Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Recent Developments in Membrane Filtration for Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Membrane Technology -- 3 Types of Membranes -- 4 Membranes Processes -- 4.1 Pressure Difference-Based Membrane Processes -- 4.2 Concentration Gradient Based Membrane Processes -- 4.3 Electric Potential Gradient-Based Membrane Processes -- 4.4 Hybrid Membrane Processes -- 5 Membrane Module -- 5.1 Tubular Modules -- 5.2 Hollow Fiber Modules -- 5.3 Flat Sheet Module -- 5.4 Spiral Wound Modules -- 6 Operation of Membrane -- 6.1 Membrane Performance -- 6.2 Membrane Selectivity -- 6.3 Mechanism of Separation Through the Membrane -- 6.4 Concentration Polarization (CP) -- 6.5 Membrane Fouling -- 7 Membrane Cleaning: Control of Fouling -- 7.1 Physical Cleaning -- 7.2 Chemical Cleaning -- 7.3 Biological /biochemical Cleaning -- 7.4 Physico-Chemical Cleaning Methods -- References -- Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Coagulation Followed by Ultrafiltration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment Methods -- 2.1 Determination of Optimum Coagulant Dose Using Jar Test -- 2.2 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Chemical Disinfection -- 2.3 Spent Filter Backwash Water Treatment by Coagulation -- 2.4 Water Treatment Using Ultrafiltration Membranes -- 3 Recent Developments and Research -- 3.1 Limiting Microbial Quality -- 3.2 Minimizing Metals and Heavy Metal -- 4 Future Research Perspective -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Ultrafiltration Integrated Photocatalytic Treatment Systems for Water and Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 UF Membrane Process -- 2.1 An Overview -- 2.2 Membrane Materials -- 3 Photocatalyst -- 4 UF Membranes Integrated PCO (UF-PCO) Systems -- 5 Operating Variables of Integrated UF-PCO Systems and Their Effect on Degradation. , 5.1 Effect of Photocatalyst Loading on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.2 Effect of Properties and Structure of Photocatalyst on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.3 Effect of Light Wavelength on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.4 Effect of Light Intensity on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.5 Effect of Initial Pollutant Concentration on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.6 Effect of Feedwater pH on Pollutant Degradation -- 5.7 Effect of Temperature -- 5.8 Effect of Inorganic Ions -- 5.9 Effect of Aeration -- 6 Recovery and Reuse of Photocatalyst Particles in UF-PCO Systems -- 7 Membrane Fouling and Its Control Measures in UF-PCO Systems -- 7.1 Membrane Cleaning -- 7.2 Aeration -- 7.3 UV Light Irradiation -- 7.4 Surface Modification of Membrane -- 7.5 Pre-Treatment of Feed Water -- 7.6 Non-Conventional Methods of Fouling Control -- 8 Removal of Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in UF-PCO Systems -- 8.1 Characteristics of ECs and Their Impacts -- 8.2 Membrane Properties and Their Effects -- 9 Economic Aspects of Integrated UF-PCO Systems -- 10 Conclusions and Future Scope -- References -- Application of Electrospun Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes for Water Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Details of Elctrospinng Process and Its Parameters for Nanofibrous Membranes Synthesis -- 2.1 Electrospinning Process -- 2.2 Operating Conditions Required in the Electrospinning Process -- 3 Applications of ENMs in Different Pressure Driven Membrane Systems for Water Treatment -- 3.1 Applications of ENMs in Microfiltration System -- 3.2 Applications of ENMs in Ultrafiltration System -- 3.3 Applications of ENMs in Nanofiltration System -- 4 Applications of ENMs for Wastewater Treatment -- 4.1 Applications of ENMs for Heavy Metal Removal from Contaminated Water -- 4.2 Applications of ENMs for Oil Spill Removal from Contaminated Water -- 5 Applications of Elctrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Desalination. , 6 Application of ENMs for Dye Removal -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Biosorbents in Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosorption -- 2.1 Biosorption History -- 2.2 Biosorption in Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 3 Types of Biosorbents for Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 3.1 Use of Plants as Biosorbents -- 3.2 Use of Microbes as Biosorbents -- 3.3 Use of Agricultural Wastes as Biosorbents -- 3.4 Use of Other Biomaterials as Biosorbents -- 4 Mechanism of Biosorption -- 4.1 Biosorption of Metals -- 4.2 Biosorption of Organic Compounds -- 5 Desorption and Regeneration of Biosorbents -- 6 Cost Estimation of Biosorbents for Wastewater Treatment -- 7 Challenges for Industrial Implementation -- 8 Prospects -- References -- Nanoparticles in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Traditional Methods for the Wastewater Treatment Process -- 2.1 Water Treatment -- 3 Emergence of Nanotechnology in Wastewater Purification -- 4 Application of Nanomaterials in Industrial Wastewater Technologies -- 4.1 Nanoadsorbents for Removal of Water Pollutants -- 4.2 Nanomembranes for the Filtration Process -- 4.3 Nanophotocatalysts for the Detection and Removal of Pollutants -- 5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- Green Magnetic Nanoparticles in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metallic Nanoparticles Synthesis Approaches -- 2.1 Conventional Methods -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Physico-Chemical Parameters Influencing in Metallic Nanoparticles Green Synthesis -- 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Nanocellulose in Industrial Wastewater Treatment: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Categorization of Nanocellulose -- 2.1 Cellulose Nanofiber (CNFs) -- 2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNC) -- 3 Sources of Cellulose -- 3.1 Algae -- 3.2 Bacteria -- 3.3 Plants. , 3.4 Tunicates -- 4 Methods of Preparation of Nanocellulose -- 4.1 Mechanical Disintegration -- 4.2 Chemical Method -- 4.3 Biological Method -- 5 Nanocellulose Materials Used for Water Treatment -- 5.1 Nanocellulose-Based Adsorbents -- 5.2 Oil-Water Separation -- 5.3 Nanocellulose-Based Photocatalyst -- 5.4 Nanocellulose-Based Catalyst Carriers -- 5.5 Nanocellulose-Based Flocculants -- 5.6 Nanocellulose-Based Membranes -- 6 Limitations and Future Prospects -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Synthesis and Applications of Polymer-Nano Clay Composites in Wastewater Treatment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthesis -- 2.1 Solution Blending Method -- 2.2 Melt Blending Method -- 2.3 In-Situ Polymerization Method -- 3 Characterization Techniques of Biopolymer-Clay Nanocomposites -- 4 Applications of Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites in Wastewater Treatment -- 4.1 Poly Vinyl Imidazole (PVI)/Bentonite Nano Clay Composites -- 4.2 PANI/bentonite Nano Clay -- 4.3 Thiourea-Formaldehyde/Bentonite Nano Clay -- 4.4 Biopolymer/Clay Composite -- 4.5 Nanocomposites Based on Polyurethane Clay -- 5 Mechanisms of Wastewater Treatment Using Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Membranes -- 5.2 Flocculation/Coagulation -- 5.3 Columns/Barriers -- 6 Water Treatment Options by Clay-Polymer Nanocomposites -- 6.1 Chemisorption -- 6.2 Physisorption -- 7 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- Polymeric Composites for Industrial Water Treatment: An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Polymeric Composites Production Techniques -- 2.1 Casting -- 2.2 Gel Beads -- 2.3 Layer-By-Layer -- 2.4 Sol-gel -- 3 Natural and Synthetic Polymeric Composites for Water Treatment -- 3.1 Biological Pollutants -- 3.2 Dyes -- 3.3 Micropollutants Removal -- 4 Applications and Comparison with Traditional Techniques -- 5 Challenges, Perspectives and Environmental Sustainability -- References. , Optimisation and Modeling Approaches for the Textile Industry Water Treatment Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Textile Industry Wastewater: Source, Characteristics and Environmental Impacts -- 3 Treatment Methods and Strategies -- 4 Process Modeling -- 4.1 Mass Transfer Modeling and Kinetic Modeling -- 4.2 Development of Process Model -- 4.3 Basics of RSM Modeling and ANN Modeling -- 4.4 Objectives and Uses of RSM -- 4.5 Analysis and Transformation of Models -- 5 Response Surface Design and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) -- 6 Types of Model Equations and Graphs in Response Surface Design -- 6.1 Applications of RSM in Wastewater Treatment Domain -- 7 Optimisation of the Process -- 8 Concept of Optimisation -- 9 Methods for Optimisation -- 10 Recent Development and Future Scope -- 11 Conclusions -- References -- UV-Chlorination and Treatment of Oily Wastewater in Batch Ozone Reactor -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Wastewater Source -- 2.2 Experimental Setup -- 2.3 Experimental Procedure -- 2.4 Modeling Procedure -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 BBD Modeling -- 3.2 Effect of Process Variables on COD Removal -- 3.3 Optimization of Process Parameters for COD Removal -- 3.4 Comparative Study of Oily Wastewater Treatment -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Sol-gel Synthesis of Kaolin/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Tannery Wastewater -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.2 Kaolin Preparation -- 2.3 TiO2 Nanoparticle Preparation -- 2.4 TiO2/Kaolin Preparation -- 2.5 Point of Zero Charge -- 2.6 Photocatalytic Study -- 2.7 Characterization Techniques -- 3 Discussion -- 3.1 Characterization -- 3.2 Reusability Study -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Microbial Biofilm Reactor for Sustained Waste Water Treatment and Reuse -- 1 Introductory Background. , 2 Municipal/Agricultural Runoff Treatment Using Selectively Developed Consortium.

Note: an environmental leader's toolkit -- contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- What This Book Is About -- About the Tools in This Book -- Three Underlying Realities -- part I Tools for Getting Where You Want to Go -- 1. Don't Hammer Nails with a Saw: How to Problem-Solve Effectively -- Assessing Your Immediate Inclinations -- Tools That Look Good but Maybe Aren't -- Ferreting Out What You Really Want -- The Divide-and-Conquer Method -- The People Factor -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 2. Becoming an Ace Researcher: How to Find the Answers You Need -- The Allure of Baseline Data and Inventories -- Scrutinizing Your Research Question and Data Needs -- Developing a Tailored Data Collecting Plan -- Launching a Pilot Study -- Getting Good Advice from Experts -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 3. Things You Need to Know about Data Collection and Statistics: How to Take Your Research Skills to the Next Level -- Identifying Your Research Question Type -- The Importance of Hypothesis Testing -- The Essentials of Statistics, Statistical Analysis, and Variability -- How to Randomly Sample a Place -- Creating a Compartment Map -- Describing Your Data Collecting Methods -- A Few Data Collecting Suggestions and Reminders -- Some Closing Thoughts -- part II Tools for Working with People -- 4. Do You See What I See? How to Connect with Future Allies -- Getting Past the Us versus Them Dynamic -- Connecting with People through Indirect Approaches -- Connecting with People through Presentations -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 5. Becoming an Ace Leader: How to Get the Most Out of Your Team -- Personality Traits That Get Your Teeth Grinding -- Why Meetings Make People Scream -- Running an Effective Meeting -- Generating New Ideas at Meetings -- Getting People in a Meeting to Say What They Are ReallyTh inking. , The Difference between Offering Ideas, Evaluating Options, and Making Decisions -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 6. When Town Hall Becomes Battlefi eld: How to Survive Contentious Public Meetings -- Running Productive Public Meetings -- How Things Go Wrong (and What You Can Do about Them) -- The People Factor, Redux -- Experimenting with Unfamiliar Approaches -- Some Closing Thoughts -- part III Tools for Finding Support-for Your Cause and for Yourself -- 7. Getting the Word Out: How to Communicate Your Cause to the World -- Directing Your Energy Where It Needs to Go -- Targeting Your Message -- Marketing Your Cause -- Some Outreach Strategies -- Letting People Know That They Matter -- Handling Propaganda and Spin -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 8. Fundraising, Proposal Writing, and More: How to Find Money for Your Cause -- Asking Individuals for Help Is Not Begging! -- The Ins and Outs of Successful Fundraising -- Convincing Businesses to Support Your Cause -- Funding from Foundations and Government Agencies -- The Art of Grantsmanship -- Some Closing Thoughts -- 9. You Are Your Most Valuable Resource: How to Save the World without Going Nuts or Burning Out -- Don't Treat Assumptions as Truths -- Is There Really Too Much to Do? -- When It Seems That There Is Not Enough Time -- Stop Judging Yourself -- Making Good Things Better and Unpleasant Things Less Bad -- Choosing the Right Staff and Volunteers -- Some Final Closing Thoughts -- Appendixes -- 1. Telling Stories with Your Graphs -- 2. Suggestions for Conducting an Effective Inventory -- 3. Statistical Jargon That You Are Likely to Encounter -- 4. Some Data Collecting Tips -- 5. Site Clues and Indicators -- 6. Some Ways to Make Meetings Better -- 7. What an Effective Agenda Looks Like -- 8. What Minutes from a Meeting Look Like -- 9. Checklist of Reminders When Preparing for a Public Meeting. , 10. Overview of Parliamentary Procedure and Rules of Order -- 11. Common Parliamentary Procedure Jargon and Expressions -- 12. What an Effective Memo Looks Like -- 13. Some Fundraising Reminders -- 14. What the Main Elements of a Funding Proposal Look Like -- 15. Some Grant-writing Reminders -- 16. Some Everyday Tasks, Situations, and Activities That Might Drag You Down -- 17. Some Everyday Tasks, Situations, and Activities That Might Lift You Up -- 18. Querying References to Learn More about Candidates -- Recommended Reading -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- PART I: Introduction and Overview -- 1 Public Communication Activities of Research Institutes: Setting the Stage with the Decentralisation Hypothesis -- 2 Why and How to Sample Research Institutes: Methodological Challenges -- PART II: Cross-National Comparisons -- 3 Professionalizing the Communication of Research Institutes -- 4 Public Duty or Self-Interest? Public Communication of University-Based Research Institutes after an Era of Governance Reforms in Europe -- 5 Perceived Successfulness of Public Engagement at Research Institutes -- 6 An emerging "Arms Race": Resourcing the Public Communication Effort -- 7 Public Engagement Profiles and Types of Research Institutes -- PART III: National Situation and Profiles -- 8 The Communication of Research in Italy: The Efforts of Academia and Research Institutes -- 9 Public Engagement at Research Institutes in the Netherlands: Fertile Territory or Terra Nullius? -- 10 US American Scholars Are Finding Paths to Engagement through their Research Institutes and Centers -- 11 Public Communication in Japanese Research Institutes: Still Dark or Sunrise? -- 12 Communicative Dispositions of British Research Institutes -- 13 Public Engagement Activities of German Research Institutes: A Tale of Two Worlds -- 14 'Research Excellence' and Public Communication in Portugal -- PART IV: Methodological Considerations -- 15 Studying Public Communication of Research Institutes: Sample Design and Data Collection -- 16 Framework and Indicators of Public Communication of Research Institutes -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Insights from Chapter 1 -- Insights from Chapter 2 -- Insights from Chapter 3 -- Insights from Chapter 4.

Note: Intro -- Advances in Immunology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: The role of properdin and Factor H in disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Complement system overview -- 2.1. Classical pathway -- 2.2. Lectin pathway -- 2.3. Alternative pathway (AP) -- 2.4. Terminal pathway -- 3. Overview of complement regulation -- 4. Negative regulation of the AP by FH -- 4.1. Structure and biochemical aspects of FH -- 4.2. Recognition of cells by FH -- 4.2.1. Normal recognition -- 4.2.2. Inadequate recognition -- 4.2.2.1. FH in non-infectious diseases -- 4.2.2.1.1. Atypical Hemolytic uremic syndrome -- 4.2.2.1.2. C3 Dominant membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis -- 4.2.2.1.3. Age-related macular degeneration -- 4.2.2.2. FH in pathological processes -- 4.2.2.2.1. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) -- 4.2.2.2.2. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus -- 4.2.2.2.3. Ischemia-reperfusion injury -- 4.2.2.2.4. Transplantation -- 4.2.2.2.5. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) -- 4.2.3. Unwanted recognition -- 4.2.3.1. FH in infectious diseases -- 4.2.3.1.1. Cloaking mechanism using sialic acid and C3b subfragments -- 4.2.3.1.2. Cloaking mechanism using pathogen sialylation in the presence of pathogen´s FH binding proteins -- 4.2.3.1.3. Cloaking mechanism using exclusively pathogen´s FH binding proteins -- 4.2.3.1.4. Cloaking mechanism independent of sialic acid using C3b and FH binding proteins -- 4.2.3.1.5. Other non-cloaking mechanism -- 4.2.3.2. Cancer cells -- 4.2.4. Non-canonical functions of FH and interactions with other molecules -- 5. Positive regulation of the AP by properdin -- 5.1. Structure and biochemical aspects of properdin -- 5.2. Recognition of cells by properdin -- 5.2.1. Normal recognition -- 5.2.2. Inadequate recognition -- 5.2.2.1. Properdin in infectious diseases -- 5.2.2.1.1. Properdin in human models. , 5.2.2.1.1.1. Neisseria meningitidis -- 5.2.2.1.1.2. Otitis media and pneumonia -- 5.2.2.1.2. Properdin in mouse models -- 5.2.2.1.2.1. Wild-type versus P mice -- 5.2.2.1.3. Properdin in in vitro studies -- 5.2.2.1.3.1. Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae -- 5.2.2.1.3.2. Chlamydia pneumoniae and Chlamydia trachomatis -- 5.2.2.1.3.3. Kaposi´s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) -- 5.2.2.1.3.4. Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- 5.2.2.1.3.5. Fungal glycans, zymosan in vitro study -- 5.2.2.2. Properdin in non-infectious diseases -- 5.2.2.2.1. Properdin in kidney disease/damage -- 5.2.2.2.1.1. C3 glomerulopathy -- 5.2.2.2.2. Properdin in cardiovascular disease -- 5.2.2.2.2.1. Atherosclerosis -- 5.2.2.2.3. Properdin in other non-infectious diseases -- 5.2.2.2.3.1. Neutropenia -- 5.2.2.2.3.2. Colitis -- 5.2.2.2.3.3. Cancer -- 5.2.3. Unwanted recognition -- 5.2.3.1. Properdin in infectious diseases in mouse models -- 5.2.3.2. Properdin in non-infectious diseases -- 5.2.3.2.1. Properdin in kidney disease/damage -- 5.2.3.2.1.1. IgA nephropathy (IgAN) -- 5.2.3.2.1.2. Other kidney diseases (including MN, ANCA-associated) -- 5.2.3.2.1.3. Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis (ANCA-AAV) -- 5.2.3.2.1.4. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury -- 5.2.3.2.2. Properdin in cardiovascular disease -- 5.2.3.2.2.1. Cardiovascular events -- 5.2.3.2.2.2. Platelet-leukocytes or -granulocyte aggregate -- 5.2.3.2.2.3. Heart failure -- 5.2.3.2.3. Properdin in other non-infectious diseases -- 5.2.3.2.3.1. Arthritis -- 5.2.3.2.3.2. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) -- 5.2.3.2.3.3. Asthma -- 5.2.3.2.3.4. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) -- 5.2.3.2.3.5. Age-related macular degeneration -- 5.2.3.2.3.6. Transplantation -- 5.2.3.2.3.7. Neurological diseases -- 5.2.3.2.3.8. Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH). , 5.2.4. Non-canonical functions of properdin and interactions with other molecules -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Two: Becoming aware of γδ T cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A TCR-like gene without a known function -- 3. Activation of γ genes in the thymus -- 4. Lymphocytes expressing the γ protein on their surface -- 5. The nature of the δ protein -- 6. γδ T cells everywhere -- 7. After the discovery -- Acknowledgment -- References.

Note: Intro -- Insights from Chapter 1 -- Insights from Chapter 2 -- Insights from Chapter 3 -- Insights from Chapter 4 -- Insights from Chapter 5 -- Insights from Chapter 6 -- Insights from Chapter 7 -- Insights from Chapter 8 -- Insights from Chapter 9 -- Insights from Chapter 10 -- Insights from Chapter 11 -- Insights from Chapter 12 -- Insights from Chapter 13 -- Insights from Chapter 14.

Note: Cover -- Half-title page -- Series page -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- 1 Measuring Mountains -- 2 Unstable Instruments -- 3 Suffering Bodies -- 4 Frozen Relics -- 5 Higher Gardens -- 6 Vertical Limits -- Conclusion: A Vertical Globe -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Adhesion of Living Cells: Mechanisms of Adhesion and Contact Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries. The Long Way to the Bottom -- 2.1 Light and Electron Microscopy -- 2.2 Surface Force Apparatus and Adhesion Meter -- 2.3 Depth-Sensing Indentation Techniques -- 2.4 Atomic Force Microscopy and Devices Based on the Use of Elastic Cantilevers -- 3 Mechanisms of Adhesion Between Biological Cells -- 3.1 Physical Mechanisms of the vdW Forces -- 3.2 Physical Mechanisms of Cell Adhesion -- 4 Adhesive Contact Problems and Experimental Evaluation of Cell Characteristics -- 4.1 Adhesive Contact Problems -- 4.2 Evaluation of Elastic and Adhesive Characteristics of Cells -- 4.3 Adhesive Contact Problem for a Prestressed Neo-Hookean Material -- 4.4 The Extended BG Method (eBG) -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Contact Problem in Indentation Measurements of Soft, Biological and Bioinspired Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Indentation Techniques to Study Biointerfaces -- 2.1 AFM Is the Technique of Choice -- 2.2 Terminology -- 2.3 Heterogeneity of Biointerfaces at the Microscale: The Need in Robust Statistics -- 3 Brush Model Is a Way to Reduce the Brushy Contact to a Standard Contact Model -- 3.1 Generic Assumptions About Contact Models Used to Describe Biointerfaces -- 3.2 The Need in Well-Defined Large Spherical AFM Probes -- 3.3 Contact Problem in the Brush Model -- 3.4 Verification of the Contact Problem in the Brush Model -- 3.5 Comparison of the Contact Problem within the Hertz and Brush Models Applied to Biological Cells -- 3.6 Pericellular Brush Layer Is Not a Linear Elastic Material -- 4 Conclusion -- A.1 Appendix -- References -- 3 Mechanical Properties of the Cell Surface Layer Measured by Contact Atomic Force Microscopy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cell Surface Layer. , 3 Physical Quantities Measured by AFM in Contact Mode -- 4 Parameters of the Maps of Nanomechanical Properties -- 5 AFM Parameters of Cell Surface -- 5.1 AFM Parameters of Epithelial Cells and Fibroblasts (Effects of the Cell Zone and Cell Type) -- 5.2 AFM Parameters of the Different Types of Erythrocyte in Hereditary Spherocytosis (Effect of the Change in the Cell Surface Layer Structure) -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Materials and Methods -- References -- 4 Capillary Adhesion Effect in Contact Interaction of Soft Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Capillary Adhesion in Contact of Smooth Elastic Bodies -- 3 Method of Solution -- 4 Contact Characteristics as Functions of Normal Load -- 5 Effect of the Liquid Volume, its Surface Tension, and Elastic Modulus of the Half-Space -- 6 Effect of the Body Shape -- 7 Energy Dissipation in an Approach-Retraction Cycle -- 8 Capillary Adheson in Discrete Contact -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Influence of a Soft Elastic Layer on Adhesion of Rough Surfaces -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adhesive Contact Between a Wavy Surface and a Layered Half-Space -- 2.1 Influence of Layer Thickness and Elastic Modulus on Complete Area at the First Contact -- 2.2 Dependence of Strength of Adhesion on Layer Thickness -- 3 Discussion on Adhesive Contact with a Very Thin Layer -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Asymptotic Modeling Scheme for Analysis of Bio-inspired Fibrillar Adhesive Interfaces: A Short Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Asymptotic Modeling of Multiple Contact -- 2.1 Small Parameters -- 2.2 Stretched Coordinates -- 2.3 Asymptotic Matching -- 2.4 Homogenization of the Contact Pressure -- 2.5 Boundary Layer Problem -- 3 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Spreading of Red Caviar Cells: The Knife-Cell and the Cell-Cell Adhesive Interactions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries: Theoretical Aspects of Indentation. , 2.1 Non-adhesive Hertz-Type Contact Problems -- 2.2 Adhesive Contact Problems in Geometrically Linear Formulation -- 3 Experimental Studies -- 3.1 Experimental Device -- 3.2 Hydration and Dehydration of Caviar Cells -- 3.3 Depth-Sensing Indentation of Caviar Cells -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Mechanical Characterisation of Polymeric Materials Using Nanoindentation -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Structure and Mechanical Response -- 1.2 Conventional Mechanical Testing vs Nanoindentation -- 1.3 Nanoindentation Theory -- 1.3.1 Material Pile Up -- 1.3.2 Viscoelasticity -- 1.3.3 Viscoplasticity -- 1.3.4 Hydrostatic Stress -- 1.4 General Hyper Elastic Models -- 1.4.1 Mooney-Rivlin Model -- 1.4.2 Neo-Hookean Model -- 1.4.3 Ogden Model -- 1.4.4 Arruda-Boyce Model -- 2 Experimental and Numerical Methodology -- 2.1 Nanoindentation Test -- 2.2 Finite Element Modelling of the Nanoindentation -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Viscoelasticity -- 3.2 Viscoplasticity -- 3.2.1 Viscoplasticity Models -- 3.2.2 Comparison with Experiment -- 3.3 Viscous-Hyper Elastic Materials -- 3.3.1 Methodology of Tension Testing and Determination of Viscoelastic/Hyper Elastic Model Parameters -- 3.3.2 Tensile Testing Results -- 3.3.3 Finite Element Modelling -- 3.3.4 Model Predictions and Experiment -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Indentation Tests of Biological Materials: Theoretical Aspects -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hardness Tests and Depth-Sensing Indentation Techniques -- 2.1 Traditional Hardness Tests -- 2.2 Fracture Effects in Indentation Tests and Microbrittleness Tests -- 2.3 Depth-Sensing Indentation and Measurements of Hardness -- 2.4 Depth-Sensing Indentation and Estimations of Elastic Moduli of Materials -- 3 Testing of Biological Materials Using Indentation Techniques -- 3.1 Testing of Hard Biological Materials -- 3.2 Testing of Articular Cartilage -- 3.3 Testing of Snake Skins. , 3.4 Testing of Elastin and Resilin-Based Materials -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Effect of Viscoelasticity in Sliding Contact of Layered Solids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Formulation -- 3 Method of Solution -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Viscoelastic Half-Space Coated by a Rigid Plate -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Characterisation of an AFM Tip Bluntness Using Indentation of Soft Materials -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Preliminaries -- 3 Images of AFM Tips in Working Position -- 4 The AFM Tip in Its Working Position -- 4.1 SEM Image Analysis -- 4.2 Rotating the Tip 12 Clockwise -- 5 AFM Nanoindentation: Load-Displacement Data -- 5.1 AFM Nanoindentation: Force-Displacement Analysis -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 SEM Vertical Orientation -- 6.2 SEM 12 Clockwise Rotation -- 6.3 AFM Nanoindentation -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 The JKR Formalism in Applications to Problems of Adhesive Contact -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Hertz-Type and Boussinesq Non-adhesive Contact Problems -- 2.1 Formulation of an Axisymmetric Hertz-Type Contact Problem for Linear or Linearized Elastic Solids -- 2.2 The Boussinesq Problems -- 2.3 Incompatibility of the Hertz-Type and Boussinesq Contact Problem Formulations -- 3 The Derjaguin, Sperling, and JKR Models -- 3.1 Initial Derjaguin's Model of Adhesion -- 3.2 The Sperling Model -- 3.3 The JKRS Model -- 4 The JKR Formalism -- 4.1 The JKR Formalism in Application to Frictionless Contact for Spherical Indenters -- 4.2 The JKR Formalism in Application to Frictionless Contact for Power-Law Shaped Indenters -- 4.3 Contact Problems for Polynomial Indenters -- 4.4 The JKR Formalism in Application to No-slip Contact for Power-Law Shaped Indenters -- 4.5 The JKR Formalism in Application to Frictionless Contact for Arbitrary Shaped Axisymmetric Indenters. , 4.6 The JKR Formalism in Application to Adhesive Contact with Transversely Isotropic and Homogeneously Prestressed Elastic Samples -- 5 The JKR Formalism in Application to Non-Hertzian Contact Problems -- 5.1 The JKR Formalism in Application to Elastic Layers -- 5.2 The JKR Formalism in Application to Adhesive Contact with a Thin Membrane -- 5.3 The General Case of Explicit Transformation Between Non-adhesive and Adhesive Contact Problems -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References.