Note: Front Cover -- Chemistry, Energy and the Environment -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- THIRD EUROPEAN WORKSHOP ON CHEMISTRY, ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- Opening Address -- Part 1: Chemistry - Friend or Foe of the Environment -- CHAPTER 1. THE EFFECTS OF COAL BASED POWER STATIONS ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN TURKEY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEPOSIT AND PRODUCTION OF COAL -- 3 COAL ROLE IN TURKEY ELECTRIC PRODUCTION -- 4 OBTAINED EMISSION AND ITS PREVENTION -- 5 COAL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS -- 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- Acknowledgment -- References -- CHAPTER 2. FORECAST OF SALT OCCURRENCES ON MONUMENT-STONE SURFACES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CASE STUDY: THE CATHEDRAL OF BARI, ITALY -- 3 FINAL REMARKS -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 3. NICKEL - CADMIUM BATTERIES : WASTE MANAGEMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TOXICOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF HAZARDOUS METALS -- 3 CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISATION OF Ni-Cd BATTERIES -- 3 APPLICATIONS -- 4 RECYCLING PROCESSES -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER 4. SALT SYSTEMS AND MONUMENT STONE DECAY IN COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MEASUREMENTS AND DATA PROCESSING -- 3 THE CATHEDRAL OF CADIZ CASE STUDY -- 4 FINAL REMARKS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 5. SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF COMPOUNDS FROM MICROALGAE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PROPERTIES OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUIDS -- 3 MATERIALS AND METHODS -- 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- References -- CHAPTER 6. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL RISK REDUCTION: The Salvation for the 21st Century -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 RATIONALE -- 3 WHY REDUCE RISK? -- 4 RISK REDUCTION ADDS VALUE -- 5 IMPORTANT MATTERS TO BE CONSIDERED WITH URGENCY -- 6 NEW APPROACHES -- 7 THE WAY TOWARDS THE YEAR 2100 -- 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- 9 REFERENCES. , CHAPTER 7. GEOSTATISTICAL ASSESSMENT OF AIRBORNE SALINITY AT GROUND LEVEL USING LICHENS AS SALTFALL BIOMONTTORS -- Abstract -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MATERIALS, METHODS AND SITES -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. STUDIES OF SMOKE EMISSIONS AT A COKING PLANT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 COKE - OVEN OPERATION : CARBONIZATION -- 3 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS -- 4 EVALUATION OF THE EXPOSURE DEGREE -- 5 EXPERIMENTAL -- 6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 7 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 9. DEVELOPMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE H2S REMOVING EQUIPMENT USING THIOBACILLUS SP.IW -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- References -- Chapter 10. Waste-Management Education & -- Research Consortium (WERC)Environmental Design Competition: An Innovative Method for Environmental Education -- 1 ABSTRACT -- 2 INTRODUCTION -- 3 OVERALL PROCESS -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CHAPTER 11. ENGINEERING ASPECTS OF LEACHING -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE BATCH REACTOR -- 3 THE PLUG FLOW REACTOR -- 4 THE CONTINUOUS STIRRED TANK REACTOR -- 5 DESIGN OF A SERIES OF CSTR's -- 6 NOTES ON IMPERFECTION -- APPENDIX I : CALCULATION EXTRACTION -- CHAPTER 12. ZINC PRESSURE LEACHING -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE ROAST-LEACH-ELECTROWIN ZINC PROCESS -- 3 THE PRESSURE LEACH PROCESS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 2: Catalysis in the Service of the Environment -- CHAPTER 13. ACTIVITY AND STABILITY OF PEROVSKITE TYPE-OXIDES FOR THE CATALYTIC DESTRUCTION OF C1-CHLORINATED VOC's -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHAPTER 14. CATALYSIS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE NOx PROBLEM -- 1. ABSTRACT -- 2. INTRODUCTION -- 3. THE MOBILE SOURCE -- 4. STATIONARY APPLICATIONS -- Acknowledgements -- References. , CHAPTER 15. HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS: A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR WATER TREATMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRINCIPLE OF HETEROGENEOUS PHOTOCATALYSIS -- 3 SURVEY OF REACTIVITY. ENVIRONMENTAL DECONTAMINATION -- 4 CHALLENGE: PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- References -- CHAPTER 16. CATALYTIC FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS VIA CYCLIC CARBONATE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS -- 4 CONCLUSION -- References -- CHAPTER 17. ON THE CATALYSIS OF SULHTE* AUTOXIDATION BY TRANSITION METAL IONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- 6. REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. SURFACE DIFFUSION IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. THE MEANING OFTHE FACTOR δ -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 3: The Challenge of the Environmentally Friendly Production of Energy -- CHAPTER 19. THE MODIFIED POLLUTION ΕQUΑTIΟΝ IN TARGET OF CARBON EMISSION REDUCING -- Abstract -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE MODEL AND THE METHODOLOGY -- 3 TEST -- 4 CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. COMPARISON OF THE CONDUCTION PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORIC ACID DOPED AND BENZYLSULFONATE GRAFTED POLYBENZIMIDAZOLE -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTA L -- 3 RESULTS -- 4 CONCLUSION -- References -- CHAPTER 21. NUCLEAR INHERITANCE OF THE COLD WAR CHALLENGES OF NUCLEAR POWER -- Abstract -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NUCLEAR INHERITANCE OF THE FSU -- 3. CONCLUSION -- 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- References -- CHAPTER 22. ENERGY SOURCES POLICIES IN TERMS OF ENVIRONMENT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN TÜRKIYE -- 3 ENERGY SOURCES IN TÜRKİYE AND THEIR EVALUATION -- 4 THE ENERGY POLICY OF TÜRKİYE -- 5 RESULTS -- References -- CHAPTER 23. ELECTROCATALYTIC SOLUTIONS TO SOME ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUESTIONS -- SUMMARY. , INTRODUCTION -- FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF ELECTROCATALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS -- DESIGN OF ELECTROCATALYSTS -- INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY AND THEIR IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT. -- CONCLUSIONS -- LITERATUR -- CHAPTER 24. ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND EMISSIONS IN INDUSTRY - CASE OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 NATIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES -- 3 INDUSTRY -- 4 ENERGY AND AIR POLLUTION -- 5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ENERGY POLICY IN SLOVAKIA -- 6 EXAMPLES OF EMISSIONS REDUCTION IN SLOVAKIA -- References -- CHAPTER 25. PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SUPPLY FOR WATER PUMPING SYSTEMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Selection of Project Sites -- 3 Sizing of PV-Pumping Systems -- 4 System Performance -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 26. CORROSION FAILURE ANALYSIS: SCOPE FOR A RULE-BASED EXPERT SYSTEM -- ABSTRACT -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERT SYSTEM MODULES -- 3 EXPERT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT -- 4 RESULTS -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 27. PVT MEASUREMENTS OF BINARY GASEOUS MIXTURES AT HIGH TEMPERATURES AND PRESSURES -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS -- 4 DISCUSSION -- 5 CONCLUSION -- References -- Part 4: Energy Sources for 2000 and Beyond -- CHAPTER 28. WE-NET : THE NATIONAL HYDROGEN PROJECT OF JAPAN, ITS VISION AND STATUS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. OUTLINE OF THE WE-NET PROJECT -- 3. TARGETS OF TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- 4. PRESENT STATUS OF THE PROJECT -- 5. CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 29. FUEL CELLS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM CARBONACEOUS FUELS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TYPES OF FUEL CELLS -- 3 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND GAS PURIFICATION -- 4 CONCLUSION -- 5 REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 30. THE EFFECTS OF MINING METHODS AND COAL QUALITY ON POWER GENERATION COST IN TURKEY -- ABSTRACT -- l.INTRODUCTION -- 2. EVALUATION OF COAL FIELDS REGARDING ELECTRICITY GENERATION -- 3. GENERAL EVALUATION OF COAL FIELDS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES. , References -- CHAPTER 31. THE GRAVITY AS A NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE FOR THE 21st CENTURY -- CHAPTER 32. ELECTROCHEMICALLY INDUCED COLD FUSION AND ENVIRONMENT -- 1) INTRODUCTION -- 2) EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS -- 3) EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 4) RECENT PROGRESS -- 5) OUR EFFORTS IN SEARCHING COLD FUSION -- 6) CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Part 5: Nuclear Waste -- CHAPTER 33. THE LOW RADIOACTIVE WASTE METHOD OF A FISSION MO-99 PRODUCTION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- References -- CHAPTER 34. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF FIRST SOVIET NUCLEAR COMPLEX -- Abstract -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION AND RADIOACTIVE WASTE ACCUMULATED -- 3. TECHA RIVER CASCADE OF RESERVOIRS -- 4. LAKE KARACHAY -- 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- References -- CHAPTER 35. DECONTAMINATION OF THE URANIUM PROCESSING EFFLUENTS CONTAINING 226Ra(II) -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Part 6: Electrochemical Decontamination -- CHAPTER 36. ELECTROCHEMICAL REMEDIATION: A MODERN OPTION FOR CLEANING UP CONTAMINATED LAND -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DECONTAMINATION METHODS -- 3 ELECTRORECLAMATION -- 4 COMPANIES INVOLVED IN ELECTRORECLAMATION -- 5 CONCLUSIONS -- Reference -- CHAPTER 37. REMOVAL OF HEAVY METALS AND ARSENIC FROM SOIL BY AN ELECTROCHEMICAL TREATMENT -- 1 lNTRODUCTON -- 2 EXPERIMENTAL -- 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 4 CONCLUSIONS -- References -- CHAPTER 38. CATALYTIC SYSTEMS FOR THE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OXIDATIVE CONVERSION. GENERAL MECHANISMS -- 3 OXIDATIVE CONVERSION. ELECTRODE MATERIALS -- 4 PHOTOASSISTED OXIDATION -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- References -- CHAPTER 39. REMOVAL OF IONS FROM INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL WASTE WATERS BY FLOTATION METHODS. APPLICATION ON THE REMOVAL OF LEAD -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 TYPES OF FLOTATION METHODS AND TECHNIQUES -- 3 ION FLOTATION -- 4. EXPERIMENTAL. , 5 CONCLUSIONS.

Note: Front Cover -- Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter One. Introduction -- 1.1 The Environmental Problem and Pollution Prevention -- 1.2 What is Process Integration? -- 1.3 Can Flowsheets Provide Global Insights? -- 1.4 Branches of Process Integration: Mass Integration and Energy Integration -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- Chapter Two. Modeling of Mass-Exchange Units for Environmental Applications -- 2.1 What Is a Mass Exchanger? -- 2.2 Equilibrium -- 2.3 Interphase Mass Transfer -- 2.4 Types and Sizes of Mass Exchangers -- 2.5 Minimizing Cost of Mass-Exchange Systems -- Chapter Three. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks -- 3.1 A Network versus a Unit -- 3.2 Problem Scope, Significance, and Complexity -- 3.3 Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Task -- 3.4 The Targeting Approach -- 3.5 The Corresponding Composition Scales -- 3.6 The Pinch Diagram -- 3.7 Constructing Pinch Diagrams without Process MSAs -- 3.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs -- Chapter Four. Graphical Techniques for Mass Integration with Mass-Exchange Interception -- 4.1 The Source-Sink Mapping Diagram -- 4.2 Application of Mass Integration to Enhance Yield, Debottleneck the Process and Reduce Wastewater in an Acrylonitrile "an" Plant -- Chapter Five. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks-An Algebraic Approach -- 5.1 The Composition.Interval Diagram "CID -- 5.2 Table of Exchangeable Loads "TEL -- 5.3 Mass-Exchange Cascade Diagram -- 5.4 Example on Dephenolization of Aqueous Wastes -- 5.5 Synthesis of MENs with Minimum Number of Exchangers -- 5.6 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch -- 5.7 Network Synthesis -- 5.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs Using Mass-Load Paths -- Chapter Six. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach. , 6.1 Generalization of the Composition Interval Diagram -- 6.2 Problem Formulation -- 6.3 The Dephenolization Example Revisited -- 6.4 Optimization of Outlet Compositions -- 6.5 Stream Matching and Network Synthesis -- 6.6 Network Synthesis for Dephenolization Example -- Chapter Seven. Mathematical Optimization Techniques for Mass Integration -- 7.1 Problem Statement and Challenges -- 7.2 Synthesis of MSA-Induced WINs -- 7.3 Case Study: Interception of Chloroethanol in an Ethyl Chloride Process -- 7.4 Developing Strategies for Segregation, Mixing and Direct Recycle -- 7.5 Case Study Revisited: Segregation, Mixing and Recycle for the Chloroethanol Case Study -- 7.6 Integration of Interception with Segregation, Mixing, and Recycle -- Chapter Eight. Synthesis of Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks -- 8.1 Objectives of REAMEN Synthesis -- 8.2 Corresponding Composition Scales for Reactive Mass Exchange -- 8.3 Synthesis Approach -- Chapter Nine. Combining Heat Integration with Mass Integration -- 9.1 Synthesis of HENs -- 9.2 Synthesis of Combined Heat- and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks "CHARMEN -- 9.3 Case Study: CHARMEN Synthesis for Ammonia Removal from a Gaseous Emission -- 9.4 Case Study: Incorporation of CHARMEN Synthesis into Mass Integration for an Ammonium Nitrate Plant -- Chapter Ten. Synthesis of Heat-Induced Separation Network for Condensation of Volatile Organic Compounds -- 10.1 Problem Statement -- 10.2 System Configuration -- 10.3 Integration of Mass and Heat Objectives -- 10.4 Design Approach -- 10.5 Special Case: Dilute Waste Streams -- 10.6 Case Study: Removal of Methyl Ethyl Ketone "MEK -- 10.7 Effect of Pressure -- Chapter Eleven. Design of Membrane-Separation Systems -- 11.1 Classification of Membrane Separations -- 11.2 Reverse Osmosis Systems -- 11.3 Designing Systems of Multiple Reverse Osmosis Modules. , Chapter Twelve. Environmentally Benign Chemistry and Species -- 12.1 Synthesis of Environmentally Acceptable Reactions -- 12.2 Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Species -- Appendix I: Useful Relationships for Compositions -- Appendix II: Conversion Factors -- Appendix III: Overview of Process Economics -- Appendix IV: Instructions for Software Package -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Animal Models of Infection -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Section Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction: The Role of Animal Models in the Evaluation of New Antibodies -- Section I: INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND TO ANIMAL MODELS OF INFECTION -- Chapter 1. Early History of Animal Models of Infection -- Chapter 2. General Methodologies for Animal Models -- Chapter 3. Ethics Committees in Europe-An Overview -- Chapter 4. Animal Care and Use Committees-An American Perspective -- Chapter 5. Ethical Aspects of the Use of Animal Models of Infection -- Chapter 6. The Impact of General Laboratory Animal Health on Experimental Models in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy -- Chapter 7. Non-invasive Monitoring of Infection and Gene Expression in Living Animal Models -- Chapter 8. Considerations for Working Safely with Infectious Disease Agents in Research Agents -- Chapter 9. Analysis of Genetic Susceptibility to Infection in Mice -- Chapter 10. Formulation of Compounds and Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters -- Chapter 11. Methods for Obtaining Human-like Pharmacokinetic Patterns in Experimental Animals -- Chapter 12. Modes of Action of Antibiotics and Bacterial Structure: Bacterial Mass Versus their Numbers -- Chapter 13. Activity of Antibiotics Against Adherent/Slow-growing Bacteria Reflecting the Situation in vivo -- Section II: BACTERIAL INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 14. The Mouse Peritonitis/Sepsis Model -- Chapter 15. Murine Thigh Infection Model -- Chapter 16. Mouse Subcutaneous Cotton Thread Model -- Chapter 17. Infection after Ionizing Radiation -- Chapter 18. Intra-abdominal Abscess -- Chapter 19. Mouse Peritonitis Model Using Cecal Ligation and Puncture -- Chapter 20. Murine Models of Peritonitis Involving a Foreign Body -- Chapter 21. Rat Polymicrobial Peritonitis Infection Model. , Chapter 22. Murine Thigh Suture Model -- Chapter 23. Animal Models of Melioidosis -- Chapter 24. Low Inoculum Model of Clean Wound Infection -- Chapter 25. Translocation of Gut Bacteria During Trauma -- Chapter 26. Mouse Models of Campylobacter jejuni Infection -- Chapter 27. Suckling Mouse Model of Enterotoxigenic Escherickia coli Infection -- Chapter 28. Rabbit Model of Shigellosis -- Chapter 29. RITARD Rabbit Model for Studying Vibrio cholerae and Other Enteric Infections -- Chapter 30. Mouse Model of Helicobacter priori Infection -- Chapter 31. Animal Models of Helicobacter (ferrets) -- Chapter 32. Hamster Model of Syphilis -- Chapter 33. Guinea-pig Model of Acquired and Congenital Syphilis -- Chapter 34. The Guinea-pig Model of Legionnaires Disease -- Chapter 35. Murine Models of Tuberculosis -- Chapter 36. Beige Mouse Model of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection -- Chapter 37. The Armadillo Leprosy Model, with Particular Reference to Lepromatous Neuritis -- Chapter 38. Models of Leprosy Infection in Mice -- Chapter 39. Hamster Model of Lyme Arthritis -- Chapter 40. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Conjunctivitis -- Chapter 41. Murine Model of Bacterial Keratitis -- Chapter 42. The Rabbit Intrastromal Injection Model of Bacterial Keratitis -- Chapter 43. Gerbil Model of Acute Otitis Media -- Chapter 44. Bacterial Otitis Externa in the Guinea-pig Model -- Chapter 45. Otitis Media: The Chinchilla Model -- Chapter 46. A Guinea Pig Model of Acute Otitis Media -- Chapter 47. Tissue Cage Infection Model -- Chapter 48. Rat Model of Bacterial Epididymitis -- Chapter 49. Mouse Model of Mycoplasma Genital Infections -- Chapter 50. Mouse Model of Ascending Urinary Tract Infection -- Chapter 51. Mouse Model of Ascending UTI Involving Short and Long-term Indwelling Catheters -- Chapter 52. Rat Bladder Infection Model. , Chapter 53. Rabbit Model of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection -- Chapter 54. Subclinical Pyelonephritis in the Rat -- Chapter 55. Models of Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis in the Rat -- Chapter 56. Rat Model of Chronic Cystitis -- Chapter 57. Mouse Pneumococcal Pneumonia Models -- Chapter 58. Animal Models of Gram-negative Bacillary Experimental Pneumonia -- Chapter 59. Models of Pneumonia in Ethanol-treated Rats -- Chapter 60. Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Bacteria in a Cirrhotic Rat Model -- Chapter 61. Rat Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection -- Chapter 62. Hamster Model of Mycoplasma Pulmonary Infections -- Chapter 63. Murine Models of Pneumonia Using Aerosol Inoculation -- Chapter 64. Experimental Models of Infectious Arthritis -- Chapter 65. Experimental Group B Streptococcus Arthritis in Mice -- Chapter 66. Rat Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of the Tibia -- Chapter 67. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in the Rat -- Chapter 68. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of the Tibia -- Chapter 69. Arthroplasty Model in Rats -- Chapter 70. Arthroplasty Model in Rabbits -- Chapter 71. Mouse Model of Streptococcal Fasciitis -- Chapter 72. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Endocarditis -- Chapter 73. Infant Rat Model of Acute Meningitis -- Chapter 74. Adult Rat Model of Meningitis -- Chapter 75. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Meningitis -- Chapter 76. Escherichia coli Brain Abscess Method in Rat -- Section III: MYCOTIC INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 77. Rodent Models of Candida Sepsis -- Chapter 78. A Generalized Candida albicans Infection Model in the Rat -- Chapter 79. Experimental Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Candida Infection in Mice -- Chapter 80. Paw Oedema as a Model of Localized Candidiasis -- Chapter 81. Murine Model of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis -- Chapter 82. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcal Infection in Mice. , Chapter 83. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Rats -- Chapter 84. Rat Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis -- Chapter 85. Rabbit Model of Candida Keratomycosis -- Chapter 86. Experimental Candida Endocarditis -- Chapter 87. Rabbit Model of Cryptococcal Meningitis -- Chapter 88. Rat Models of Ascending Pyelonephritis Due to Candida albicans -- Chapter 89. Rat Model of Candida Vaginal Infection -- Chapter 90. Murine Models of Candida Vaginal Infections -- Chapter 91. Sporotrichosis -- Section IV: PARASITIC INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 92. Malaria -- Chapter 93. Animal Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis -- Chapter 94. Animal Models of Visceral Leishmaniasis -- Chapter 95. Animal Models of Acute (first-stage) Sleeping Sickness -- Chapter 96. Animal Models of CNS (second-stage) Sleeping Sickness -- Chapter 97. Animal Models of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection -- Chapter 98. Animal Models of Toxoplasma Infection -- Chapter 99. Animal Models of Coccidia Infection -- Chapter 100. Animal Models of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection with Special Emphasis on the Intravaginal Mouse Model -- Chapter 101. Animal Models of Cryptosporidium Gastrointestinal Infection -- Chapter 102. Animal Models of Entamoeba histolytica Infection -- Chapter 103. Animal Models of Giardiasis -- Chapter 104. Schistosomosis -- Chapter 105. Animal Models for Echinococcosis -- Chapter 106. Intestinal Worm Infections -- Section V: VIRAL INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 107. Animal Models for Central Nervous System and Disseminated Infections with Herpes Simplex Virus -- Chapter 108. Animal Models of Herpesvirus Genital Infection: Guinea-Pig -- Chapter 109. Animal Models of Herpes Skin Infection: Guinea-pig -- Chapter 110. Animal Models of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (Rabbits, Primates, Mice) -- Chapter 111. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Murine CMV. , Chapter 112. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Guinea-Pig CMV -- Chapter 113. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Rat CMV -- Chapter 114. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of the SCID-hu (thy/liv) Mouse -- Chapter 115. Animal Model for Ocular Human Cytomegalovirus Infections in SCID-hu Mice -- Chapter 116. Animal Models for Varicella Zoster Infections: Simian Varicella -- Chapter 117. Varicella Zoster Infection of T cells and Skin in the SCID-hu Mouse Model -- Chapter 118. The Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Infection -- Chapter 119. The Ferret as an Animal Model of Influenza Virus Infection -- Chapter 120. The Cotton Rat as a Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis and Therapy -- Chapter 121. Animal Models for Coxsackievirus Infections -- Chapter 122. Animal Models for HBV Infections-Transgenic Mice -- Chapter 123. Animal Models for Hepatitis B Infections-Duck Hepatitis -- Chapter 124. Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Infection -- Chapter 125. Animal Models of Papillomavirus Infections -- Chapter 126. Adult Mouse Model for Rotavirus -- Chapter 127. Animal Models for Lentivirus Infections-Feline Immunodeficiency Virus -- Chapter 128. Animal Models of HIV Infection: SIV Infection of Macaques -- Chapter 129. The SCID-hu Thy-Liv Mouse: an Animal Model for HIV- 1 Infection -- Chapter 130. Animal Models for HIV Infection: hu-PBL- SCID Mice -- Chapter 131. Chimpanzee Model of HIV- 1 Infection.

Note: Front Cover -- Petroleum Exploration and Exploitation in Norway -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Opening address -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1. In the Beginning -- Chapter 2. The early marine geophysical investigations on the Norwegian continental shelf -- Chapter 3. Norwegian exploration and production in a global context -- Chapter 4. Strategies and techniques for exploring the remaining hydrocarbon potential of the Norwegian Continental Shelf -- Chapter 5. The Norwegian Central Graben - potential and pitfalls -- Chapter 6. From the Chalk to the Palaeozoic, the new frontier in Central Graben exploration -- Chapter 7. Local tectonics and effects on sediment distribution within the Eldfisk Field -- Chapter 8. Petroleum exploration in the Ula Trend -- Chapter 9. Exploration trends in marginal basins - from Skagerrak to Stord -- Chapter 10. Exploration trends in the northern North Sea (60-62°N) -- Chapter 11. Upper Triassic-Lower Jurassic reservoir rocks in the Tampen Spur area, Norwegian North Sea -- Chapter 12. Exploring stratigraphic traps: an example from the Upper Jurassic in Block 33/9, the Norwegian North Sea -- Chapter 13. Jurassic reservoirs -- field examples from the Oseberg and Troll fields: Horda Platform area -- Chapter 14. Exploration trends of the Halten Terrace -- Chapter 15. Exploration trends in the Southern Barents Sea -- Chapter 16. Hydrocarbon potential of the Bjørnøya West Province, western Barents Sea Margin -- Chapter 17. Integrated basin modelling for maturity predictions in the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex -- Chapter 18. Structural-tectonic zonation and evolution history of the West Arctic metaplatform, Russian Barents Sea -- Chapter 19. The Barents shelf investigations: main results -- Chapter 20. History of tectonic models on the Norwegian continental shelf -- Chapter 21. Advances in prestack depth migration. , Chapter 22. Nonmarine sequence-stratigraphic concepts and application to reservoir description in the Statfjord Formation, Statfjord Field, northern North Sea -- Chapter 23. Remote sensing methods in offshore exploration -- Chapter 24. The role of the Airborne Laser Fluorosensor (ALF) and other seepage detection methods in exploring frontier basins -- References index -- Subject index.

Note: Front Cover -- Photorefractive Materials -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Sponsors -- Part I: Insulating Materials: Growth and Characterization -- Chapter 1. Optically induced charge transfer paths between defects in BaTiO3 containing rhodium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Method and experimental details -- 3. Results and their interpretation -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 2. Dual wavelength characterisation of shallow traps in 'blue' BaTiO3 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical framework -- 3. Comparison between the numerical model and experiments -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Observation and interpretation of photocurrents in KTaO3 : Li single crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental conditions and results -- 3. Explanation of the photoconductivity and electronic impurity structure calculation -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Growth of SBN single crystals by Stepanov technique for photorefractive applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal growth -- 3. Stepanov technique -- comparison with Czochralski method -- 4. Crystal characterization -- 5. Photorefractive properties -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. Ion-beam/channeling characterization of LiNbO3: interaction between impurity sites -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Summary of ion-beam results on impurity location -- 3. Interaction between Mg and Hf impurity sites -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Elastic and piezoelectric constants of Bi12TiO20 crystals -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 7. Local measurement system for optical and electro-optic characterization and homogeneity analysis of photorefractive sillenite crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Measurement methodologies -- 3. Experimental set-up -- 4. Results -- 5. Conclusion. , Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 8. Shallow traps in doped SBN crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Theoretical introduction -- 2. Fanning brightness and passive ring mirrorr eflectivity -- 3. Four-wave mixing dynamics for a signal of varying in time spatial structure -- 4. Quark decay of gratings -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 9. P-doping growth of photorefractive Bi12TiO20 single crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Single crystal growth experiments -- 3. Crystal habit of P-doped BTO -- 4. Optical properties of P-doped BTO -- 5. Synthesis of Bi12PO20-* (BPO) -- 6. Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10. Influence of initial conditions on the optical and electrical characterisation of sillenite-type crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental results -- 3. Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II: Bulk Materials for the Infrared -- Chapter 11. Optical and EPR properties of V and Ti ions in CdTe -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. EPR of CdTe: V -- 3. Optical data of CdTe:V -- 4. EPR of CdTe:Ti -- 5. Optical data of CdTe:Ti -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12. Optically detected magnetic resonance investigations on titanium and vanadium ions in CdTe -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Samples and experimental -- 3. Experimental results -- 4. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Characterization of Ti and V doped CdTe by time dependent charge measurement (TDCM) and photoinduced current transient spectroscopy (PICTS) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details -- 3. Discussion of the experimental results -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. Behaviour of hole and electron dominated photoretractive CdTe: V crystals under external continuous or periodic electric field -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details. , 3. Photorefractive characteristics -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 15. Observation of the photorefractive effect in vanadium-doped CdMnTe -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 16. Photorefractive effect in (001 )-cut GaAs at short pulse excitation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Samples and techniques -- 3. Carrier and space charge field dynamics -- 4. Experimental data -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 17. Comparative study of CdTe and GaAs photorefractive performances from 1 µm to 1.55 µm -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental set-up and samples -- 3. Experimental results in CdTe -- 4. Experimental results in GaAs -- 5. Comparison between CdTe and GaAs -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18. Infrared holographic recording in LiNbO3:Fe and LiNbO3:Cu -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental methods -- 3. Experimental results -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19. Crystal growth and characterization of CdTe doped with transition metal elements -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal growth -- 3. Chemical analysis -- 4. Crystallographic properties -- 5. Mechanical properties -- 6. Optical properties of V-doped crystals -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 20. Characterization and identification of the deep levels in V doped CdTe and their relationship with the photorefractive properties -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details -- 3. Results and discussions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 21. On the mobility-lifetime product in GaAs determined byphotorefractive measurements -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 22. Photorefractive effect in GaAs at low temperature:influence of the metastable state of the EL2 defect -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Set-up and sample -- 3. Experimental results -- 4. The EL2 defect and its metastable state -- 5. Theoretical background -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 23. Picosecond transient gratings in GaAs: experiments and modelling -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details -- 3. Grating type at high photonic excitation -- 4. Gratings kinetics -- 5. Optical erasure of gratings -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 24. Effective trap concentration in photo refractive CdTe: V and ZnCdTe : V crystals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Crystal growth -- 3. Experimental results -- 4. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 25. Density of states in the gap of CdTe : V deduced from the modulated photocurrent technique -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiments -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III: Photorefractive Characterization -- Chapter 26. The photorefractive effect for neutron and synchrotron radiation -- Abstract -- 1. The photorefractive effect - an introduction -- 2. Basic considerations on the electro-optic effect -- 3. Neutron electro-optics -- 4. Other photorefractive mechanisms relevant to particle radiation -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 27. Temperature dependence of photorefractive properties of Cr-doped potassium sodium strontium barium niobate -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical treatment -- 3. Experiment -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 28. Photorefractive effects in LiNbO3: Fe,Me at high light intensities -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 29. Time evolution of photorefractive fixing processes in LiNbO3 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental details -- 3. Results -- 4. Temperature dependence -- 5. "Short-waiting" versus "long-waiting" fixing kinetics. , Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 30. Photorefractive effect in the Fourier plane -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Whole Beam Method -- 3. Nonlinearity of the photorefractive response -- 4. Index variation -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 31. Picosecond laser pulse induced effects in bismuth-tellurite, Bi2TeO5 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental techniques and results -- 3. Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 32. Effect of light phase-shifts on photorefractive kinetics:linear regime -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical background -- 3. Results -- References -- Chapter 33. Temporal behaviour of the phase conjugate wave obtained by means of a BaTiO3 crystal in a CAT configuration -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental set-up and relevant results -- 3. Discussion of the experimental results -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgemen -- References -- Chapter 34. Influence of different impurities on light-induced scattering in doped LiNbO3 crystals -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 35. Laser-induced transient gratings in LiNbO3:Fe -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental methods -- 3. Results and discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 36. Influence of the ac field frequency on the photorefractive response in Bi12SiO20 -- Abstract -- References -- Chapter 37. Numerical simulation of the time evolution of photorefractive phase conjugate beams: Multigrating operation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Numerical method -- 3. Results -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV: Quantum Wells and New Materials -- Chapter 38. Photorefractive multiple quantum well materials and applications to signal processing -- Abstract -- References. , Chapter 39. Room temperature photorefractive effect in CdTe/CdZnTe multi quantum wells.

Note: Front Cover -- Marine Auxiliary Machinery -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1. Main propulsion services and heat exchangers -- Circulating systems for motorships -- Control of temperature in heat exchangers -- Shell and tube coolers -- Plate type heat exchangers -- Titanium -- Charge air coolers -- Maintenance of heat exchangers -- Venting and draining -- Heat exchange theory -- Central cooling system -- Scoop arrangement for a motor ship -- Circulating systems for steamships -- Closed feed system and feed heating -- The condenser -- The regenerative condenser -- The feed system and feed heating -- Steam-jet air ejector -- Horizontal single element two stage air ejector -- Nash rotary liquid ring pumps -- Condensate extraction pump -- Feed water heaters -- Surface feed heaters -- De-aerators -- Cascade trays -- Devaporizers -- Weir multi stage turbo-feed pump -- Pressure governor -- Safety (overspeed) trip -- Turbine driven oil-lubricated pump -- Hydraulic balance mechanism -- Weir electro-feeder -- Further reading -- Chapter 2. Machinery service systems and equipment -- Air compressors and systems -- Operation and maintenance -- Compressed air systems for steamships -- Fuel handling and treatment -- Ancillary fuel equipment -- Homogenizer -- Lubricating oil and treatment -- Further reading -- Chapter 3. Ship service systems -- Bilge systems and oily/water separators -- Ballast arrangements -- Domestic water systems -- Water production -- Sewage systems -- Bio-chemical oxygen demand -- Further reading -- Chapter 4. Valves and pipelines -- Materials-corrosion-erosion -- Copper -- Stainless steel -- Strength of materials -- Expansion arrangements -- Further reading -- Chapter 5. Pumps and pumping -- General pumping system characteristics -- Pump power -- Types of pump -- Power -- Shaft sealing. , Metering pumps -- Further reading -- Chapter 6. Tanker and gas carrier cargo pumps and systems -- Oil tankers (crude oil) -- Cargo pumping -- Vac-strip system -- High velocity vents -- Pressure/vacuum valves -- Safety -- Chemical tankers -- Stripping system -- Liquefied gas carriers -- Deepwell pumps -- Further reading -- Chapter 7. Auxiliary power -- Medium speed auxiliary diesel engines -- Turbochargers -- Operation -- Caterpillar engine fuel system -- UMS operation -- Exhaust gas boilers -- Auxiliary steam turbines -- Governing -- Speed-governing system -- Overspeed trip -- Back-pressure trip -- Back-pressure turbines -- Vertical steam turbines -- Further reading -- Chapter 8. The propeller shaft -- Establishing the shaft centre line -- Deviation while building -- Alignment deviation in service -- Fair curve alignment -- Shaft checks -- Strain gauges -- Change of engine position -- Shaft bearings -- Plain bearings -- Tilting pad bearings -- Roller bearings -- Thrust blocks -- Thrust block position -- Thrust block support -- Thrust pads -- Shaft materials and couplings -- Coupling bolts -- Muff coupling -- Stern tubes -- Sea-water lubricated stern tube bearings -- Inspection of sea-water lubricated stern tubes and tailshaft -- Oil-lubricated stern tubes -- Simplex type stern tube -- Split stern bearings -- Glacier-Herbert stern bearing -- Ross-Turnbull split bearing -- Stern tube sealing arrangements -- Lip seals -- Radial face seal -- Lubrication systems -- Hydrodynamic or hydrostatic lubrication -- Fixed pitch propellers -- Methods of mounting propellers -- Keyed propellers -- Pilgrim nut method -- The SKF system -- Controllable pitch propellers -- Gears and clutches -- Reverse reduction gearbox -- Flexible couplings -- Air operated clutches -- Axial air operated clutch -- Emergency operation -- Further reading -- Chapter 9. Steering gears. , Rudder carrier bearing -- Ram type hydraulic steering gear -- Variable delivery pumps -- The radial cylinder (or Hele-Shaw) pump -- Non-reverse locking gear -- The swash plate axial cylinder pump -- Hydraulic telemotor -- Variations of the hunting gear floating lever -- Detailed description of two ram gear hydraulic system -- Enclosed hunting gear -- Detailed description of four ram gear hydraulic system -- Later modifications -- Vane type gear -- Steering gear with constant output pump -- Small hand and power gears -- Steering gear failures and safeguards -- Steering gear testing -- Further reading -- Chapter 10. Bow thrusters, stabilizers and stabilizing systems -- Bow thrusters -- The White Gill type thruster -- Stabilizers and stabilizing systems -- Tank stabilizers -- Further reading -- Chapter 11. Refrigeration -- Vapour compression cycle -- Choice of refrigerant -- Replacement refrigerants -- R717 ammonia -- R744 carbon dioxide -- System components -- Pressure gauges -- Reciprocating compressors -- Shaft seal -- Screw compressors -- Hermetic compressors -- Condensers -- Evaporators -- Expansion valves -- Manually operated expansion valves -- Automatic expansion valves -- Thermostatic expansion valves -- Low pressure float controls -- High pressure float valves -- Capillary tube control -- High pressure cut-out -- Room temperature control -- Driers -- Chamber cooling arrangements -- Brine battery and air -- Defrosting -- Further reading -- Chapter 12. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning -- Legionella bacteria -- Basic standards -- Cooling load -- Evaluation of heating and cooling loads and air quantities -- Types of air conditioning systems -- Self contained air conditioner -- Conversion units -- The central unit -- Air distribution -- High velocity distribution -- Duct insulation. , Typical specification for air conditioning installation in a tanker or bulk carrier -- Installation serving the engine control room -- Installation serving the cargo pump room -- Further reading -- Chapter 13. Deck machinery and cargo equipment -- Electric drives -- Hydraulic systems -- Deterioration of hydraulic oils -- Systems and components -- Constant delivery pump systems -- Unit type of circuit -- Variable displacement pump systems -- System design -- Anchor handling -- Winch windlasses -- Control of windlasses -- Mooring equipment -- Cargo handling -- Cargo access -- Maintenance -- Hydraulic systems -- Chapter 14. Fire protection -- Air supply -- Fire main -- Fire pumps -- Emergency fire pump -- Hoses and nozzles -- Machinery space systems -- Detectors for unmanned machinery spaces -- Obscuration type smoke detectors -- Flame detectors -- Detection system -- Mechanical foam systems -- Accommodation -- Dry cargo holds -- C02 cargo space system with smoke detection -- Portable fire extinguishers -- Soda-acid extinguisher -- Carbon dioxide and water extinguisher -- Chemical foam extinguisher -- Mechanical foam extinguisher -- Dry powder extinguisher -- Carbon dioxide extinguisher -- Portable halon extinguisher -- Further reading -- Chapter 15. Safety and safety equipment -- Closed spaces -- Marine safety card -- Gas analysis -- Oxygen analyser -- Oil tankers -- Combustible gas indicators -- Explosimeter -- Threshold limit value -- Cargo tanks -- Pumprooms -- Cofferdams -- Chemical tankers -- Chemical stain tubes -- General precautions -- Gas free certificate -- Breathing apparatus -- Emergency generating sets -- Emergency bilge pumps for passenger ships -- Power operated water tight doors -- Local control -- Bridge control -- Emergency control -- Light indication -- Lifeboat davits -- Lifeboat engines -- Hydraulic cranking system. , Whistles and sirens -- Electric whistles -- Further reading -- Chapter 16. Control and instrumentation -- Low pressure d.c. system -- Instrument and control air -- Control system -- Measurement of process conditions -- Electrical transducers -- Temperature measurement -- Pressures -- Measurement of liquid levels -- Flow measurement -- Torque measurement -- The Torductor torque transducer -- The Torductor tachometer -- Pneumatic control systems -- Two-term controller -- Three-term controllers -- The transmitter -- Temperature transmitter -- Electronic transmitters -- Control valves -- Valve types -- Valve selection and sizing -- Alarm systems and data loggers -- Primary measurements -- Signal selection -- Signal processing -- Control of output units -- Parallel entry instrumentation systems -- Special instruments -- Bridge control for diesel engines -- Boiler control systems -- Semi-automatic systems -- Controls for generators -- Diesel generators -- Turbo-generators -- Computers -- Further reading -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Biomass for Energy, Environment, Agriculture and Industry -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: Plenary Session -- Chapter 1. Poster Paper -- Chapter 2. Towards a Strategy for Development and Propagation of Bio-Energy in the Single European Market -- Bio-energy: an underrated energy source -- Functions of a European Biomass Strategy -- Recommendations for Future EU-Biomass Conferences -- Chapter 3. Towards a European BIO-ENERGY Strategy -- Policy Drivers -- Problems -- Why A European Bio-energy Strategy? -- Chapter 4. The Role of Biomass in the European Energy Policy - Keynote Address -- The Community Energy Policy -- The Important Role of Biomass in the Contribution of Renewable Energy -- The Resource -- Contribution of Biomass to the Energy Balances -- Targeted and Other Demonstration Projects -- Conclusions -- Chapter 5. Biomass in the Common Agricultural Policy -- 1. Background to the "Non-Food" Set-Aside Scheme -- 2. Legislation Governing the Non-Food Set-Aside Scheme -- 3. Bio-Fuels -- Detaxation -- 4. Blair House -- 5. Conclusions -- Chapter 6. Bioenergy R&D Strategy -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The present R&D programme JOULE II -- 3. R&D routes for the future -- 4. The example of gasification and pyrolysis -- 5. R&D options for biomass in the Commission's 4th Framework Programme 1994-1998 -- Conclusion -- Chapter 7. Environmental Issues and Biomass -- Biomass and Environment at the Global Level -- Biomass and Environment at Local Scale -- Biomass can be a source of pollution at local level but solutions and improvements are existing! -- Biomass and Environment at Regional Scale: A challenge! -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8. Excerpt of Biomass in North American Policies -- Historical Summary of Biomass Development -- Critique of Policies. , Chapter 9. Biomass in IEA: Implementing Agreements - A Perspective -- Introduction -- The Need for Biomass Research and Cooperation -- The Beginning (mid-70s) - Bioenergy Cooperation Under the Forestry Energy Agreement -- Forestry Energy Implementing Agreement - 1978-1986 -- The Transition (mid-80s) - Formal Transition to the IEA Bioenergy Agreement -- The Future (mid-90s and Beyond) - Future Bioenergy Implementing Agreement Activity -- Special Projects -- IEA Strategic Planning for 1995 and Beyond -- Vision -- Mission -- Chapter 10. Biomass in Developing Countries -- Introduction -- Main New Issues -- The Biomass Transition -- Opportunities -- Programme Proposals -- References -- Chapter 11. Biomass, Economic Competitivity and Social Implication -- Abstract -- Criteria For Competitivety -- General Remarks -- Environmental Taxes -- Production Costs and CO2 Abatement Costs -- Social Implication -- Conclusions -- References -- Part 2: Overview From Session Organizers -- Chapter 12. Resource Base -- Introduction -- Agricultural and Forestry Residues -- Energy Crops -- Short rotation forestry -- Agricultural energy crops -- Supply Issues -- Environmental Issues -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13. Energy Market Overview - Heat and Power -- Chapter 14. Biotechnical Research about Conversion of Biomass to Fuel, Chemicals and Fibers -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fuels -- 3. Chemicals -- 4. Fibers -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. Research Into Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Into Fuels, Chemicals and Fibres -- Abstract -- Principles of Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass -- Chemicals From Biomass -- Status and Economy of Thermochemical Conversion -- R & T Trends and Integration of Thermochemical Processes -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Literature -- Chapter 16. Economics, Environment and Development. , An introduction to the presentations of the parallel session E on Economics, Environmental and Development -- Part 3: Closing Session -- Chapter 17. Session A: Resource Base -- Chapter 18. Session B: Electricity and Heat -- Where to concentrate efforts? -- Three Main Issues should be Focused on -- Advantages of Biomass -- Obstacles for Biomass Utilization -- Key Decisions -- R&D&D Efforts -- Biomass Success Histories -- Reconstruction of a Strong R&D&D -- Chapter 19. Session C: Transportation Fuels -- What was Presented? -- What is to do? -- Chapter 20. Session D1: Biotechnology -- Major advantages -- Obstacles -- Key Decisions -- Identification of R&D Priorities -- Minimum Goal in the Next Programme -- Chapter 21. Session D2: Chemicals and Products - Thermochemistry -- Highlights from the Conference -- Chapter 22. Session E: Economics, Environment and Development -- Chapter 23. An Energetic Future for Biomass in Europe: Conclusions from the Conference -- I. The Conference -- II. Background -- III. Conclusions -- IV. Implementation -- V. Practical Steps -- Chapter 24. Executive Summary Key Issues for Developing a Strategy -- What must be done to promote biomass in a context of low energy prices? -- Scope and Implications -- Advantages and drawbacks of biomass -- Driving Forces and Niche Markets -- Steps to be Taken -- Policy governing Research, Development, Demonstration and Dissemination -- Concluding Remarks -- Chapter 25. Laudatory Speech for Dr Giuliano Grassi 1994 Prize Winner of the, Johannes Linneborn Prize Awarded by the European Association Eurosolar, for Outstanding Merits in the Field of Biomass Development -- Part 4: Parallel Session A: Resource Base -- Chspter 26. Energy Cropping, Assessment of Potential and Good Management Practices -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Some theoretical background considerations. , 3. The regional energy balance -- 4. Criteria for good management practices -- 5. The proposed energy cropping systems on a regional scale -- 6.The OTA - recommendations for energy cropping -- 7. Outlook -- 8. References -- Chapter 27. Assessing the Energy Yield and Carbon Reduction Potential of Short Rotation Coppice Fuelwood -- Introduction -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 28. Short Rotation Coppice, Biofuels and Environment -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Conclusions -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 29. Seven Rotation Poplar Cultivation: Productivity, Harvest Products and Methods, Cultivation and Harvest Cost -Possibilities After Four Years of Studies -- Summary -- Introduction -- Planting and methods: Exploited Plots -- Results -- Harvesting cost -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Literature -- Chapter 30. Vegetation Filters of Willow for Purification of Waters and Soils -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Municipal wastewater treatment and sludge utilization -- Landfill leachate -- Mine deposits and contaminated land -- Handling of heavy metal rich ashes -- Planned investigations -- References -- Chapter 31. Machinery Options For Harvesting, Extracting and Comminuting Fuelwood From Short Rotation Forestry -- Abstract -- Background -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Assumptions -- Results -- Sensitivity analysis -- Labour inputs -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 32. Different Harvesting Techniques and Their Influence on Stool Survival and Resprouting in Salix Coppice Plantations -- Summary -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 33. The Production of Wood Fuel and Industrial Raw Material from Whole Tree Chips Using Massahake-Method -- Introduction. , Biomass - The Most Important Natural Resource in Finland -- Description of the Massahake-Method -- Experiments and Results -- Results -- Future Expectations -- References -- Chapter 34. CO2 Mitigation through Bioenergy from Forestry Substituting Fossil Energy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Method of carbon balance -- 3. Carbon balance of bioenergy from forestry -- 4. Characteristic values and results -- 5. Other carbon implications of forestry -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. References -- 8. Acknowledgements -- Chapter 35. European Sweet SOrghum Network ESSON State of Art, Progress Report and Perspectives -- Chapter 36. Sweet Sorghum Harvesting Tests on Two Prototypes of Pasquali Macchine Agricoleand O.T.M.A. Firm -- Introduction -- Description of the Prototypes -- Test Methodology -- Test Results -- Study of the Operating Cost of the Two Prototype -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 37. Estimated Cost of Thermal Power from Cynara cardunculus Biomass in Spanish Conditions. Application to Electricity Production -- Introduction -- Agro-electrical Systems -- Conclusion -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 38. Evaluation of Miscanthus Productivity in North-Central Italy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 39. Logistics of Harvest of Miscanthus sinensis Giganteus -- Introduction -- Method -- Models -- Results -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 40. Miscanthus - The Future Biomass Crop for Energy and Industry -- Chapter 41. European Miscanthus Network -- Introduction -- Productivity Trials - Key Results -- Laboratory Experiments - Key Results -- Economic Analysis -- Industrial Analysis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 5: Poster Session A: Resource Base -- Chapter 42. Energy from Lignocellulosic Biomass: Prospects for the EU -- Introduction. , Aim.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Cathodic Corrosion Protection: Theory and Practice of Electrochemical Protection Processes -- Copyright Page -- Untitled -- Contents -- Foreword to the Third Edition -- Foreword to the First Edition -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Index of Authors -- Commonly Used Quantities, Constants, and Symbols -- Frequently Used Indices -- Chemical and Thermodynamic Quantities Y -- Electrochemical Quantities Y -- Electrical Quantities Y -- General Symbols -- American and European Electrical Cable Sizes -- Chapter 1. The History of Corrosion Protection -- 1.1 Corrosion Protection for Buried Pipelines -- 1.2 Corrosion Protection by Painting -- 1.3 History of Cathodic Protection -- 1.4 Development of Stray Current Protection -- 1.5 Corrosion Protection by Information -- 1.6 References -- Chapter 2. Fundamentals and Concepts of Corrosion and Electrochemical Corrosion Protection -- 2.1 Corrosion Processes, Corrosion Damage, and Protective Countermeasures -- 2.2 Electrochemical Corrosion -- 2.3 Potential Dependence of Corrosion Extent -- 2.4 Critical Protection Potentials and Ranges -- 2.5 References -- Chapter 3. Fundamentals and Practice of Electrical Measurements -- 3.1 The Electrical Parameters: Current, Voltage, and Resistance -- 3.2 Reference Electrodes -- 3.3 Potential Measurement -- 3.4 Current Measurement -- 3.5 Resistivity Measurement -- 3.6 Location of Faults -- 3.7 Intensive Measurement Technique -- 3.8 References -- Chapter 4. Corrosion in Aqueous Solutions and Soil -- 4.1 Action of Corrosion Products and Types of Corrosion -- 4.2 Determining the Corrosion Likelihood of Uncoated Metals -- 4.3 Enhancement of Anodic Corrosion by Cell Formation or Stray Currents from dc Installations -- 4.4 Corrosion Due to ac Interference -- 4.5 References -- Chapter 5. Coatings for Corrosion Protection. , 5.1 Objectives and Types of Corrosion Protection by Coatings -- 5.2 Properties of Organic Coatings -- 5.3 Properties of Cement Mortar and Concrete -- 5.4 Properties of Enamel Coatings -- 5.5 Properties of Metallic Coatings -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6. Galvanic (Sacrificial) Anodes -- 6.1 General Information -- 6.2 Anode Materials -- 6.3 Backfill Materials -- 6.4 Supports -- 6.5 Forms of Anodes -- 6.6 Quality Control and Performance Testing -- 6.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Galvanic Anodes -- 6.8 References -- Chapter 7. Impressed Current Anodes -- 7.1 General Comments -- 7.2 Anode Materials -- 7.3 Insulating Materials -- 7.4 Cables -- 7.5 Forms of Anode -- 7.6 References -- Chapter 8. Impressed Current Equipment and Transformer-Rectifiers -- 8.1 Site and Electrical Protection Measures -- 8.2 Design and Circuitry of Impressed Current -- 8.3 Rectifier Circuit -- 8.4 Adjustable Transformer-Rectifiers -- 8.5 Rectifiers Resistant to High Voltage -- 8.6 Control Rectifiers -- 8.7 Transformer-Rectifiers without Mains Connections -- 8.8 Equipment and Control of Transformer-Rectifiers -- 8.9 References -- Chapter 9. Impressed Current Ground Beds and Interference Problems -- 9.1 Impressed Current Ground Beds -- 9.2 Interference with Foreign Pipelines and Cables -- 9.3 References -- Chapter 10. Pipelines -- 10.1 Electrical Properties of Steel Pipelines -- 10.2 Preconditions for Pipeline Protection -- 10.3 Design of Cathodic Protection -- 10.4 Commissioning the Cathodic Protection Station -- 10.5 Monitoring and Supervision -- 10.6 References -- Chapter 11. Storage Tanks and Tank Farms -- 11.1 Special Problems Relating to the Protection of Tanks -- 11.2 Preparatory Measures -- 11.3 Storage Tanks -- 11.4 Tank Farms and Filling Stations -- 11.5 Special Problems in Cathodic Protection Near Railways. , 11.6 Measures in the Case of Dissimilar Metal Installations -- 11.7 Internal Protection of Fuel Tanks -- 11.8 Consideration of Other Protection Measures -- 11.9 Operation and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection Stations -- 11.10 References -- Chapter 12. Local Cathodic Protection -- 12.1 Range of Applications -- 12.2 Special Features of the Local Cathodic Protection -- 12.3 Power Stations -- 12.4 Oil Refineries -- 12.5 Installations with Small Steel-Reinforced Concrete Foundations -- 12.6 Tank Farms -- 12.7 References -- Chapter 13. Telephone Cables -- 13.1 Laying Cables -- 13.2 Passive Corrosion Protection -- 13.3 Cathodic Protection -- 13.4 References -- Chapter 14. Power Cables -- 14.1 Properties of Buried Power Cables -- 14.2 Cathodic Protection of the Steel Conduits for Power Cables -- 14.3 Stray Current Protection -- 14.4 References -- Chapter 15. Stray Current Interference and Stray Current Protection -- 15.1 Causes of Stray Current Interference -- 15.2 Stray Currents from dc Railways -- 15.3 Stray Currents from High-Voltage dc Power Lines -- 15.4 Stray Currents Due to Telluric Currents -- 15.5 Protective Measures -- 15.6 Stray Current Protection in Harbor Areas -- 15.7 References -- Chapter 16. Marine Structures and Offshore Pipelines -- 16.1 Cathodic Protection Measures -- 16.2 Platforms -- 16.3 Harbor Structures -- 16.4 Steel Sheet Piling -- 16.5 Piling Foundations -- 16.6 Offshore Pipelines -- 16.7 Control and Maintenance of Cathodic Protection -- 16.8 References -- Chapter 17. Cathodic Protection of Ships -- 17.1 Water Parameters -- 17.2 Effect of Materials and Coating Parameters -- 17.3 Cathodic Protection Below the Waterline -- 17.4 Internal Cathodic Protection of Tanks and Containers -- 17.5 Cathodic Protection of Heat Exchangers, Condensers and Tubing -- 17.6 Cathodic Protection of Bilges -- 17.7 Cathodic Protection of Docks. , 17.8 References -- Chapter 18. Cathodic Protection of Well Casings -- 18.1 Description of the Object to be Protected -- 18.2 Causes of Corrosion Danger -- 18.3 Measurements for Assessing Corrosion Protection of Well Casings -- 18.4 Design and Construction of Cathodic Protection Stations -- 18.5 Commissioning, Maintenance and Control -- 18.6 References -- Chapter 19. Cathodic Protection of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete Structures -- 19.1 The Corrosion System Steel-Concrete -- 19.2 Causes of Corrosion of Steel in Concrete -- 19.3 Electrolytic Properties of Concrete -- 19.4 Criteria for Cathodic Protection -- 19.5 Application of Cathodic Protection to Reinforced Concrete Structures -- 19.6 Stray Current Effects and Protective Measures -- 19.7 References -- Chapter 20. Internal Cathodic Protection of Water Tanks and Boilers -- 20.1 Description and Function of Objects to be Protected -- 20.2 Protection with Galvanic Anodes -- 20.3 Protection with Impressed Current -- 20.4 Description of Objects to be Protected -- 20.5 Requirements for Drinking Water -- 20.6 References -- Chapter 21. Internal Electrochemical Corrosion Protection of Processing Equipment, Vessels, and Tubes -- 21.1 Special Features of Internal Protection -- 21.2 Cathodic Protection with Galvanic Anodes -- 21.3 Cathodic Protection with Impressed Current -- 21.4 Anodic Protection of Chemical Plant -- 21.5 Trends in the Application of Internal Electrochemical Protection -- 21.6 References -- Chapter 22. Safety and Economics -- 22.1 Safety -- 22.2 General Comments on Economics -- 22.3 Costs of Cathodic Protection of Buried Pipelines -- 22.4 Corrosion Protection of Well Casings -- 22.5 Corrosion Protection in Seawater -- 22.6 Cost of Internal Protection -- 22.7 References -- Chapter 23. Interference Effects of High-Voltage Transmission Lines on Pipelines -- 23.1 Capacitive Interference. , 23.2 Ohmic Interference -- 23.3 Inductive Interference -- 23.4 Limiting Lengths and Limiting Distances -- 23.5 Protection Measures against Unallowably High Pipeline Potentials -- 23.6 Measurement of Pipeline Potentials -- 23.7 References -- Chapter 24. Distribution of Current and Potential in a Stationary Electric Field -- 24.1 Grounding Resistance of Anodes and Grounds -- 24.2 Interference Factor with Several Anodes -- 24.3 Potential Distribution at Ground Level -- 24.4 Calculation of Current and Potential Distribution -- 24.5 General Comments on Current Distribution -- 24.6 References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s: First International Nitrogen Conference 1998 -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword by Margaretha de Boer -- Foreword by Lars Nordberg -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1: Summary Statement -- Chapter 1. Summary statement -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General background information -- 3. Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- Part 2: The Global Nitrogen Cycle -- Chapter 2. The global nitrogen cycle: changes and consequences -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen cycle -- Population and resources -- The role of nitrogen -- The consequences of nitrogen -- The future: the nitrogen imperative -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 3: Effects -- CHapter 3. Impacts and fate of experimentally enhanced nitrogen deposition on a British lowland heath -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Effects of nitrogen deposition on field layer vegetation in south Swedish oak forests -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. The relationship between nitrogen deposition, species composition and foliar nitrogen concentrations in woodland flora in the vicinity of livestock farms -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Risk of damage to crops in the direct neighbourhood of ammonia sources -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Evaluation -- References -- Chapter 7. Nitrogen pollution on the local scale in Lithuania: vitality of forest ecosystems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References. , Chapter 8. Effects of nitrogen deposition on tree growth and soil nutrients in boreal Scots pine stands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- FEF ('Forest Element Fluxes') model -- Model applications -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Nitrogen deposition in Swiss forests and its possible relevance for leaf nutrient status, parasite attacks and soil acidification -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10. Residual effects of N fertilization on soil-water chemistry and ground vegetation in a Swedish Scots pine forest -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. On the abundance of epiphytic green algae in relation to the nitrogen concentrations of biomonitors and nitrogen deposition in Finland -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. Nitrogen response of herbs and graminoids in experiments with simulated acid soil solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Towards integrated national modelling with particular reference to the environmental effects of nutrients -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen-related problems in the Netherlands -- DSS Nature Planner -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14. Monitoring of nitrogen compounds on Yakushima Island, a world natural heritage site -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study sites and analytical methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions/recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 15. Application of nitrogen in production and post-production systems of agriculture and its effect on environment in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Production system -- Nitrate leaching and pollution -- Gaseous emissions of nitrogen -- Ecological consequences -- Post-production system -- Measures for environment protection -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen fertilizer use in rice production -- Nitrogen transformation in rice soils -- Losses of nitrogen from rice fields -- Denitrification -- Volatilization -- Leaching -- Measures to reduce nitrogen losses from rice fields -- Nitrate: an environmental pollutant -- Ammonia: a case study on an environmental pollutant in rice-cum-fish culture -- References -- Chapter 17. Nitrogen efficiency in global animal production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen balance sheet for animal production -- Grassland production -- Interrelationship between balance sheets -- Present nitrogen efficiency in animal production -- Improving nitrogen efficiency in animal production -- Global food and feed production -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 4: Emissions -- Chapter 18. Global air emission inventories foranthropogenic sources of NOx, NH3 and N2O in 1990 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Underlying framework for calculating emissions -- Emission inventories for NOx, NH3 and N2O -- Uncertainties -- Use of the emission inventories -- Policy options -- Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. The impact of land use on N2O emissions from watersheds draining into the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and European Seas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Regions considered in this study -- Method for estimating terrestrial emissions -- Method for estimating aquatic emissions. , Input data -- Results and discussion -- Model validation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20. Nitrous oxide flux from irrigated rice fields in West Java -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 21. Nitrous oxide emissions from a wheat field in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and open-top chamber enclosure -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 22. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emission from dairy farming systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The N cycle and N2O sources in dairy farming systems -- Improvement of N fertilizer management -- Improvement of grassland management -- Improvement of management of livestock production -- Package of measures to mitigate N2O emission -- References -- Chapter 23. Seasonal variability and mitigation options for N2O emissions from differently managed grasslands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24. Agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions in Canada -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Emissions sources of agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions -- Environmental effects of agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions -- Abatement of agricultural nitrogen air emissions -- Knowledge gaps/emerging issues -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25. Modelling the spatial distribution of agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Data sources -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 26. Focus on emission factors: a sensitivity analysis of ammonia emission modelling in the Netherlands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Estimating ammonia emissions in the Netherlands. , Sensitivity analysis -- Emission factors -- Use of techniques to reduce emission -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 27. Characterization of biogenic nitric oxide source strength in the southeast United States -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods and materials -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapgter 28. Agricultural nutrient balances as agri-environmental indicators: an OECD perspective -- Abstract -- The objectives and framework for OECD work on agri-environmental indicators -- Measuring trends in agricultural nitrogen use: the nitrogen soil surface balance -- Current situation and recent trends in oecd agricultural nitrogen use and nitrogen balances -- Interpreting trends in agricultural nitrogen balances -- Future challenges -- References -- Chapter 29. The monitoring of nitrogen surpluses from agriculture -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Farm gate balances and soil surface balances -- Method of calculation -- Results -- Validation and accuracy of the results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 30. Feasibility of national nitrogen balances -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 31. The Manure Model: manure, minerals (N, P and K), ammonia emission, heavy metals and the use of fertiliser in Dutch agriculture -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Manure Model modules -- Data -- Use of the model -- Recommendations -- References -- Part 5: Atmospheric Processes -- CHapter 32. Evaluation of SO2 and NO2 concentrationlevels in Vilnius (Lithuania) using passive diffusion samplers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experiment -- Calculation of the concentration -- Results and discussion -- References. , Chapter 33. Atmospheric peroxyacyl nitrates in urban/remote sites and the lower troposphere around Japan.

Note: Front Cover -- Fusion Technology 1996 -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- PREFACE -- COMMITTEE MEMBERS -- INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITORS -- PART I: INVITED TALKS -- Chapter 1. Nuclear fusion, an energy source -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Is energy an issue today? -- 3. How can future energy be met? -- 4. How can fusion contribute to future energy supply? -- 5. How and when is fusion going to demonstrate its potential as an energy source? -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. ITER overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Current overall status of the activities -- 3. Physics and engineering requirements -- 4. ITER design -- 5. Fusion technology R& -- D for ITER -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3. The ITER magnet system -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Description of the mechanical design -- 3. TF coils design description -- 4. Central solenoid (reference design) -- 5. PF coil system design and maintenance considerations -- 6. Correction coils -- 7. Conductor -- 8. ITER magnet R& -- D programme -- 9. Summary of ITER plasma control -- 10. Alternate central solenoid design -- 11. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Design of in-vessel components for ITER -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Blanket -- 3. Divertor -- 4. Vacuum vessel -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Management of waste from the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor and from future fusion power plants -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Use of low-activation materials -- 3. Detritiation -- 4. Interim storage -- 5. Recycling and clearance -- 6. Volume reduction -- 7. Packaging -- 8. Waste disposal -- 9. Chemically toxic waste -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Status of the European breeding blanket technology -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Description of the breeder blanket concepts for DEMO -- 3. Review of the major R& -- D activities -- 4. Specific activities related to ITER test blanket modules -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. Recent results on vacuum pumping and fuel clean-up -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Plasma exhaust streams -- 3. Recent experimental and technological developments in the fields of pumping and fuel clean-up -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Remote handling on fusion experiments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Remote handling requirements and constraints -- 3. A remote handling application from JET -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9. Possible divertor solutions for a fusion reactor. Part I. Physical aspects based on present day divertor operation 1 -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Variations of the divertor configuration -- 3. Optimization criteria for radiative H-mode operation -- 4. Optimum radiating species for ITER conditions -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Possible divertor solutions for a fusion reactor. Part 2. Technical aspects of a possible divertor -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Heat sink -- 3. Plasma facing materials -- 4. Attachment of the plasma facing material to the heat sink -- 5. Tore-supra high heat flux experiment -- References -- Chapter 11. Engineering experience in JET operations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The divertor programme -- 3. Mark I divertor -- 4. Mark II divertor -- 5. Engineering issues and development -- 6. Effects of plasma behaviour on structural components -- 7. Future plans and development -- 8. Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. D-T operation on TFTR -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. D-T program -- 3. D-T facility -- 4. Fusion power -- 5. D-T confinement -- 6. Alpha physics. , 7. ICRF heating and current drive -- 8. Enhanced confinement regimes -- 9. Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Development of high current negative ion source -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Design considerations of negative ion source -- 3. Characteristics of high current negative source and technology -- 4. Present development status -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14. Advances in techniques for diagnosing fusion plasmas -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diagnostic methods (Table 1) -- 3. Microwave reflectometry -- 4. Optical imaging -- 5. Neutrons -- 6. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter 15. On-site developed components for control and data acquisition on next generation fusion devices -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptual design -- 3. Universal hardware bus interface -- 4. Event and timing distribution system -- 5. DSP based real time control system -- 6. 250 MSPS transputer based data acquisition module -- 7. 1 GSPS data acquisition module -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- PART II: ORAL PRESENTATIONS -- Chapter 16. INDUSTRIAL EXPERIENCE IN MANUFACTURING THE SUPERCONDUCTING CIC CONDUCTORS IN EU FOR THE ITER CS MODEL COIL -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE EU HP2 STRAND FOR THE CSMC CONDUCTOR -- 3. MANUFACTURE OF THE CABLES -- 4. THE CONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING LINE. -- 5. CONCLUSIONS. -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. The ITER-QUELL, a quench propagation experiment on long length CICC with central channel -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENT DESCRIPTION -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 18. The plasma shield in ITER plasma wall interactions -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LOW POWER DENSITY -- 3. RESULTS FROM 2D MODELLING -- 4. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 19. In-Situ Repair Concepts for the ITER First Wall Components -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. COATING TECHNOLOGIES -- 3. THERMAL BOND LAYER -- 4. DESIGN -- 5. ANALYSES -- 6. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 20. High performance results with the LHCD system on Tore-Supra and new Launcher design for quasi continuous operation -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LH SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS -- 3. POWER HANDLING CAPABILITIES -- 4. FAR DISTANCE COUPLING -- 5. LONG PULSE PERFORMANCE -- 6. NEW LAUNCHER DESIGN -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 21. Mathematical model and results of calculations for poloidal magnetic field system and stress analysis for toroidal field system of the TEXTOR 94 -- 1. TEXTOR-94 POLOIDAL MAGNET FIELD SYSTEM AND ITS 2D MODEL -- 2. POLOIDAL COILS FIELD -- 3. POLOIDAL FIELD SYSTEM OPERATION -- 4. TFC SYSTEM DESIGN -- 5. FINITE ELEMENT MODELS OF THE TFC -- 6. RESULTS OF THE TFC STRESS ANALYSIS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 22. Research Progress on JT-60U in Advanced Steady-State Operation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Progress in Fusion Performance -- 3. Negative Magnetic Shear Plasmas -- 4. High Triangularity Operation -- 5. Status of Negative-Ion-Based Neutral Beam Injection System -- 6. W-Shaped Semi-Closed Divertor -- 7. JT-60SU (Super Upgrade) -- 8. Summary -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 23. AN OVERVIEW OF THE Dlll-D PROGRAM -- ABSTRACT AND SUMMARY -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HIGH PERFORMANCE DISCHARGES -- 3. DIVERTOR DEVELOPMENT -- 4. DISRUPTIONS -- 5. FUTURE PLANS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 24. Commissioning Tests and Enhancements to the JET Active Gas Handling Plant -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 INACTIVE COMMISSIONING -- 3 TRITIUM COMMISSIONING OF AGHS -- 4 TRACE TRITIUM COMMISSIONING OF AGHS -- 5 RESULTS OF TRACE TRITIUM COMMISSIONING -- 6 FULL TRITIUM COMMISSIONING -- 7 COMMISSIONING OF JET TORUS AND AGHS -- 8 ENHANCEMENTS TO THE AGHS -- 9 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 25. Neutronics Shield Experiment For ITER At The Frascati Neutron Generator FNG -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. THE FRASCATI NEUTRON GENERATOR FNG -- 3. THE EXPERIMENT SET-UP -- 4. THE MEASUREMENTS -- 5. THE NUCLEAR HEATING MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS -- 6. CONCLUSIONS -- AKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART III: CONTRIBUTED PAPERS -- Section A: First Wall, Divertors and Vacuum Systems -- Chapter 26. EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF THE LIQUID LITHIUM DIVERTOR CONCEPT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE. -- 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS. -- 4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. ˙ -- REFERENCES. -- Chapter 27. FEASIBILITY OF LIQUID GALLIUM COOLING FOR ITER DIVERTOR CASSETTE -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. AVAILABLE DESIGN STUDY -- 3. INPUT SUGGESTIONS FOR ITER DVERTOR -- 4. CONCEPT APPROACH TO THE LM COOLED DIVERTOR -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 28. Review of liquid metal divert or concepts for Tokamareactors -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. LM DIVERTOR OPTIONS DES-CRIPTION AND CHARACTERI-ZATION -- 3. LM DIVERTOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGNS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- PREFERENCES -- Chapter 29. Helium retention of B4C or SiC converted graphite -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EFFECT OF HELIUM RETAINED WALL -- 3. HELIUM RETENTION OF PLASMA FACING MATERIAL -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 30. ITER Outboard Baffle Design and Small-Scale Mock-ups Test Programme -- 1. BAFELE SPECIFICATIONS -- 2. DESIGN & -- MANUFACTURING SEQUENCE -- 3. BAFFLE SMALL-SCALE MOCK-UPS -- 4. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 31. Comparison between various thermal hydraulic tube concepts for the ITER divertor -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. TEST SECTIONS -- 3. PRESSURE DROP MEASUREMENTS AND CORRELATIONS -- 4. INCIDENT CRITICAL HEAT FLUX TEST- RESULTS AND COMPARISON BETWEEN VARIOUS TUBES -- 5. TEST ANALYSIS METHOD AND EUPITER CODE -- 6. CRITICAL HEAT FLUX CORRELATION -- 7. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 32. ITER Baffle Small-Size Mock-ups Fabrication and Testing.