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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    The handbook of environmental chemistry (1980-)
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Environment ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Ökologische Chemie ; Chemische Ökologie ; Umweltchemikalie ; Biogeochemie ; Luftverschmutzung ; Wasserverschmutzung ; Anthropogener Einfluss ; Umweltchemikalie ; Biologischer Abbau ; Persistenz
    Type of Medium: Book
    DDC: 628.5 s
    Language: English
    Note: ISSN 1867-979X. - Zählung 5,O ist doppelt vergeben , Später: ed.-in-chief: O. Hutzinger ... - Später: founded by O. Hutzinger. Ed.-in-chief: Damià Barceló
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Religion and chemistry (1997)
    Charlottesville, Va : University of Virginia Library
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Religion and science ; Chemistry ; Atmosphere ; Chemistry ; Atmosphere ; Religion and science ; Electronic books ; Religion and science. ; Chemistry. ; Atmosphere. ; Electronic books. ; Electronic books
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISBN: 0585233462 , 9780585233468
    Series Statement: EBSCOhost eBook Collection
    URL: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2011382
    URL: https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&scope=site&db=nlebk&db=nlabk&AN=2011382
    Language: English
    Note: The text for this NetLibrary eBook was obtained from the University of Virginia Library Electronic Text Center , Access may be limited to NetLibrary affiliated libraries , Mode of access: World Wide Web.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Turbulent mixing of reactive gases in the convective boundary layer (1997)
    Springer
    Boundary layer meteorology 85 (1997), S. 197-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1472
    Keywords: Turbulence ; Chemistry ; Closure ; Convective boundary layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We study the interactions of chemistry and turbulent mixing of tracersin the convective boundary layer with a second-order closure model,including higher order chemistry terms. In order to limit the number of predictive equations we prescribe the profiles for ¯w¯Θ, ¯w¯θ ¯θ and the lengthscale l. However, for model validation we treat temperature and humidity asinert tracers, and compare the results with profiles observed during theAir Mass Transformation Experiment, and with similarity expressions for thesurface layer. We find good agreement of the mean profiles, but the (co-)variances are slightly underpredicted. Furthermore, the model usesdiagnostic equations expressing third moments of concentration in terms ofsecond moments and their vertical derivatives. They are compared withlarge-eddy model results, showing good agreement and, therefore, thesimplifications are justified. The model is applied to the transport of two gases subject to one bimolecular reaction. The importance of concentration correlations on themean transformation rate is studied. For two gases diffusing in oppositedirections we find for moderate and fast chemistry a 50% and90% decreased transformation rate due to the negatively correlatedconcentrations. These values are similar to large-eddy results of Schumannand Sykes et al. For two bottom-up tracers we find that the covariance ofboth reactive species is either positive or negative, increasing or reducingthe effective transformation rate depending on the Damköhler number (the ratio of the turbulent and the chemistry timescale). A significantdirect influence of chemistry on the flux divergence is found in bothcases. According to the model the effective transport to mid-levels of theboundary layer is increased when two reactive tracers diffuse in oppositedirections, and decreased in the case of two bottom-up tracers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1000414710372
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polycarbonat-ein vielseitiger werkstoff mit zukunft (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 244 (1997), S. 43-66 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The market development of bisphenol-A-polycarbonate has shown higher growth than any other engineering thermoplastic. The reasons can be found in the permanent improvement of the cost/performance-relationship and in the technical use of the variability of the basic structure. Incorporation of specific monomer units leads to tailor-made properties for a wide range of applications, as for example medical devices, electronic parts and glazing.This process has not yet slowed down, rather it is accelerated by new results from research and development. The improvement of flaw behavior and pit replication for new grades of materials for the next generation of compact discs, new grades that can be sterilized by γ-radiation without degradation and the microstructuring by low-energy laser systems are examples for the ongoing expansion of polycarbonate applications. Surface modification by hardcoatings with nanosized particles will allow to enter the fast growing market of glazing.
    Additional Material: 27 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052440103
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polyamide, polyester und polyoxymethylen. Die klassischen technischen kunststoffe und ihre perspektiven (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 244 (1997), S. 67-92 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyamide, Polyester und Polyoxymethylen sind mit einem weltweiten Verbrauch von derzeit 2,4 Mio t pro Jahr wichtige technische Kunststoffe. Sie werden aufgrund ihrer besonderen Eigenschaftsprofile überwiegend im Fahrzeugbau und in der Elektroindustrie für hochbelastete Funktionsbauteile eingesetzt. Der vorliegende Beitrag behandelt Polymerisationswege, Eigenschaften und ausgewählte neue Entwicklungen dieser Polymerklassen.Teilaromatische Polyamide stoßen durch ihre Dimensionsstabilität und thermische Belastbarkeit in Anwendungen vor, die bisher Duromeren oder Metallen vorbehalten waren. Glasfaserverstärkte Polyamide mit besonders hoher Dauerwärmebeständigkeit übemehmen wichtige Funktionen im Motorbereich von Fahrzeugen. Polyamid-Blends sind als Karosseriewerkstoffe ein Schlüssel zu leichten Autos mit niedrigem Treibstoffverbrauch. Halogenfrei flammgeschützte Polyamide erhöhen Sicherheit und Umweltverträglichkeit in brandgefährdeten Anwendungsbereichen.Polybutylenterephthalat als technisch wichtigster Polyester eröffnet in Mischung mit amorphen Polymeren neue Perspektiven durch geringerenVerzug und bessere Oberfläche bei glasfaserverstärkten Teilen. Polybutylennaphthalat erweitert den Anwendungsbereich zu höheren Temperaturen. Von Polybutylenterephthalat abgeleitete Copolyester sind biologisch abbaubar und daher vielversprechend für kompostierbare Folien.Polyoxymethylen-Copolymere haben ihre Stärke in der günstigen Kombination aus Steifigkeit, Dimensionsstabilität, Gleit/Reibe-Verhalten und Beständigkeit gegen heißes Wasser und Kraftstoff.Aufgrund ihres hohen und noch weiter steigerungsfähigen Leistungsvermögens werden Polyamide, Polyester und Polyoxymethylen das in den letzten Jahren gezeigte Wachstum in Zukunft weiter ausbauen können.
    Notes: Polyamide, polyester and polyoxymethylene having presently a worldwide sales volume of 2,4 million tons a year are important engineering thermoplastics. Based on their special property profiles they are mainly used in the automotive and electronic industry for high performance functional parts. This contribution presents polymerisation processes, properties, and selected new developments for these polymer classes.Semiaromatic polyamides due to their dimensional stability and thermal resistance lend themselves to applications which were so far reserved for thermosets or metals. Glass fiber reinforce polyamides designed to have the highest possible heat ageing resistance can take important functions under the hood. A polyamide blend used as a material for exterior body parts is key to light weight cars with strongly reduced fuel consumption. Halogene free flame retardant polyamide increases fire safety and environmental safety in flame sensitive applications.Polybutyleneterephthalate as the technically most important polyester offers new perspectives in blends with amorphous polymers leading to lower distortion and better surface quality in glass fiber reinforced parts. Polybutylenenaphthalate is widening the range of application of polyesters towards higher temperatures. Copolyesters derived from polybutyleneterephthalate are biologically degradable and are therefore promising materials for fermentable foils.Polyoxymethylene copolymers show an outstanding combination of stiffness, dimensional stability, friction and wear as well as resistance against hot water and fuel.As a result of their excellent properties and the existing potential for further improvements polyamide, polyester and polyoxymethylene will continue to grow above average in the future.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052440104
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sind polyurethanwerkstoffe ein reifes gebiet? (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 244 (1997), S. 121-133 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The world-wide production of polyurethanes has exceeded 6 mio. metric tons in 1994. Compared with the produced amounts of large-scale thermoplastics such as PE, PVC, PP and PS, polyurethanes keep the 5th place.Polyurethanes (PUR) are segmented polymers, which can be synthesized from preformed building blocks in a modular unit construction system. The chemical modules and the various possibilities of combination will be discussed here.Tailor-made polyurethane materials can be divided into two main-fields of application: foams and compact PUR.The main constituents of polyurethane materials are diisocyanates and polyols. These key- chemicals are well characterised with respect to their technological, economical and ecological properties. Taking into account the availability, the masses of production and the experiences that have been collected with the PUR main constituents, these PUR precursors seem to be very mature already.In contrast to this, the PUR-materials made from these building blocks still offer numerous novel problem-solutions, resulting from the variability of the diisocyanate-poly-addition reaction: PUR materials are most commonly segmented into several phases. The formation of hard- and softsegments can be easily demonstrated by looking at thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). A deeper understanding of this phase separation and the molecular organisation within these materials promises to realize prospectic polymeric architectures with new and improved properties. PUR materials will still be able to offer new answers to future requirements in balancing economical and ecological needs. By looking at the life-cycles of soft and hard-foams, polyurethane-coatings and thermoplastic PUR-elastomers, this contribution will adress the question: “Is PUR-chemsitry still a challenging field?”
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052440106
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fire-retardant action of potassium nitrate in polyamide 6 (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 245 (1997), S. 23-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Zugabe von 10-20 Gew.-% Kaliumnitrat (KN03) zu Polyamid 6 (PA 6) vermindert die Brennbarkeit des Polymeren. Das thermische Verhalten der KN03/PA 6-Mischung wurde mittels Thermogravimetrie, Differentialkalorimetrie und Analyse der fluchtigen Anteile untersucht. Feste Zersetzungsprodukte der Mischung wurden mittels Infrarotspektroskopie, Rontgendiffraktometrie und Elektronenresonanzspek-'troskopie analysiert. Es wurde gefunden, daß KNO3 dem Flielßen und Tropfen der Schmelze vorbeugt und die Karbonisierung auf der Oberflache des Polymeren fordert. Das verringert die Brandgefahr und verbessert die Feuerbestandigkeit. Andererseits geht KNO3 mit PA 6 in der kondensierten Phase eine exotherme Reaktion ein und setzt Sauerstoff frei, der wiederum die Brennbarkeit von PA 6 begiinstigt. Der Mechanismus der chemischen Wechselwirkung van KNO3 mit PA 6 wird diskutiert.
    Notes: The addition of 10-20 wt.-% of potassium nitrate (KNO3) to polyamide 6 (PA 6) improves the fire retardance of the polymer. The thermal decomposition behaviour of the PA 6/KN03-mixture was studied using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and thermal volatilisation analysis. Solid products of the thermal decomposition of the mixture were analysed by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance. It was found that KNO, prevents flowing and dripping of the melt and promotes charring on the surface of the polymer which decreases its fire hazard and improves its fire retardance. On the other hand, KNO3 exothermally reacts with PA 6 in the condensed phase and supplies oxygen to the gas phase which increases the combustibility of PA 6. The mechanism of the chemical interaction of KN03 with PA 6 is discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052450103
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of tricalcium phosphate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate on the mechanical properties of acrylic bone cement (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 245 (1997), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Der Einfluß einer Beimischung von Tricalciumphosphat (TCP), Hydroxyethylmethacrylat (HEMA) und Ethylenglycoldimethacrylat (EGDMA) auf die Eigenschaften eines chirurgischen Knochenzements wurde untersucht. Die in Zugversuchen entstandenen Bruchflächen wurden mittels Rasterelektronenmikroskopie charakterisiert. Der Einfluß der Additive auf den Temperaturanstieg während der Polymerisation wurde geprüft. Zug-, Biege- und Druckfestigkeit des ausgehärteten Zements nahmen mit zunehmendem TCP-Gehalt ab, der Elastizitätsmodul stieg dagegen an. Die Zugfestigkeit nahm mit steigendem HEMA-Gehalt geringfügig zu und blieb oberhalb 15 Gew.-% HEMA konstant. Zug-, Biege- und Druckfestigkeit zeigten bei einem EGDMA-Gehalt von 2 Gew.-% (in HEMA) ein Maximum. HEMA und EGDMA beschleunigten die Polymerisation, wogegen TCP retardierend wirkte.
    Notes: The effects of the addition of tricalcium phosphate (TCP), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) on the properties of standard surgical Simplex-P radiopaque bone cement have been investigated. The fracture surface after tensile test was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The influence of these components on the temperature rise during polymerization was investigated. It was found that the tensile strength, the bending strength, and the compressive strength decreased with increasing TCP content, whereas the inverse was observed for the Young's modulus. The tensile strength slightly increased with increasing HEMA content and then it levelled off when the HEMA content was higher than 15 wt.-%. It seemed that there were maximum tensile, bending and compressive strengths when 2 wt.-% EGDMA (in HEMA) was added. Polymerization occurred more rapidly when HEMA and EGDMA were added, whereas the inverse result was found with TCP.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052450105
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relative physical and thermal properties of polyurethane elastomers. Effect of chain extenders derived from dihydroxynaphthalene (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 245 (1997), S. 89-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Polyurethanelastomere wurden in Gegenwart von zwei Dihydroxynaphthalin(DHN)-Verbindungen und deren bromierter Derivate als Kettenverlängerer hergestellt. Als Polyole wurden Polycaprolactondiol und Polytetramethylenglykol und als Diisocyanat-Komponenten Diphenylmethandiisocyanat (MDI) und Dicyclohexylmethan-4,4′-diisocyanat (HMDI) eingesetzt. Der Einfluß der Struktur der Kettenverlängerer auf die physikalischen und thermischen Eigenschaften der Polyurethane wurde untersucht. Wegen der besseren Phasenmischungswirkung der 1,5-DHN-Segmente haben die damit hergestellten Polyurethane höhere Glasübergangstemperaturen und bessere dynamische Eigenschaften als die Polyurethane auf 2,7-DHN-Basis. Der Einbau von bromierten DHN-Einheiten erschwert die Entflammbarkeit. Durch das große freie Volumen der Bromatome wird jedoch die Rotation der DHN-Einheiten eingeschränkt, was zu Polyurethanen mit verringerten Phasenmischungs- und Kristallisationsgraden führt. Die bromhaltigen Polyurethane zeigen zudem eine Verschlechterung der mechanischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften und eine erhöhte Löslichkeit.
    Notes: Polyurethane elastomers were synthesized based on polyols such as poly(caprolactonediol) and poly(tetramethylene glycol), diisocyanates such as diphenylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (MDI) and dicyclohexylmethane-4,4′-diisocyanate (HMDI), and two dihydroxynaphthalenes (DHNs) and their brominated derivatives used as chain extenders. The effects of the chemical structures of the chain extenders on the physical and thermal properties of the polyurethanes were investigated. Because of the higher degree of phase mixing of the 1,5-DHN unit, the 1,5-DHN-based polyurethanes have higher Tg values and higher dynamic properties than 2,7-DHN-based polyurethanes. Introduction of bromine atoms increased the flame retardance. However, the large free volume of bromine atoms restricted the rotation of DHNs, thus, directly decreasing the degree of phase-mixing and crystallinity of the polyurethanes. Introducing bromine atoms also decreased the mechanical and dynamic properties and increased the solubility of the polyurethanes.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052450108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis and characterization of polypyrrolepolyurethane cationomer composites (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 245 (1997), S. 139-147 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aus Poly(oxytetramethylen), 4,4′-Bibenzyldiisocyanat, N-Methyldiethanolamin als Kettenverlängerer und Acrylsäure/Polyacrylsäure als Quaternisierungsagens wurden Poly(etherurethan)-Kationomere hergestellt. In aus diesen Kationomeren hergestellten Filmen wurde Pyrrol (15 Gew.-%) in Gegenwart von CuCl2 polymerisiert. Die Filme wurden mittels dynamisch-mechanischer Analyse, Thermogravimetrie und Differentialthermoanalyse charakterisiert. Die elektrische Leitfähigkeit beträgt für den Film ohne Polypyrrol 7.5 · 10-12 Ω-1 cm-1 und mit Polypyrrol 4.5 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1.
    Notes: Poly(ether urethane) cationomers based on poly(oxytetramethylene), 4,4′-bibenzyldiisocyanate, N-methyldiethanolamine as chain extender, and acrylic acid/poly(acrylic acid) as quaternization agent were synthesized. Pyrrole (15 wt.%%) was polymerized in films of the ionomer containing CuCl2. The films were characterized by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The electric conductivity of the film without polypyrrole is 7.5 · 10-12 Ω-1 cm-1, while incorporation of polypyrrole increases the conductivity to 4.5 · 10-6 Ω-1 cm-1.
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1997.052450112
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