternachweis -- 7.2.4 Epoxidharzsysteme -- 7.2.4.1 Einführung -- 7.2.4.2 Epoxy-Amin-Systeme -- 7.2.4.3 Epoxy-Carboxy-Systeme -- 7.2.4.4 Epoxy/Phenol-Formaldehydharz-Systeme -- 7.2.4.5 Anbieternachweis -- Literatur -- 8 Speziell wirksame Additive -- 8.1 Hautverhinderungsmittel -- 8.1.1 Einführung -- 8.1.2 Begriffsbestimmung -- 8.1.3 Ursachen der Hautbildung -- 8.1.4 Folgen der Hautbildung -- 8.1.5 Bekämpfung der Hautbildung -- 8.1.5.1 Antioxidantien -- 8.1.5.2 Blockierungsmittel des Polymerisationskatalysators -- 8.1.5.3 Lösemittel -- 8.1.5.4 Retentionsmittel -- 8.1.6 Praktische Hinweise -- 8.1.7 Toxikologische Eigenschaften -- 8.1.8 Handelsprodukte -- 8.2 Lichtschutzmittel -- 8.2.1 Einführung -- 8.2.1.1 Umwelteinflüsse auf Lacke -- 8.2.1.2 Photooxidation von Polymeren -- 8.2.1.3 Stabilisierungsmöglichkeiten -- 8.2.1.4 Wirtschaftliche Bedeutung -- 8.2.2 Grundlagen -- 8.2.2.1 UV-Absorber -- 8.2.2.2 Sterisch gehinderte Amine (HALS) -- 8.2.3 Eigenschaften von Lichtschutzmitteln -- 8.2.3.1 Anforderungsprofil an Lichtschutzmittel -- 8.2.3.2 Löslichkeit und Verträglichkeit von Lichtschutzmitteln -- 8.2.3.3 Flüchtigkeit von Lichtschutzmitteln -- 8.2.3.4 Einfluß der Eigenfarbe der Lichtschutzmittel auf die Farbe des Lackes -- 8.2.3.5 Interaktionsneigung von UV-Absorbern -- 8.2.3.6 Beständigkeit von UV-Absorbern -- 8.2.3.7 Nebenreaktionen von HALS. , 8.2.4 Verwendung von Lichtschutzmitteln.

Note: Front Cover -- ASTHMA AND ALLERGIC DISEASES: PHYSIOLOGY, IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, AND TREATMENT -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- ABBREVIATIONS -- SECTION 1: THE GENETICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ATOPY AND ASTHMA -- Chapter 1. Prospective on the Functional Characteristics of Human LTC4 Synthase -- Introduction -- Biosynthesis of LTC4 -- Cloning of Human and Mouse LTC4 Synthase -- The LTC4S/mGST-II/FLAP Gene Family -- Regulation of LTC4 Synthase Expression -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 2. Genetics and Asthma -- Preamble -- Finding Genes -- Genes Influencing Asthma -- Genes Influencing Specific IgE Responses to Particular Allergens -- Genes Influencing Bronchial Responsiveness -- Genes Influencing Non-IgE-mediated Inflammation -- Whole Genome Screens for Atopy and Asthma -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Transcription Factors in Asthma -- Introduction -- Basal and Regulated Transcription -- AP- 1 Family -- CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Proteins (C/EBP) and NF-IL-6 -- JAK-STAT Family -- Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells (NF-AT) -- NF-kB -- Glucocorticoid Receptors (GRs) -- Cross-talk Between Transcription Factors and Their Transduction Pathways -- Transcription Factors in Asthma -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 4. Environmental Factors in the Development of Atopy and Asthma in Children -- Outdoor Conditions -- Indoor Conditions -- MAS--The German Birth Cohort Study -- The Natural Course of Sensitization and Atopic Disease -- Indoor Allergen Exposure and Early Sensitization -- The Role of Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 2: SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION IN IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY CELLS -- Chapter 5. Expression and Function of the High-affinity Receptor for IgE in Asthma -- Introduction -- Structure and Regulation of Expression of FcεRI. , Mechanisms of FcεRI Signalling -- Human FcRβ Polymorphism and Atopy -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 6. The Role of Basophil-Cytokine Networks in Asthma -- Introduction -- Cytokine Generation by Human Basophils -- Signal Transduction -- Pharmacological Control -- Parameters of IL- 13 Secretion -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 7. Regulation of Inflammatory Cytokine Receptor Expression by Pro- and Anti-inflammatory Molecules -- Introduction -- IL- 1 Receptors -- Regulation of Chemokine Receptor Expression -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 8. The gp49 Family: A New Pathway for the Inhibition of Mast Cell Activation -- Initial Immunological and Immunochemical Description of a Member of the Mouse gp49 Family -- Discovery of a Mouse gp49 Family Through Molecular Cloning -- Genomic Organization of the Mouse gp49 Family -- gp49B 1 Belongs to a Newly Recognized and Expanding Receptor Family -- Functions of gp49B 1 -- Regulation of Mast Cell Activation: A Counterbalance Between Stimulatory and Inhibitory Cell Surface Receptors -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 9. Biological Properties of the IgE-dependent Histamine-releasing Factor -- Introduction -- Effects of HrHRF on the Cells of the LPR -- Signal Transduction Studies of the HrHRF -- HrHRF's Link to Clinical Disease -- Conclusion -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 3: CHEMICAL MEDIATORS IN ALLERGIC DISORDERS -- Chapter 10. Mast Cell and Eosinophil Proteases in the Chronic Allergic Inflammatory Response -- Protease-Anti-protease Balance -- Mast Cell Proteases -- Eosinophil Proteases -- Proteases as Targets for Therapeutic Intervention -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 11. Remodelling of Arachidonic Acid Pools in Inflammatory Cells Migrating into the Lung -- Introduction -- Arachidonic Acid Remodelling -- Concluding Remarks. , References -- Discussion -- Chapter 12. Kinin Actions in the Human Airways: Modulation by Allergic Inflammation -- Introduction -- Kinin Formation in Airway Inflammation -- Kinin Properties and Receptor Subtypes -- Actions of Kinins in the Airways -- Mechanisms of Kinin Actions -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 13. Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Allergic Inflammation -- Introduction -- Chemokine Structures -- The Cells of Allergic Inflammation -- Chemokine Receptors -- The Chemokines -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 4: MOLECULAR REGULATION OF CYTOKINE GENES -- Chapter 14. The Molecular Basis of IL-4 Dysregulation in the Atopic Condition -- Introduction -- Factors that Regulate IL-4 Transcription -- The IL-4 Promoter -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 15. Regulation of IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF in T Lymphocytes -- Introduction -- Involvement of IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF in Atopic Disease -- Regulation of IL-4, IL-5 and GM-CSF Gene Expression in T Cells -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 5: IMMUNE AND INFLAMMATORY CELLS IN ALLERGIC DISORDERS -- Chapter 16. T Lymphocytes in Chronic Asthma -- Introduction -- Activated T Cells -- Cytokines -- Atopic Versus Non-atopic Asthma -- T Cell Homing Receptors -- Glucocorticoid Resistance in Asthma -- Anti-T Cell Strategies -- Further Developments -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 17. Mast Cells and Asthma -- Background -- Tryptase Biochemistry and Biology -- Tryptase as a Marker of Mast Cell Involvement in Human Disease -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 18. Human Cardiac Mast Cells and Their Role in Severe Allergic Reactions -- Introduction -- Cardiovascular Alterations in Bronchial Asthma, Anaphylaxis and Allergic Drug Reactions -- Cardiac Pathology in Patients with Fatal Asthma. , Myocardial Alterations and Deaths Complicating the Use of Drugs in Allergic Patients -- Mast Cells in Normal and Diseased Human Heart -- Preformed Mediators Synthesized by HHMCs -- Lipid Mediators Synthesized de novo by HHMCs -- Immunological and Non-immunological Stimuli that Activate HHMCs in vitro -- The Roles of HHMCs -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 19. Novel Glucocorticomimetic Agents Active on Eosinophils: Potential Uses in the Therapy of Asthma -- Introduction -- Lidocaine as an Inhibitor of Eosinophil-active Cytokines -- The Effect of Nebulized Lidocaine on Severe Glucocorticoid-dependent Asthma -- Mechanisms of Lidocaine Action -- Evidence for an Eosinophil Sulfonylurea Receptor (SUR) -- Synergistic Effects of Glucocorticoids, Lidocaine and Glyburide as Inhibitors of IL-5-mediated Eosinophil Survival -- Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 6: BIOPHYSICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN ATOPIC PATIENTS -- Chapter 20. Biophysical Evaluation of Skin Reactivity in Atopic Patients -- Clinical Evidence of Skin Sensitivity in Atopic Dermatitis -- Mucosal Atopy and Irritant Contact Dermatitis -- Biophysical Measurements for the Evaluation of Irritant Contact Dermatitis in the Atopic -- Baseline Biophysical Parameters of the Skin in Atopic Dermatitis Patients -- Alterations of Epidermal Lipids in Atopic Dermatitis Patients -- Experimental Evidence of Skin Hyperirritability in the Atopic -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 21. The Role of Allergen-specific B Cells and IgE in the Development of Allergen-driven Airway Hyper-responsiveness -- Introduction -- Mode of Sensitization and Challenge -- Passive Sensitization with IgE or IgG1 -- Adoptive Transfer of Antigen-specific B Cells -- Allergic Airway Sensitization in B Cell-deficient Mice -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion. , SECTION 7: CYTOKINES AND INFLAMMATION IN THE AIRWAYS -- Chapter 22. The Role of Rhinoviruses in Virus-induced Asthma -- Epidemiology of Viral Infections and Asthma -- Interactions Between Viruses and Existing Allergic Airway Disease -- Possible Mechanisms for Interaction of Viral Infection and Allergy -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 23. Molecular Events in Allergic Inflammation: Expression of Adhesion Molecules and Their Modulation -- Recent Insights into Allergic Inflammation and Adhesion Molecules -- Eye and Nose: The Models -- Recent Results Regarding CAM Modulation -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 24. The Prevalence of Common Respiratory Viruses in Human Lungs -- Introduction -- Experimental Approach -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Discussion -- SECTION 8: PROSPECTIVES IN THERAPY OF ALLERGIC DISORDERS -- Chapter 25. Regulation of Allergic Airways Inflammation by Cytokines and Glucocorticoids -- Introduction -- Regulation of Mast Cell Responses by Cytokines and Glucocorticoids -- Cytokines as Targets of Glucocorticoids in the Regulation of Late Phase Cellular Recruitment -- Localization of Eosinophils at the Mucosal Surface -- Summary -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 26. Interfering with the 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway as a Novel Way to Treat Asthma -- Introduction -- Biochemistry of Leukotriene Formation -- Effects of Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists and Synthesis Inhibitors on Laboratory-induced and Spontaneously Occurring Asthma -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 27. New Aspects of Antihistamines in the Treatment of Asthma -- Introduction -- Pharmacotherapy of Asthma -- Summary -- References -- Discussion -- Chapter 28. DNA Antisense Therapy for Asthma -- Introduction -- Pathophysiology of Asthma -- Antisense for Allergic Asthma -- Future of Antisense Therapy -- References. , Discussion.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- PART I: MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND SELECTION -- 1. Fastener Materials -- 2. Joining with Aluminum Alloy Bolts and Nuts -- 3. Thread Lubricants -- 4. Adhesives and Sealants for Bolting -- PART II: PROCESSING OF FASTENERS -- 5. Fastener Manufacturing -- 6. Fastener Coatings -- 7. Fastener Quality -- PART III: THREADED FASTENERS -- 8. Screw Threads -- 9. Fastener Head Markings -- 10. Computing the Strength of a Fastener -- 11. Computing the Stiffness of a Fastener -- 12. Metric Fasteners -- 13. Washers: A Guide to Their Function and Selection -- 14. Belleville Springs -- 15. Vibration-Resistant Fasteners -- 16. Concrete Anchors -- 17. Aerospace Bolts -- PART IV: DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BOLTED JOINTS -- 18. VDI Joint Design Procedures -- 19. Design of Gasketed Joints -- 20. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Design Rules for Bolted Flanges -- 21. Design of Joints Loaded in Shear -- 22. Design Rules for Structural Steel Bolting -- PART V: ASSEMBLY OF BOLTED JOINTS -- 23. Behavior of a Bolted Joint During Assembly -- 24. Tightening Groups of Fasteners in a Structure and the Resulting Elastic Interaction -- 25. Hydraulically Powered Wrenches -- 26. Hydraulic Stud Tensioning -- 27. The Multi-Jackbolt Tensioning System -- 28. Selecting Fastening Strategies and Equipment for Mass Production -- 29. Torque Control of Assembly -- 30. Stretch Control -- 31. Increasing Joint Performance by Tightening Bolts to Yield -- 32. Torque-Angle Tension Control -- 33. Control with Direct Tension Indicators -- 34. Use of Ultrasonics in Bolted Joints -- 35. Selecting Preload for an Existing Joint -- PART VI: THE JOINT IN SERVICE -- 36. Joint Diagrams -- 37. Bolt Fatigue -- 38. Corrosion -- 39. The Susceptibility of Fasteners to Hydrogen Embrittlement and Stress Corrosion Cracking. , 40. Vibration- and Shock-Induced Loosening -- PART VII: TESTING AND INSPECTION OF BOLTS AND JOINTS -- 41. Statistical Design and Analysis of Multivariable Experiments -- 42. Field Testing of Structural Bolts and Installation Tools Using a Bolt Tension Calibrator -- 43. Torque-Tension Audits -- PART VIII: EDUCATION AND TRAINING -- 44. Fastening Technology Education -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Metallocene-Catalyzed Polymers: Materials, properties, Processing & -- Markets -- Copyright Page -- Tables of Contents -- Foreword -- Part I: Materials -- Chapter 1. Economic Factors for the Production of Metallocene and Perfluorinated Boron Cocatalysts -- Chapter 2. Polypropylene Reinvented - Cost of Using Metallocene Catalysts -- Chapter 3. New Approaches for Ziegler-Natta Catalysts for Polypropylene -- Chapter 4. UNIPOL® Gas Phase Copolymerization with SSC Metallocene Technology -- Chapter 5. High-Molecular-Weight Atactic Polypropylene from Metallocene Catalysts. Influence of Ligand Structure and Polymerization Conditions on Molecular Weight -- Chapter 6. Homo- and Co-polymers Derived from Multicyclic Olefin Monomers: The Quest for Higher Tg Materials -- Chapter 7. The Renaissance in Polyolefin Manufacturing Technology -- Chapter 8. Mixed Metallocenes for Designer Polymers -- Chapter 9. Advances in the Functionalized Polyolefins Synthesis and Applications -- Chapter 10. SPS Crystalline Polymer: A New Metallocene-catalyzed Styrene Engineering Thermoplastic -- Chapter 11. Ethylene/α-olefin Copolymers with Metallocene Catalysts in High Pressure Process -- Chapter 12. Semicrystalline Polyolefins -Narrow MWD and Long Chain Branching: Best of Both Worlds -- Chapter 13. Structure and Properties of Single Site Constrained Geometry Ethylene-Propylene-Diene, EPDM, Elastomers -- Chapter 14. Enhancing Polyethylene Performance with INSITE® Technology and Molecular Design -- Part II: Properties -- Chapter 15. Morphological Investigation on Very Low Density Ethylene-Octene Metallocene Copolymers Using SAXS -- Chapter 16. Further Studies on Metallocene ULDPE/PP Blends Impact-Morphology Relationships -- Chapter 17. Morphology of Low to Very Low Density Ethylene-Octene Metallocene Copolymers. , Chapter 18. Morphological Studies of Metallocene Plastomer Modified Polypropylenes -- Chapter 19. Comparison of the Crystallization Behavior of Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalyzed Isotactic Polypropylene -- Chapter 20. Explaining the Transient Behaviors of Syndiotactic Polypropylene -- Chapter 21. Equilibrium Melting Temperatures of Ethylene Copolymers: An Appraisal of the Applicability of the Flory and Sanchez-Eby Approaches -- Chapter 22. Melt Rheology and Processability of Ethylene/Styrene Interpolymers -- Chapter 23. Characterizing the Melt Relaxation Behavior of Metallocene Polyethylenes -- Chapter 24. Studies on the Thermal Stability and Processability of Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- Chapter 25. The Performance of Primary and Secondary Antioxidants in Polyolefins Produced with Metallocene Catalysts. Part 1. Preliminary Studies Comparing m-Syndiotactic and Isotactic Polypropylenes -- Chapter 26. Metallocene Plastomer Modification of Clear Polypropylene for Impact Enhancement -- Chapter 27. Frictional Behavior of Polyethylenes with Respect to Density and Melting Characteristics -- Chapter 28. Crystallinity Dependence of Modulus and Yield Properties in Polyethylenes -- Part III: Processing -- Chapter 29. Processing Characteristics of Metallocene Propylene Homopolymers -- Chapter 30. Performance - Property of Novel Glass Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Compounds and Their Applications -- Chapter 31. Injection Molding of Glass Fiber Reinforced Syndiotactic Polystyrene -- Chapter 32. Injection Molding Optimization Procedures for Polyolefin Plastomers and Elastomers -- Chapter 33. Potential Film Applications of Metallocene-based Propylene Polymers from ExxpoI® Catalysis -- Chapter 34. Effect of Various Polyethylene Structures on Film Extrusion. , Chapter 35. An Innovative Approach to Understand Metallocene Based Polyolefins and Thermoplastic Resins for Film Applications -- Chapter 36. Extrusion Behavior of Exxpol Metallocene Polypropylene -- Chapter 37. The Effects of Long Chain Branching on the Processing-Structure-Property Behavior of Polyethylene Blown Film Resins -- Chapter 38. Spherilene Process LLDPE for Conventionally Blown Shrink Film -- Chapter 39. Blown Film Characterization of Metallocene Resins Made in the Phillips Slurry Loop Process -- Chapter 40. Comparison of the Fiber-Spinning Properties of Ziegler-Natta and Metallocene Catalyzed Polypropylene -- Chapter 41. Metallocene Linear Low Density Polyethylene Blends for Pouch Materials in High-speed Hot-Liquid Filling Process -- Chapter 42. Blends of SIS Block Copolymers with Ultralow Density Polyethylenes -- Chapter 43. Preparation of Metallocene Plastomer Modified High Flow Thermoplastic Olefins -- Part IV: Markets -- Chapter 44. Metallocene Capabilities Drive Success of Innovative Packaging Manufacturer -- Chapter 45. Impact of Technology on Global Polyethylene Technology -- Chapter 46. Impact of Metallocene Based Polypropylene on Existing Polypropylene Technologies and Markets -- Chapter 47. New Polyethylenes for Targeted Performance Based Applications -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Supercritical Fluid Cleaning: Fundamentals, Technology and Applications -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1 The Supercritical State -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 PHYSICAL TRANSFORMATIONS OF PURE SUBSTANCES -- 3.0 CRITICAL CONSTANTS -- 4.0 CRITICAL AND BOILING POINTS -- 5.0 SUPERCRITICAL STATE -- 6.0 SOLVENTS AND ANTISOLVENTS -- 7.0 SOLUBILITY ISSUES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 8.0 HILDEBRAND SOLUBILITY PARAMETER -- 9.0 CARBON DIOXIDE -- 10.0 CANDIDATES FOR SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 11.0 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 Solubility in Supercritical Fluid Cleaning -- ABSTRACT -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 CONTAMINANT SOLUBILITY -- 3.0 MODELS FOR CLEANING -- 4.0 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 Design for Cleanability -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 PROCESS DESIGN GUIDELINES -- 3.0 CONCLUSIONS -- APPENDIX 1: GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN OF PARTS FOR CLEANABILITY -- APPENDIX 2: VENDOR PROCESS CONTAMINATION CHECKLIST -- Chapter 4 Dynamics Of Particle Removal By Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- ABSTRACT -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 THE BOUNDARY LAYER IN TURBULENT FLOW OVER A PLATE -- 3.0 ADHESIVE FORCES -- 4.0 SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE -- 5.0 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 Surfactants and Microemulsions in Supercritical Fluids -- ABSTRACT -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 MICROEMULSION STRUCTURE -- 3.0 MICROEMULSIONS IN SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 4.0 MICROEMULSIONS IN CO2 -- 5.0 SUPERCRITICAL MICROEMULSION CLEANING PROCESSES -- 6.0 KINETICS OF CLEANING -- 7.0 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS -- 8.0 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Evaluation of Supercritical Fluid Interactions with Polymeric Materials -- 1.0 BACKGROUND -- 2.0 SORPTION, SWELLING AND DISSOLUTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE IN POLYMERS AT ELEVATED PRESSURE -- 3.0 THERMAL PROPERTIES -- 4.0 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES -- 5.0 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 7 A Survey on the Use of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide as a Cleaning Solvent -- ABSTRACT -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE -- 3.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4.0 TABLES -- 5.0 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8 Precision Cleaning With Supercritical Fluid: A Case Study -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 PRECISION INERTIAL INSTRUMENTS -- 3.0 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 4.0 SYSTEM ACQUISITION -- 5.0 PROCESS DEVELOPMENT -- 6.0 COMPATIBILITY TESTING -- 7.0 SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS -- 8.0 PRODUCTION IMPLEMENTATION -- 9.0 LESSONS LEARNED -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9 Scaleup Considerations -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS -- 3.0 DIMENSIONLESS VARIABLES -- 4.0 PRINCIPLE OF SIMILARITY -- 5.0 SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE SYSTEM SCALEUP -- 6.0 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10 Equipment Cost Considerations and Financial Analysis of Supercritical Fluid Processing -- 1.0 COST DRIVERS -- 2.0 COST OF OWNERSHIP FOR SCF CLEANING SYSTEMS -- 3.0 RELATIVE COST OF OWNERSHIP FOR SCF VERSUS OTHER CLEANING SYSTEM -- 4.0 CONCLUSIONS -- 5.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- Chapter 11 A Practical Guide to Supercritical Fluid Cleaning -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 SOLUBILITY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL -- 3.0 TRANSPORT -- 4.0 REACTOR DESIGN -- 5.0 PARTS DRYING -- 6.0 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front Matter -- Preface -- Contents -- Welcome -- A Celebration of 50 Years of Health and Environmental Research -- The Biological and Environmental Research Program at 50 -- Keynote Address: Impact of Biotechnology and Environmental Research on Science and Society in the 21st Century -- Part I Enabling Research for Science and Technology: Biotechnology -- Biotechnology and the Human Genome Project -- Part II Biotechnology for a Healthy Citizenry -- Biologic Imaging: From Mouse Genome to Human Disease -- Health-Effects Research at the Crossroads: Molecular-Based Tools for Biologic Dosimetry and Individual Susceptibility -- Part III Protecting the Environment -- Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Contemporary Budget, Historical Context, and Implications for the Future -- Restoring the Environment Via Bioremediation and Molecular Sciences: Prospects for Better Understanding and New Science-Based Solutions -- Science Policy and Society: Current Challenges, Future Priorities -- Part V Biological and Environmental Research Program Recognition Awards.

Note: Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area -- Copyright -- Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area -- Preface And Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Brucellosis In The Greater Yellowstone Area -- Executive Summary -- CHARACTERIZATION OF BRUCELLOSIS INFECTION -- DETECTION OF BRUCELLOSIS -- RISK OF TRANSMISSION -- REDUCING THE RISK OF TRANSMISSION -- BRUCELLOSIS IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA -- Introduction -- BACKGROUND -- STRUCTURE OF THIS STUDY -- I The Disease And Transmission -- BISON AND CATTLE -- B. ABORTUS INFECTION AND TRANSMISSION -- Persistence in Pregnancy -- Periodic Bacteremia in Chronic Infection -- Transmission to Scavengers and Predators -- Shedding in Mammary Glands and Milk -- Shedding in Feces -- INFECTION IN MALES -- DETECTING INFECTED ANIMALS -- Serology -- The False-Negative Serologic Test -- The False-Positive Serologic Test -- Bacterial Culture -- Correlation of Serology with Bacterial Culture -- Immunity -- LIKELIHOOD OF INFECTIOUSNESS -- MINIMUM INFECTIOUS DOSE -- TRUE PREVALENCE OF B. ABORTUS IN GYA BISON AND ELK -- Bison -- Elk -- Infection in Other Mammals in the GYA -- Canids -- Moose -- Horse -- Bear, Deer, and Other Big Game -- II Transmission Among and Between Species -- BISON, ELK, AND CATTLE -- EPIDEMIOLOGIC EVIDENCE OF TRANSMISSION FROM WILDLIFE TO CATTLE -- BISON AND ELK BEHAVIOR AND TRANSMISSION -- TRANSMISSION BY OTHER SPECIES OF UNGULATES -- POTENTIAL ROLE OF CARNIVORES IN TRANSMISSION -- ROLE OF OTHER WILDLIFE SPECIES -- BISON MOVEMENT OUT OF YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK -- Weather and Bison -- Natural Regulation in YNP Bison -- Influences of Plowing and Grooming Snow -- BISON IN GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK AND THE NATIONAL ELK REFUGE -- ELK IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA -- Northern Elk Herd Movements Out of Yellowstone National Park -- Other Elk Herds in the GYA -- EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE POTENTIAL. , RISK OF TRANSMISSION -- Bison to Cattle -- Elk to Cattle -- Elk to Bison -- Bison to Elk -- Elk as a Reinfection Pathway for Bison -- Other GYA Wildlife to Cattle -- Transmission to Humans in the GYA -- OTHER SPECIES OF BRUCELLA AND BRUCELLOSIS IN WILDLIFE -- III Vaccines -- EXISTING VACCINES -- Strain 19 -- S19 in Bison -- S19 in Elk -- Strain RB51 -- Other Vaccines -- EFFICACY -- Strain Survival -- Route -- Parenteral Injection -- Biobullet -- Oral -- Dose -- Age -- Other Factors to Consider -- Duration of Immunity -- Serologic Responses -- BIOSAFETY OF VACCINES -- Clinical Signs of Disease -- Bacteria in Body Secretions -- Bacteria in the Bloodstream -- Persistence in Regional Lymph Nodes -- Immune Response -- Absence of Inflammation or Chronic Tissue Injury -- Capacity to Induce Abortion -- Experimental Recrudescence -- Genetic Stability -- VACCINATION PROGRAM SUCCESS -- IV Reducing The Risk Of Transmission From Wildlife To Cattle -- PREVIOUS BISON-VACCINATION PROGRAMS IN NATIONAL AND STATE PARKS -- APPROACHES TO CONTROLLING OR ELIMINATING BRUCELLOSIS IN YNP -- FIELD DELIVERY OF A VACCINATION PROGRAM FOR YNP BISON -- Vaccine Delivery in Food or via Injection -- Venereal Immunization -- VACCINATION OF CATTLE -- LIMITING CATTLE NEAR PARK BORDERS TO STEERS -- EFFECTS OF TEST-AND-SLAUGHTER PROGRAMS ON GENETIC DIVERSITY -- NATURAL REGULATION AND BRUCELLOSIS CONTROL -- ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT -- References -- Appendix A Questions Addressed by the NRC Study -- Appendix B -- DRAFT AGENDA 24-25 JULY 1997 ROOM 108, REID HALL BOZEMAN, MT -- AGENDA 4 AUGUST 1997 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF WILDLIFE ART JACKSON, WYOMING -- EVALUATION OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS VACCINE STRAIN RB51 IN BISON -- Introduction -- Host -- Organism -- Disease -- Problem -- Vaccine strain -- Materials and Methods -- Animals -- Vaccine -- Dose -- Experimental Design -- Tissue collection. , Bacterial culture -- Serology -- Results -- Culture data -- Results -- Serology Data -- Results -- Fetal Pathogenesis -- Future Studies -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- EVALUATION OF THE VACCINE EFFICACY OF RB51 ADMINISTERED ORALLY IN ELK -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- ISSUES IN VACCINATION FOR BRUCELLOSIS -- ORAL RB51 VACCINATION OF ELK: TISSUE COLONIZATION AND IMMUNE RESPONSE -- Methods -- Results (preliminary) -- Conclusions (preliminary) -- RB51 VACCINATION OF ELK: SAFETY AND EFFICACY -- Methods -- Results (preliminary) -- Conclusions (preliminary) -- BRUCELLOSIS IN THE GREATER YELLOWSTONE AREA: WHAT IS THE PROBLEM? -- Some Observations -- SAFETY AND EFFICACY OF EXISTING VACCINES TO PREVENT BRUCELLOSIS IN BISON -- REFERENCES -- LESIONS AND SITES OF TISSUE LOCALIZATION OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS IN FEMALE BISON FROM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK: PRELIMINARY… -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Discussion -- REFERENCES -- Appendix C Other Diseases In Gya Wildlife -- BACTERIAL DISEASES -- Tuberculosis -- Paratuberculosis -- Leptospirosis -- Anthrax -- Other Granulomatous Bacterial Diseases -- Yersiniosis -- Pasteurellosis -- Vulgovaginitis -- Parasitic Diseases -- Lungworms -- Ostertagiasis -- Scabies -- Viral Diseases.

Note: Intro -- 目最 -- 第一 分 引盲 -- 第一章 什么是分美掌 -- 第二章 你本愴的友展簡史、目的和美型 -- 第二 分 你本備建筑物、收 物和材料 -- 第三章 掠本信建筑物勻你本 -- 第四章 有害生物及其 治 -- 第五章 材料 -- 第六章 粽整改汁勻制作 -- 第三 分 掠本情技朮和管理 -- 第七章 本的 中化人倍、登i己和台 程序 -- 第八章 未 叮你本的 理 -- 第九章 措Pt棕本的 叮 -- 第十章 掠本的保存 -- 第十一章 植物名 (命名法) -- 第十二章 粽本 收 物的排列 -- 第十三章 助收 物 -- 第十四章 因片勻照片收 物 -- 第十五章 晴pt掠本的管理使用 -- 第十六章 叮粽本的 桓 -- 第十七章 特殊美群的收 管理 -- 第十八章 夏份拓本的分 -- 第十九章 借出結本給其他單位 -- 第二十章 坊何人民 -- 第二十一章 粽本情材料中取祥 -- 第二十二章 你本信基本文敵 -- 第四 分 掠本倌其他技朮 -- 第二十三章 根括新文獻 排掠本信收 物 -- 第二十四章 的 剖及其結果的保存 -- 第二十五章 插囡 -- 第二十六章 卅綜本的照相拷 -- 第二十七章 人民、旅 、地困和地名向典 -- 第二十人章 名汞 -- 第二十九章 汁算机 拾 -- 第五 分 掠本 -- 第三十章 本的 勻保存 -- 第三十一章 方 助掌科 材料 -- 第三十二章 嚴獎的 -- 第三十三章 的 勻收 管理 -- 第三十四章 業的 勻收 管理 -- 第三十五章 物(包括地 )的 勻保存 -- 第三十六章 括材料的 -- 第三十七章 方科子庫 -- 第三十八章 接影勻 外工作 -- 第六 分 在更尸泛意文上的棕本倌 -- 第三十九章 濟植物掌勻你本僧 -- 第四十幸 生志學勻拓本倍 -- 第四十一章 植物保存勻棕本信 -- 第四十二章 固 立法勻掠本倌 -- 參 文獻 -- 索引.

Note: Book Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents.

Note: BOOK COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- 1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- WHAT IS TOXICITY? -- EXPOSURE -- EFFECTS -- DOSE-RESPONSE -- TIME-RESPONSES -- TOXICOKINETIC TIME SCALE -- TOXICODYNAMIC TIME SCALE -- THREE-DIMENSIONAL DOSE-TIME-RESPONSE -- FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY -- 1. Species-to-Species Extrapolation -- 2. High-to-Low Dose Extrapolation -- 3. Mixtures -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 2. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, NEUROTOXICITY, AND CRIMINAL VIOLENCE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. NEUROTOXICITY, BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY, AND BEHAVIOR -- III. NEUROTOXICITY AND VIOLENCE AT THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL -- IV. NEUROTOXICITY, LOSS OF IMPULSE CONTROL AND VIOLENCE -- V. ENVIRONMENTAL PATHWAYS OF TOXIC ELEMENTS -- VI. THE ECOLOGY OF VIOLENCE: ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND RATES OF VIOLENT CRIME -- VII. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS -- APPENDIX ON METHODOLOGY -- References -- 3. CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS -- INTRODUCTION -- CARCINOGENS -- 1. Tobacco -- 2. Alcoholic Beverages -- 3. Food and Diet -- 4. Occupational Carcinogens -- MUTAGENS -- 1. Hierarchy of Assays in Genetic Toxicology -- 2. Genetic Toxicology in Carcinogen Identification -- 3. Genetic Events as Biomarkers -- CARCINOGENS AND MUTAGENS: CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 4. GEOCHEMISTRY, METAL TOXINS AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. Chemical Elements and Health in Humans -- SOME CHEMICAL ELEMENT PATHWAYS AND MEDIATED DISEASES IN HUMANS -- RELATIONSHIP TO HEALTH OF OTHER LIFE FORMS -- INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES AS A SOURCE OF METAL TOXINS -- CHEMISTRY OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT PLANNING] -- NATURAL CONCENTRATIONS OF METAL TOXINS IN EARTH MATERIALS -- 1. Earth Materials -- 2. General Concentration Data on PTMs in Ecosystem Matter -- NATURAL BASELINE METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN EARTH MATERIALS. , 1. Establishing the Natural Geochemical Baselines for PTMs -- 2. Geochemical Atlases -- ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON ELEMENT CONCENTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION -- 1. Important Influences -- REMEDIATION OR MANAGEMENT OF METAL-CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS -- OPTIMAL DEVELOPMENT WITH SUSTAINABLE USE AND YIELD OF ECOSYSTEMS -- References -- 5. THE ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY OF VOLCANIC GASES IN THE EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE TOXICOLOGY OF VOLCANIC GASES -- 1. Non-Eruptive Emissions and Plant Tolerance -- VOLCANIC GASES AND THE LAKI FISSURE ERUPTION -- 1. Eruption Dynamics -- 2. Volatile Dispersal and Concentration -- 3. Eruptive Emissions: Proximal Damage -- 4. Eruptive Emissions: Distal Damage -- TOXIC COMPONENTS OF THE 1783 DRY FOG -- DISCUSSION -- References -- 6. ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS -- INTRODUCTION -- PESTICIDES AND PUBLIC HEALTH -- DOMESTIC ANIMAL POISONINGS AND CONTAMINATED ANIMAL PRODUCTS -- BENEFICIAL NATURAL PREDATORS AND PARASITES -- PESTICIDE RESISTANCE IN PESTS -- BEE POISONINGS AND REDUCED POLLINATION -- CROP AND CROP PRODUCT LOSSES -- GROUND AND SURFACE WATER CONTAMINATION -- FISHERY LOSSES -- WILD BIRDS AND MAMMALS -- MICROORGANISMS AND INVERTEBRATES -- GOVERNMENT FUNDS FOR PESTICIDE POLLUTION REGULATION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 7. SECONDARY EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURES -- INTRODUCTION -- CURRENT PRACTICE -- SOURCES OF EXPOSURE -- A SYNTHETIC VIEW -- IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- HEMATOLOGICAL MALIGNANCIES -- CHRONIC AND DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY -- REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY -- DISCUSSION -- References -- 8. ON CHLORINATED FATTY ACIDS AS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- INTRODUCTION -- DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT -- ORIGIN -- 1. Anthropogenic Sources -- 2. Natural Sources -- UPTAKE AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- TOXICITY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References. , 9. MOLECULAR AND GENETIC TOXICOLOGY OF ARSENIC -- EXPOSURE OF HUMANS TO ARSENIC COMPOUNDS -- ARSENIC TOXICOLOGY -- Metabolism of Arsenic Compounds -- The Carcinogenicity and Genetic Toxicology of Arsenic Compounds -- Effects on Gene Expression -- INDUCIBLE TOLERANCE TO ARSENITE -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10. URBAN AIR POLLUTION AND HEALTH -- INTRODUCTION -- POLLUTANTS AND HEALTH EFFECTS -- A. Episodic Pollution -- B. Long-term Pollution -- DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE MAIN POLLUTANTS -- 1. Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) -- 2. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) -- 3. Ozone (O3) -- 4. Hydrocarbons -- 5. Metals -- 6. Particulate Matter (PM) -- EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES -- ACUTE EFFECT STUDIES -- STUDIES RELATED TO LONG-TERM EXPOSURES -- SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF A 'COCKTAIL' OF AIR POLLUTANTS -- MISCLASSIFICATION BIAS THROUGH INADEQUATE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- ENHANCED EXPOSURE OF ROAD USERS -- GEOGRAPHICAL ASPECTS OF AIR POLLUTION EPIDEMIOLOGY -- CURRENT RESEARCH THEMES -- 1. A Time Series and Cohort Study to Investigate the Relationship between Urban Pollution and Cardiorespiratory Ill-Health -- 2. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Investigation of the Relationship Between Particulate Air Pollution and… -- 3. Assessing Health Implications of Urban Air Pollution Using Validated Traffic Simulation and Pollutant Dispersion Models -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 11. THE EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DISEASES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- INTRODUCTION -- AQUATIC POLLUTION -- THE PRESENCE OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- 1. Heavy Metals -- 2. Pesticides -- 3. Hydrocarbons -- EFFECT OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- THE ROLE OF TOXIC OCCURRENCES IN DISEASE OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS -- 1. Contaminated Diet -- 2. Heavy Metals -- 3. Pesticides -- 4. Nitrites -- 5. Hydrocarbons -- 6. Stress -- 7. Sewage. , 8. Contaminated Diets -- 9. Evidence from Histology -- 10. Parasites -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 12. TOXICOLOGY IN THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- TOXICS USE AND EXPOSURE -- DATA ON OCCUPATIONAL DISEASES IN THE UK -- HOW TOXIC SUBSTANCES AFFECT WORKING -- THE PROBLEMS WITH OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY -- OTHER SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCES ON OCCUPATIONAL TOXICOLOGY -- THE LIMITS OF TOXICOLOGY AND THE ROLE OF HEALTH-BASED EXPOSURE LIMITS -- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PRACTICE LINKED TO TOXICOLOGICAL RESEARCH -- TOXICS REDUCTION -- CARCINOGENS -- LIVER TOXICITY -- KIDNEY TOXICITY -- REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS INCLUDING TERATOGENS -- NEUROTOXICITY -- IMMUNOTOXICITY -- RESPIRATORY SENSITISERS, ALLERGENS AND CARCINOGENS -- OCCUPATIONAL TOXICITY TO THE SKIN -- CARDIOVASCULAR TOXIC AGENTS -- TOXICITY TO THE BLOOD -- CONCLUSIONS -- FURTHER READING -- References -- 13. FUNGAL TOXINS AS DISEASE ELICITORS -- INTRODUCTION -- HOST-SPECIFIC PHYTOTOXINS -- 1 Cochliobolus HSTs -- 2 Alternaria HSTs -- 3 Pyrenophora tritici-repentis HST -- 4 Other HSTs -- NON-SELECTIVE TOXINS -- MYCOTOXINS -- 1. Toxigenic fungi -- 2. Natural Occurrence of Mycotoxins -- 3 Factors Affecting Mycotoxin Production -- 4 Toxicity and Metabolism -- 5. Monitoring and Risk Assessment -- 6. Mycotoxins and Environmental Health -- 7. Regulatory and Advisory Directives -- 8 Preventive and Remedial Measures -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 14. NATURAL PLANT TOXINS-BENEFITS AND RISKS -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOSYNTHESIS -- 3-NITROPROPANOIC ACID -- GLUCOSINOLATES -- ALKALOIDS -- FUTURE STUDIES -- ANALYSIS -- 1. Glucosinolates -- 2. Phytoestrogens -- BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS -- 1. Overview -- 2. Nutritional Effects -- 3. Endocrine Disrupters -- 4. Neurotoxins -- 5. Mutagens and Carcinogens -- CONCLUSION -- 1. Biological Effects -- 2. Analytical Approaches -- 3. Manipulation of Plant Toxins -- References. , 15. PLANT-ASSOCIATED TOXINS IN THE HUMAN FOOD SUPPLY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II HUMAN EXPOSURE TO NATURAL TOXICANTS -- III TOXINS INTRINSIC TO THE FOODS WE EAT -- IV CONTAMINATION OF THE FOODS WE EAT BY EXTRINSIC PLANT-ASSOCIATED TOXINS -- IV.1 Contamination of Grain -- IV.2 Contamination of Meat Products -- IV. 3 Contamination of Milk, Milk Products and Eggs -- VI.4 Contamination of Honey -- V RISK ASSESSMENT, REGULATORY CONCERNS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- VI CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 16. TOXIC CYANOBACTERIAL BLOOMS -- INTRODUCTION -- EXAMPLES -- MANAGEMENT -- THE ROLE OF MODELLING -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 17. USE OF STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS IN FRESHWATER AND MARINE BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- INTRODUCTION -- STABLE ISOTOPE RATIOS IN FOOD WEB STUDIES -- STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS IN BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF STABLE ISOTOPES TO BIOMAGNIFICATION STUDIES -- References -- 18. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR THE INTERACTION BETWEEN AGRICULTURAL LAND AND SURFACE WATERS -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINITIONS -- TIERING -- MODELS -- 1 Evaluation of Models -- 2 Obtaining Reliable Parameter Values -- 3 The Implications of Parameter Variability -- PROBABILITY -- ASSESSING THE PROBABILITY OF POLLUTANT LOSSES FROM LAND TO WATER -- ASSESSING THE RISKS TO ORGANISMS POSED BY POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS -- POLLUTANT LOSSES FROM AGRICULTURAL LAND TO WATER: TACKLING THE RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEM -- 1. Reasons for the Problem -- 2 Towards a Risk Assessment System -- CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- INDEX.