Note: Intro -- Sensors: A Comprehensive Survey, Volume-2 -- Contents -- Volume 2: Chemical and Biochemical Sensors, Part I -- List of Contributors -- 1 Definitions and Typical Examples -- 2 Historical Remarks -- 3 Chemical Sensor Technologies: Empirical Art and Systematic Research -- 4 Specific Molecular Interactions and Detection Principles -- 5 Specific Features of Electrochemical Sensors -- 6 Multicomponent Analysis in Chemical Sensing -- 7 Liquid Electrolyte Sensors: Potentiometry, Amperometry, and Conductometry -- 8 Solid State Electrochemical Sensors -- 9 Electronic Conductance and Capacitance-Sensors -- 10 Field Effect Chemical Sensors -- Device Principles -- Ion-Sensitive FETs -- Field Effect Gas Sensors -- 11 Calorimetric Chemical Sensors -- 12 Optochemical Sensors -- 13 Mass-Sensitive Devices -- Index -- List of Symbols and Abbreviations.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1. Radioactivity and the biological effects of ionizing radiation -- 1.1. Units used -- 1.2. Natural radioactivity -- 1.3. Biological effects of ionizing radiation -- 1.4. Radiation protection principles -- 2. Nuclear safety organization -- 2.1. Nuclear security and safety -- 2.2. Nuclear safety organization and responsibility sharing -- 2.3. Safety analysis reports and regulations -- 2.4. Developments in safety goals -- 2.5. Safety Culture -- 3. Deterministic safety approach -- 3.1. Determination of specific risks -- 3.2. Potential risks, residual risks, acceptable risks -- 3.3. The barriers -- 3.4. The defense in depth concept -- 3.5. Quality Control -- 4. Analysis of operating conditions -- 4.1. Classification of operating conditions -- 4.2. Definition of design basis operating condition categories -- 4.3. Choice of operating conditions -- 4.4. Operating conditions: list and subdivisions -- 4.5. Operating condition analysis process -- 4.6. Consideration of internal or external hazards -- 5. Assessment of the radiological consequences of accidents -- 5.1. Quantities of radioactive products involved -- 5.2. Release rates -- 5.3. Transfer and deposit in reactor systems -- 5.4. Transfer and deposit in buildings -- 5.5. Leak rate to the outside atmosphere and filtering provisions -- 5.6. Environmental transport and deposit conditions -- 5.7 Pathways to man -- 5.8. Dose conversion factors -- 5.9. Changes in radiological consequence calculation methods -- 6. An example of accident analysis: LOCA -- 6.1. Physical effects of a large break -- 6.2. Assumptions adopted in safety analysis -- 6.3. Acceptability criteria and results -- 6.4. Evaluation of radiological consequences -- 6.5. Safety demonstration evolution -- 7. Assessment of safety justifications -- 7.1. Data drawn from operating condition studies. , 7.2. Checking the number of lines of defense -- 7.3. New safety demonstration requirements for the N4 series -- 8. A particular barrier point: the steam generator tubes -- 8.1. Steam generator tube rupture without human intervention -- 8.2. Complementary French studies -- 8.3. Dealing with the problem for the N4 series -- 9. Internal hazards -- 9.1. Missiles from inside the containment -- 9.2. The results of piping breaks -- 9.3. Turbogenerator bursting -- 9.4. Protection against load dropping -- 9.5. Fire protection -- 9.6. Internal flooding -- 10. External hazards -- 10.1. Determination of earthquake hazards -- 10.2. Protection against aircraft crashes -- 10.3. Industrial hazards -- 10.4. Floods -- 10.5. Protection against other external hazards -- 11. Complementary operating conditions -- 11.1. Origins -- 11.2. The position of the safety authorities -- 11.3. Complementary operating conditions -- 12. Probabilistic assessment of an accident sequence -- 12.1. Effects of failures and initial assumptions -- 12.2. Chronological list of the elements forming the scenario -- 12.3. Required data -- 12.4. Assessment results -- 12.5. Revision of scenarios and their probabilities -- 13. The accident at Three Mile Island -- 13.1. The accident -- 13.2. Causes of the accident -- 13.3. Lessons learned from the accident -- 14. The state-oriented approach -- 14.1. Limits of the event-related approach -- 14.2. Development of the state-oriented approach -- 14.3. First application of the state-oriented approach -- 14.4 Generalization of the state-oriented approach -- 14.5. Safety panels -- 15. Preparation for the management of severe accidents -- 15.1. Core and vessel degradation -- 15.2. The Rasmussen report -- 15.3. "Source terms -- 15.4. Severe accident management studies in France -- 15.5. Radiological consequences of source term S3 and intervention provisions. , 15.6. List of ultimate emergency procedures -- 15.7. Summary of procedures -- 15.8. Internal Emergency Plan -- 15.9. The fourth level of defense in depth -- 16. Special risks associated with criticality accidents -- 16.1. Theoretical scenario -- 16.2. A plausible scenario and corrective measures -- 16.3. Identification of other dilution scenarios -- 16.4. Other criticality accident hazards -- 16.5. International information -- 17. Emergency preparedness and IPSN resources -- 17.1. Emergency preparedness -- 17.2. Role of the IPSN crisis team -- 17.3. Method and tools of the assessment cell -- 17.4. Methods and tools of the radiological consequences cell -- 17.5. Conclusion on the method and tools -- 17.6. External Emergency Plan -- 17.7. Environmental transfer and deposit conditions -- 18. Severe accident research and development work -- 18.1. Thermal hydraulic codes -- 18.2. Fission product codes -- 18.3. Fission product experiments -- 18.4. Corium and containment building behavior studies -- 18.5. Other on-going surveys -- 19. Probabilistic safety assessment -- 19.1. Initiation of the studies -- 19.2. Aims and organization of the studies -- 19.3. Core meltdown probability assessment method -- 19.4. Specificities of French studies -- 19.5. Results of the 900 PSA survey -- 19.6. Results of the 1300 PSA -- 19.7. Comparison with studies undertaken abroad -- 20. Applications and development of probabilistic studies -- 20.1. Use of probabilistic safety studies -- 20.2. Development of these studies and tools -- 20.3. Probabilistic assessment of radioactive release -- 20.4. Conclusions on the probabilistic safety studies -- 21. The Chernobyl accident -- 21.1. The Chernobyl plant and the RBMK reactors -- 21.2. The accident -- 21.3. The release and its consequences -- 21.4. Causes of the accident and lessons learned. , 21.5. Future of the other Chernobyl units -- 21.6. Lessons drawn in France -- 21.7. Information of the general public and communication -- 21.8. After Chernobyl -- 22. General operating rules -- 22.1. General operating rules -- 22.2. Technical Operating Specifications -- 22.3. Initial and periodic tests -- 22.4. Emergency operating procedures -- 23. Incident analysis -- 23.1. Incident selection -- 23.2. Significant incident analysis methods -- 23.3. Case of a repetitive incident -- 24. Detailed analysis of incidents involving human factors -- 24.1. Pressurizer heater damage at Flamanville 2 -- 24.2. Isolation of pressurizer level sensors at Cruas 2 -- 24.3. Isolation of pressurizer level sensors at Gravelines 4 -- 24.4. Analysis and lessons -- 24.5. Check on sensor operability -- 24.6. General considerations on maintenance activity quality -- 24.7. Defense in depth applied to operation -- 25. Preventive maintenance and in-service surveillance -- 25.1. In-service surveillance for large components -- 25.2. Preventive maintenance of equipment -- 25.3. Steam generators -- 25.4. Steam line defects -- 25.5. Closure head adapter cracking -- 26. Some French precursors -- 26.1. Incidents -- 26.2. Latent nonconformances revealed by inspections -- 27. Periodic safety review -- 27.1. Safety review methodology -- 27.2. Fessenheim and Bugey plant safety reviews -- 27.3. Safety review of the CP1 and CP2 standardized 900 MWe plant series -- 28. The international dimension -- 28.1. The IAEA standards and guides program -- 28.2. The Incident Reporting System -- 28.3. French-German comparisons -- 28.4. Services proposed by the IAEA -- 28.5. Plants of soviet design -- 29. The next generation of reactors -- 29.1. Setting up of French-German safety options -- 29.2. Changes in safety objectives -- 29.3. Application of the defense in depth concept. , 29.4. Preliminary characteristics of the EPR project -- 29.5. Illustration of defense in depth provisions -- 30. Safety considerations on other nuclear installations -- 30.1. Safety organization changes at the CEA -- 30.2. General safety approach -- 30.3. Safety objectives, notion of acceptability -- 30.4. Risk potentials -- 30.5. Design bases -- 30.6. Safety analysis of an installation -- 30.7. Operating safety -- 30.8. Plant end of life -- 30.9. Conclusion of this chapter -- Conclusion -- Appendix A - Basic safety rules -- A.1 Rules concerning pressurized water reactors (June 1995) -- A.2 Rules concerning basic nuclear installations other than reactors (June 1995) -- Appendix B - Regulatory texts related to quality -- B.1. Order of August, 10, 1984 -- B.2. Circular of August, 10, 1984 -- Appendix C - French nuclear power plants -- C.1. Graphite-moderated, gas-cooled reactors (GCR) -- C.2. Heavy water reactor (HWR) -- C.3. fast breeder reactors (FBR) -- C.4. Pressurized water reactor (PWR) -- Appendix D - Basic Nuclear Installations -- D.1. Experimental reactors in service -- D.2. Fuel cycle basic nuclear installations -- D.3. Other CEA basic nuclear installations -- D.4. Other nuclear installations -- D.5. Particle accelerators considered as basic nuclear installations.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- About the series -- Preface -- Authors -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- List of physical constants -- 1: Radioactivity and Nuclear Transformation -- 1.1 Nuclear Stability Curve -- 1.2 Alpha Decay -- 1.3 Beta Decay -- 1.4 Positron Decay -- 1.5 Electron Capture -- 1.6 Isomeric Transition -- 1.7 Radiation Penetrability -- 1.8 Calculation: Number of Atoms -- 1.9 Calculation: Sample Count Rate -- 1.10 Calculation: Thyroid Uptake -- 1.11 Physical Half-Life (I) -- 1.12 Physical Half-Life (II) -- 1.13 Effective Half-Life (I) -- 1.14 Effective Half-Life (II) -- 1.15 Radioactive Decay Equation -- 1.16 Radioactive Decay Calculation (I) -- 1.17 Radioactive Decay Calculation (II) -- 1.18 Radioactive Decay Calculation (III) -- 1.19 Attenuation -- 1.20 Gamma Ray Constant -- 1.21 Alpha Particle Range -- 2: Radionuclide Production and Radiopharmaceuticals -- 2.1 Characteristics of Ideal Radiopharmaceutical for Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine -- 2.2 Characteristics of Ideal Radiopharmaceutical for Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine -- 2.3 Physical Properties and Decay Scheme of Tc-99m -- 2.4 Cyclotron -- 2.5 Cyclotron-Produced Radionuclides -- 2.6 Nuclear Fission -- 2.7 Reactor-Produced Radionuclides -- 2.8 Mo-99/Tc-99m Radionuclide Generator (I) -- 2.9 Mo-99/Tc-99m Radionuclide Generator (II) -- 2.10 Undesirable Al3+ in Tc-99m Elution -- 2.11 Transient Equilibrium -- 2.12 Tc-99m Transient Equilibrium -- 2.13 Mo-99 Transient Equilibrium Calculation -- 2.14 Secular Equilibrium Equation -- 2.15 Mo-99 Breakthrough Test -- 2.16 Preparation of Radiopharmaceutical -- 2.17 Administration of Radiopharmaceuticals -- 2.18 PET Radiopharmaceutical -- 2.19 F-18-Fluorodeoxyglucose -- 2.20 Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals -- 3: Non-imaging Detectors and Counters. , 3.1 Dead Time -- 3.2 Paralysable and Non-paralysable Counting Systems -- 3.3 Paralysable and Non-paralysable Counting Systems: Count Rate Response -- 3.4 Basic Principle of Gas-Filled Detectors -- 3.5 Noble Gas -- 3.6 Gas-Filled Detectors -- 3.7 Radionuclide Activity (Dose) Calibrator -- 3.8 Factors Affecting Measurement Accuracy of an Activity Calibrator -- 3.9 Quality Control of an Activity Calibrator -- 3.10 Basic Principles of Scintillation Detectors -- 3.11 Scintillation Detectors -- 3.12 Basic Principles of a Gamma Well Counter -- 3.13 Clinical Applications of Gamma Well Counter -- 3.14 Basic Principles of a Thyroid Probe -- 3.15 Thyroid Uptake Measurement -- 4: Instrumen tation for Gamma Imaging -- 4.1 X-Ray versus Gamma-Ray Imaging -- 4.2 Gamma Camera System -- 4.3 Gamma Rays Detection -- 4.4 Scintillating Crystal (I) -- 4.5 Scintillating Crystal (II) -- 4.6 Function of the Collimator -- 4.7 Collimator Design -- 4.8 Types of Collimators -- 4.9 Collimator Septa Thickness -- 4.10 Minification Factor for Diverging Collimator -- 4.11 Magnification Factor for Converging Collimator -- 4.12 Photomultiplier Tube (PMT) -- 4.13 X-, Y-Positioning Circuit -- 4.14 Energy Discrimination Circuit -- 4.15 Digital Data Acquisition -- 4.16 Digital Images in Nuclear Medicine -- 4.17 Effects of Matrix Size and Statistical Noise -- 4.18 Static Study -- 4.19 Dynamic Study -- 4.20 Gated Study -- 5: SPECT and PET Imaging -- 5.1 Physical Principles of SPECT -- 5.2 Comparison of SPECT and Planar Imaging -- 5.3 SPECT Data Acquisition -- 5.4 Principle of Noise Filtering Using the Fourier Method -- 5.5 Principle of Noise Filtering Using the Convolution Method -- 5.6 Image Processing Using Iterative Reconstruction -- 5.7 Physical Principles of PET -- 5.8 Annihilation Coincidence Detection -- 5.9 True, Scatter and Random Coincidence Events. , 5.10 Time-of-Flight in PET Imaging -- 5.11 Resolution of PET Imaging -- 5.12 2D versus 3D PET Imaging -- 5.13 Comparison of Tc-99m and F-18 -- 5.14 Comparison of Imaging Techniques Between SPECT and PET -- 5.15 Comparison of Spatial Resolution and Detection Efficiency Between SPECT and PET -- 6: Imaging Techniques in Nuclear Medicine -- 6.1 Whole Body Bone SPECT Imaging -- 6.2 Cardiac Imaging -- 6.3 Renogram -- 6.4 Radioimmunoassay (RIA) -- 6.5 Standardised Uptake Value (SUV) -- 6.6 PET Imaging Applications -- 7: Radionuclide Therapy -- 7.1 Sealed and Unsealed Source Therapy -- 7.2 Therapeutic Procedures in Nuclear Medicine -- 7.3 Hyperthyroidism Absorbed Dose Calculation -- 7.4 I-131 Treatment Guidelines -- 7.5 Calculation of Administered Activity for I-131 Treatment -- 7.6 Radioiodine Therapy and Pregnancy -- 7.7 Safe Administration of I-131 -- 7.8 Guidance Level for Hospitalisation of I-131 Patients -- 7.9 Radioembolisation -- 7.10 Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) -- 8: Internal Radiation Dosimetry -- 8.1 Internal Radiation Dosimetry -- 8.2 Factors Affecting Absorbed Dose to an Organ -- 8.3 Source and Target Organ -- 8.4 Monte Carlo Modelling -- 8.5 MIRD Formula -- 8.6 Absorbed Fraction -- 8.7 S-Value -- 8.8 Absorbed Dose Calculation (I) -- 8.9 Absorbed Dose Calculation (II) -- 8.10 Absorbed Dose Calculation (III) -- 8.11 Absorbed Dose Calculation (IV) -- 8.12 MIRD Formalism Assumptions -- 9: Quality Control in Nuclear Medicine -- 9.1 Quality Control of Dose Calibrator -- 9.2 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Measurement -- 9.3 Quality Control Methods -- 9.4 Uniformity -- 9.5 Spatial Resolution -- 9.6 Sensitivity -- 9.7 Collimator Efficiency -- 9.8 Collimator Resolution -- 9.9 Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) -- 9.10 Multienergy Spatial Registration -- 9.11 Cold Spot Artefact -- 9.12 Centre of Rotation (COR) -- 9.13 Partial Volume Effect. , 9.14 SPECT Quality Control Phantom -- 10: Radiation Protection in Nuclear Medicine -- 10.1 Radiation Protection Terminology -- 10.2 Annual Dose Limits -- 10.3 Classification of Radiation Work Areas -- 10.4 Exposure Rate -- 10.5 Half Value Layer (HVL) -- 10.6 Accidental Exposure to High Activity Source -- 10.7 Foetal Dose Calculation for High-Dose Radionuclide Therapy -- 10.8 Radiation Workers During Pregnancy -- 10.9 Radiation Workers Dose Limit -- 10.10 Radioactive Waste Management -- 10.11 Decontamination Principles -- 10.12 Out-patient Advice -- 10.13 Radioiodine Ward Nursing Staff -- 10.14 Handling of the I-131 Patient After Death -- Bibliography.

Note: Intro -- Title page -- Copyright page -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.1 What are the Metal-Organic Frameworks? -- 1.2 Synthesis of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.3 Structural Highlights of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.4 Expansion of Metal-Organic Frameworks Structures -- 1.5 High Thermal and Chemical Stability -- 1.6 Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Pillar-Layer Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Topology and Diversity in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.3 Synthesis Methods in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.4 Linkers in Pillar-Layered MOFs -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Rigid and Flexible Pillars -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Introduction to N-donor Pillars -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Bipyridine -- 4.3 Dabco -- 4.4 Imidazole and Pyrazole -- 4.5 Triazole and Tetrazole -- 4.6 Pyrazine and Pipyrazine -- 4.7 Amide, Imide, Amin and Azine/Azo Spacer -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Introduction to Aromatic and Aliphatic Pillars -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Non-Interpentrated Frameworks -- 5.3 Frameworks with Interpenetration -- 5.4 Control over Interpenetration -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Introduction to O-Donor Pillars -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Stability and Interpenetration in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.1 Stability in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.2 Interpenetration in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 7.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Properties and Applications of Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Gas Storage and Separation in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.3 Catalysis in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.4 Adsorptive Removal and Separation of Chemicals in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.5 Sensing in Pillar-Layer MOFs -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References. , Glossary -- Subject Index -- End User License Agreement.

Note: Intro -- OTHER BOOKS FROM THE EMMA PRESS -- TITLE PAGE -- COPYRIGHT -- CONTENTS -- HEADLOUSE -- GRUMPY CAT -- GROUND MINCE SONNET -- ANTS MARCH ON MY TORSO -- SEVERED PIG'S HEAD -- POEM IN WHICH I SELL YOU A DOG -- IN THE CAT CAFÉ -- BENSON LAMENTS THE LOSS OF HEDGES -- WHO'S A GOOD BOY? -- CAROLINE -- WHITE TIGER FARM -- HOUNDS OF LOVE -- OUR CAT, CAT, ON HER LAST DAY -- BAA -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ABOUT THE POET -- ABOUT THE ILLUSTRATOR -- THE EMMA PRESS.

Note: Front Cover -- Fermentation and Biochemical Engineering Handbook -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Fermentation Pilot Plant -- PROLOGUE -- 1.0 MICROBLAL FERMENTATION -- 2.0 MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURE SYSTEM -- 3.0 BIOREACTORS FOR PLANT CELL TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURES -- Chapter 2. Fermentation Design -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 FERMENTATION DEPARTMENT, EQUIPMENT AND SPACE REQUIREMENTS -- 3.0 GENERAL DESIGN DATA -- 4.0 CONTINUOUS STERILIZERS -- 5.0 FERMENTER COOLING -- 6.0 THE DESIGN OF LARGE FERMENTERS (BASED ON AERATION) -- 7.0 TROUBLE SHOOTING IN A FERMENTATION PLANT -- 8.0 GENERAL COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. Nutritional Requirements in Fermentation Processes -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF THE CELL -- 3.0 THE CARBON SOURCE -- 4.0 THE NITROGEN AND SULFUR SOURCEL -- 5.0 THE SOURCE OF TRACE AND ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS -- 6.0 THE VITAMIN SOURCE AND OTHER GROWTH FACTORS -- 7.0 PHYSICAL AND IONIC REQUIREMENTS -- 8.0 MEDIA DEVELOPMEN -- 9.0 EFFECT OF NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION GROWTH RATE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4. Statistical Methods For Fermentation Optimization -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 TRADITIONAL ONE-VARIABLE-AT-A-TIME METHOD -- 3.0 EVOLUTIONARY OPTIMIZATION -- 4.0 RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY -- 5.0 ADVANTAGES OF RSM -- 6.0 DISADVANTAGES OF RSM -- 7.0 POTENTIAL DIFFICULTIES WITH RSM -- 8.0 METHODS TO IMPROVE THE RSM MODEL -- 9.0 SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Agitation -- 1.0 THEORY AND CONCEPTS -- 2.0 PUMPING CAPACITY AND FLUID SHEAR RATES -- 3.0 MIXERS AND IMPELLERS -- 4.0 BAFFLES -- 5.0 FLUID SHEAR RATES -- 6.0 FULL-SCALE PLANT DESIGN -- 7.0 FULL SCALE PROCESS EXAMPLE -- 8.0 THE ROLE OF CELL CONCENTRATION MASS TRANSFER RATE -- 9.0 SOME OTHER MASS TRANSFER CONSIDERATIONS -- 10.0 DESIGN PROBLEMS IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING -- 11.0 SOLUTION-FERMENTATION PROBLEMS -- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter 6. Filtration -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 CAKE FILTRATION -- 3.0 THEORY -- 4.0 PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION -- 5.0 OPTIMAL CAKE THICKNESS -- 6.0 FILTER AID -- 7.0 FILTER MEDIA -- 8.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION -- 9.0 CONTINUOUS vs. BATCH FILTRATION -- 10.0 ROTARY VACUUM DRUM FILTER -- 11.0 NUTSCHES -- 12.0 HP-HYBRID FILTER PRESS -- 13.0 MANUFACTURERS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. Cross-Flow Filtration -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 CROSS-FLOW vs. DEAD END FILTRATION -- 3.0 COMPARISON OF CROSS-FLOW WITH OTHER COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES -- 4.0 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS-FLOW FILTERS -- 5.0 OPERATING CONFIGURATIONS -- 6.0 PROCESS DESIGN ASPECTS -- 7.0 APPLICATIONS OVERVIEW -- 8.0 GLOSSARY OF TERMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- APPENDIX: LIST OF MEMBRANE MANUFACTURES (MICROFILTRATION AND ULTRAFILTRATION) -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8. Solvent Extraction -- 1.0 EXTRACTION CONCEPTS -- 2.0 DISTRIBUTION DATA -- 3.0 SOLVENT SELECTION -- 4.0 CALCULATION PROCEDURES -- 5.0 DROP MECHANICS -- 6.0 TYPES OF EXTRACTION EQUIPMENT -- 7.0 SELECTION OF EQUIPMENT -- 8.0 PROCEDURE SUMMARY -- 9.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Ion Exchange -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 THEORY -- 3.0 ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES -- 4.0 LABORATORY EVALUATION OF RESIN -- 5.0 PROCESS CONSIDERATIONS -- 6.0 ION EXCHANGE OPERATIONS -- 7.0 INDUSTRIAL CHROMATOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10. Evaporation -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 EVAPORATORS AND EVAPORATION SYSTEMS -- 3.0 LIQUID CHARACTERISTICS -- 4.0 HEAT TRANSFER IN EVAPORATORS -- 5.0 EVAPORATOR TYPES -- 6.0 ENERGY CONSIDERATIONS FOR EVAPORATION SYSTEM DESIGN -- 7.0 PROCESS CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR EVAPORATORS -- 8.0 EVAPORATOR PERFORMANCE -- 9.0 HEAT SENSITIVE PRODUCTS -- 10.0 INSTALLATION OF EVAPORATORS -- 11.0 TROUBNLESHOOTING EVAPORATION SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES AND SELECTED READING MATERIAL -- Chapter 11. Crystallization. , 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 THEORY -- 3.0 CRYSTALLIZATION EQUIPMENT -- 4.0 DATA NEEDED FOR DESIGN -- 5.0 SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR FERMENTATION PROCESSES -- 6.0 METHOD OF CALCULATION -- 7.0 TROUBLESHOOTING -- 8.0 SUMMARY -- 9.0 AMERICAN MANUFACTURERS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12. Centrifugation -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 THEORY -- 3.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION -- 4.0 COMPONENTS OFTHE CENTRIFUGE -- 5.0 SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE -- 6.0 TUBULAR-BOWL CENTRIFUGE -- 7.0 CONTINUOUS DECANTER CENTRIFUGE (WITH CONVEYOUR) -- 8.0 DISK CENTRIFUGES -- 9.0 FILTERING CENTRIFUGES VS. SEDIMENTATION CENTRIFUGE -- 10.0 FILTERING CENTRIFUGES -- 11.0 VRTICAL BASKET CENTRIFUGES -- 12.0 HORIZONTAL PEELER CENTRIFUGE -- 13.0 INVERTING FILTER CENTRIFUGE -- 14.0 MAINTENANCE: CENTRIFUGE -- 15.0 SAFETY -- 16.0 PRESSURE-ADDED CENTRIFUGATION -- 17.0 MANUFACTURERS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 13. Water Systems For Pharmaceutical Facilities -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 SCOPE -- 3.0 SOURCE OF WATER -- 4.0 POTABLE WATER -- 5.0 WATER PRETREATMENT -- 6.0 MULTIMEDIA FILTRATION -- 7.0 WATER SOFTENING -- 8.0 ACTIVATED CARBON -- 9.0 ULTRAVIOLET PURIFICATION -- 10.0 DEIONIZATION -- 11.0 PURIFIED WATER -- 12.0 REVERSE OSMOSIS -- 13.0 WATER FOR INJECTION -- 14.0 WATER SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION -- APPENDIX I: EXISTING AND PROPOSED U. S. EPA DRINKING WATER STANDARDS -- APPENDIX II: DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 14. Sterile Formulation -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 STERILE BULK PREPARATION -- 3.0 ISOLATION OF STERILE BULK PRODUCT -- 4.0 CRYSTALLIZATION -- 5.0 FILTERING/DRYING -- 6.0 MILLING/BLENDING -- 7.0 BULK FREEZE DRYING -- 8.0 SPRAY DRYING -- 9.0 EQUIPMENT PREPARATION -- 10.0 VALIDATION -- 11.0 FILLING VIALS WITH STERILE BULK MATERIALS -- 12.0 ENVIRONMENT -- 13.0 EQUIPMENT LIST -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Environmental Concerns. , 1.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY -- 2.0 LAWS, REGULATIONS AND PERMITS -- 3.0 TECHNOLOGY (WASTE WATER) -- 4.0 WASTE WATER TREATMENT STRATEGY -- 5.0 AIR (EMISSIONS OF CONCERN) -- 6.0 SELECTING A CONTROL TECHNOLOGY -- 7.0 VOLATILE ORGANIC EMISSIONS (VOC) EMISSIONS CONTROL -- 8.0 PARTICULATE CONTROL -- 9.0 INORGANICS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 16. Instrumentation and Control Systems -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGY -- 3.0 BIOSENSORS -- 4.0 CELL MASS MEASUREMENT -- 5.0 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION -- 6.0 DISSOLVED OXYGEN -- 7.0 EXHAUST GAS ANALYSIS -- 8.0 MEASUREMENT OF pH -- 9.0 WATER PURITY -- 10.0 TEMPERATURE -- 11.0 PRESSURE -- 12.0 MASS -- 13.0 MASS FLOW RATE -- 14.0 VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE -- 15.0 BROTH LEVEL -- 16.0 REGULATORY CONTROL -- 17.0 DYNAMIC MODELING -- 18.0 MULTIVARIABLE CONTROL -- 19.0 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE -- 20.0 DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 17. Drying -- SECTION I: INDIRECT DRYING -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 THEORY -- 3.0 EQUIPMENT SELECTION -- 4.0 EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS -- 5.0 DIRECTORY OF MANUFACTURERS -- REFERENCES (for Section I: Indirect Drying) -- SECTION II: DIRECT DRYING -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION -- 2.0 DEFINITIONS -- 3.0 PSYCHROMETRIC CHARTS -- 4.0 DRYING THEORY -- 5.0 FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF DRYER SELECTION -- 6.0 DATA REQUIREMENTS -- 7.0 SIZING DRYERS -- 8.0 SAFETY ISSUES -- 9.0 DECISIONS -- 10.0 TROUBLE SHOOTING GUIDE -- 11.0 RECOMMENDED VENDORS LIST -- REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY (for Section II: Direct Drying) -- Chapter 18. Plant Design and Cost -- 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE CAPITAL PROJECT LIFE CYCLE -- 2.0 CONCEPTUAL PHASE -- 3.0 PRELIMINARY DESIGN PHASE -- 4.0 DETAIL DESIGN PHASE -- 5.0 CONSTRUCTION PHASE -- 6.0 START-UP PHASE -- 7.0 THE FAST TRACK CONCEPT -- 8.0 THE IMPACT OF VALIDATION -- 9.0 INTRODUCTION TO THE COSTING OF A CAPITAL PROJECT -- 10.0 ORDER OF MAGNITUDE ESTIMATE. , 11.0 APPROVAL GRADE ESTIMATE -- 12.0 CONTROL ESTIMATE -- 13.0 DYNAMICS OF AN ESTIMATE -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Animal Models of Infection -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Section Editors -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction: The Role of Animal Models in the Evaluation of New Antibodies -- Section I: INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND TO ANIMAL MODELS OF INFECTION -- Chapter 1. Early History of Animal Models of Infection -- Chapter 2. General Methodologies for Animal Models -- Chapter 3. Ethics Committees in Europe-An Overview -- Chapter 4. Animal Care and Use Committees-An American Perspective -- Chapter 5. Ethical Aspects of the Use of Animal Models of Infection -- Chapter 6. The Impact of General Laboratory Animal Health on Experimental Models in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy -- Chapter 7. Non-invasive Monitoring of Infection and Gene Expression in Living Animal Models -- Chapter 8. Considerations for Working Safely with Infectious Disease Agents in Research Agents -- Chapter 9. Analysis of Genetic Susceptibility to Infection in Mice -- Chapter 10. Formulation of Compounds and Determination of Pharmacokinetic Parameters -- Chapter 11. Methods for Obtaining Human-like Pharmacokinetic Patterns in Experimental Animals -- Chapter 12. Modes of Action of Antibiotics and Bacterial Structure: Bacterial Mass Versus their Numbers -- Chapter 13. Activity of Antibiotics Against Adherent/Slow-growing Bacteria Reflecting the Situation in vivo -- Section II: BACTERIAL INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 14. The Mouse Peritonitis/Sepsis Model -- Chapter 15. Murine Thigh Infection Model -- Chapter 16. Mouse Subcutaneous Cotton Thread Model -- Chapter 17. Infection after Ionizing Radiation -- Chapter 18. Intra-abdominal Abscess -- Chapter 19. Mouse Peritonitis Model Using Cecal Ligation and Puncture -- Chapter 20. Murine Models of Peritonitis Involving a Foreign Body -- Chapter 21. Rat Polymicrobial Peritonitis Infection Model. , Chapter 22. Murine Thigh Suture Model -- Chapter 23. Animal Models of Melioidosis -- Chapter 24. Low Inoculum Model of Clean Wound Infection -- Chapter 25. Translocation of Gut Bacteria During Trauma -- Chapter 26. Mouse Models of Campylobacter jejuni Infection -- Chapter 27. Suckling Mouse Model of Enterotoxigenic Escherickia coli Infection -- Chapter 28. Rabbit Model of Shigellosis -- Chapter 29. RITARD Rabbit Model for Studying Vibrio cholerae and Other Enteric Infections -- Chapter 30. Mouse Model of Helicobacter priori Infection -- Chapter 31. Animal Models of Helicobacter (ferrets) -- Chapter 32. Hamster Model of Syphilis -- Chapter 33. Guinea-pig Model of Acquired and Congenital Syphilis -- Chapter 34. The Guinea-pig Model of Legionnaires Disease -- Chapter 35. Murine Models of Tuberculosis -- Chapter 36. Beige Mouse Model of Disseminated Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection -- Chapter 37. The Armadillo Leprosy Model, with Particular Reference to Lepromatous Neuritis -- Chapter 38. Models of Leprosy Infection in Mice -- Chapter 39. Hamster Model of Lyme Arthritis -- Chapter 40. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Conjunctivitis -- Chapter 41. Murine Model of Bacterial Keratitis -- Chapter 42. The Rabbit Intrastromal Injection Model of Bacterial Keratitis -- Chapter 43. Gerbil Model of Acute Otitis Media -- Chapter 44. Bacterial Otitis Externa in the Guinea-pig Model -- Chapter 45. Otitis Media: The Chinchilla Model -- Chapter 46. A Guinea Pig Model of Acute Otitis Media -- Chapter 47. Tissue Cage Infection Model -- Chapter 48. Rat Model of Bacterial Epididymitis -- Chapter 49. Mouse Model of Mycoplasma Genital Infections -- Chapter 50. Mouse Model of Ascending Urinary Tract Infection -- Chapter 51. Mouse Model of Ascending UTI Involving Short and Long-term Indwelling Catheters -- Chapter 52. Rat Bladder Infection Model. , Chapter 53. Rabbit Model of Catheter-associated Urinary Tract Infection -- Chapter 54. Subclinical Pyelonephritis in the Rat -- Chapter 55. Models of Acute and Chronic Pyelonephritis in the Rat -- Chapter 56. Rat Model of Chronic Cystitis -- Chapter 57. Mouse Pneumococcal Pneumonia Models -- Chapter 58. Animal Models of Gram-negative Bacillary Experimental Pneumonia -- Chapter 59. Models of Pneumonia in Ethanol-treated Rats -- Chapter 60. Pneumococcal Pneumonia and Bacteria in a Cirrhotic Rat Model -- Chapter 61. Rat Model of Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lung Infection -- Chapter 62. Hamster Model of Mycoplasma Pulmonary Infections -- Chapter 63. Murine Models of Pneumonia Using Aerosol Inoculation -- Chapter 64. Experimental Models of Infectious Arthritis -- Chapter 65. Experimental Group B Streptococcus Arthritis in Mice -- Chapter 66. Rat Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of the Tibia -- Chapter 67. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in the Rat -- Chapter 68. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Osteomyelitis of the Tibia -- Chapter 69. Arthroplasty Model in Rats -- Chapter 70. Arthroplasty Model in Rabbits -- Chapter 71. Mouse Model of Streptococcal Fasciitis -- Chapter 72. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Endocarditis -- Chapter 73. Infant Rat Model of Acute Meningitis -- Chapter 74. Adult Rat Model of Meningitis -- Chapter 75. Rabbit Model of Bacterial Meningitis -- Chapter 76. Escherichia coli Brain Abscess Method in Rat -- Section III: MYCOTIC INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 77. Rodent Models of Candida Sepsis -- Chapter 78. A Generalized Candida albicans Infection Model in the Rat -- Chapter 79. Experimental Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Candida Infection in Mice -- Chapter 80. Paw Oedema as a Model of Localized Candidiasis -- Chapter 81. Murine Model of Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis -- Chapter 82. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcal Infection in Mice. , Chapter 83. Experimental Pulmonary Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Rats -- Chapter 84. Rat Model of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis -- Chapter 85. Rabbit Model of Candida Keratomycosis -- Chapter 86. Experimental Candida Endocarditis -- Chapter 87. Rabbit Model of Cryptococcal Meningitis -- Chapter 88. Rat Models of Ascending Pyelonephritis Due to Candida albicans -- Chapter 89. Rat Model of Candida Vaginal Infection -- Chapter 90. Murine Models of Candida Vaginal Infections -- Chapter 91. Sporotrichosis -- Section IV: PARASITIC INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 92. Malaria -- Chapter 93. Animal Models of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis -- Chapter 94. Animal Models of Visceral Leishmaniasis -- Chapter 95. Animal Models of Acute (first-stage) Sleeping Sickness -- Chapter 96. Animal Models of CNS (second-stage) Sleeping Sickness -- Chapter 97. Animal Models of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection -- Chapter 98. Animal Models of Toxoplasma Infection -- Chapter 99. Animal Models of Coccidia Infection -- Chapter 100. Animal Models of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection with Special Emphasis on the Intravaginal Mouse Model -- Chapter 101. Animal Models of Cryptosporidium Gastrointestinal Infection -- Chapter 102. Animal Models of Entamoeba histolytica Infection -- Chapter 103. Animal Models of Giardiasis -- Chapter 104. Schistosomosis -- Chapter 105. Animal Models for Echinococcosis -- Chapter 106. Intestinal Worm Infections -- Section V: VIRAL INFECTION MODELS -- Chapter 107. Animal Models for Central Nervous System and Disseminated Infections with Herpes Simplex Virus -- Chapter 108. Animal Models of Herpesvirus Genital Infection: Guinea-Pig -- Chapter 109. Animal Models of Herpes Skin Infection: Guinea-pig -- Chapter 110. Animal Models of Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Infection (Rabbits, Primates, Mice) -- Chapter 111. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Murine CMV. , Chapter 112. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Guinea-Pig CMV -- Chapter 113. Animal Models for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Rat CMV -- Chapter 114. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection of the SCID-hu (thy/liv) Mouse -- Chapter 115. Animal Model for Ocular Human Cytomegalovirus Infections in SCID-hu Mice -- Chapter 116. Animal Models for Varicella Zoster Infections: Simian Varicella -- Chapter 117. Varicella Zoster Infection of T cells and Skin in the SCID-hu Mouse Model -- Chapter 118. The Mouse Model of Influenza Virus Infection -- Chapter 119. The Ferret as an Animal Model of Influenza Virus Infection -- Chapter 120. The Cotton Rat as a Model of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Pathogenesis, Prophylaxis and Therapy -- Chapter 121. Animal Models for Coxsackievirus Infections -- Chapter 122. Animal Models for HBV Infections-Transgenic Mice -- Chapter 123. Animal Models for Hepatitis B Infections-Duck Hepatitis -- Chapter 124. Woodchuck Model of Hepatitis B Virus Infection -- Chapter 125. Animal Models of Papillomavirus Infections -- Chapter 126. Adult Mouse Model for Rotavirus -- Chapter 127. Animal Models for Lentivirus Infections-Feline Immunodeficiency Virus -- Chapter 128. Animal Models of HIV Infection: SIV Infection of Macaques -- Chapter 129. The SCID-hu Thy-Liv Mouse: an Animal Model for HIV- 1 Infection -- Chapter 130. Animal Models for HIV Infection: hu-PBL- SCID Mice -- Chapter 131. Chimpanzee Model of HIV- 1 Infection.

Note: Front Cover -- Pollution Prevention through Process Integration: Systematic Design Tools -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter One. Introduction -- 1.1 The Environmental Problem and Pollution Prevention -- 1.2 What is Process Integration? -- 1.3 Can Flowsheets Provide Global Insights? -- 1.4 Branches of Process Integration: Mass Integration and Energy Integration -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- Chapter Two. Modeling of Mass-Exchange Units for Environmental Applications -- 2.1 What Is a Mass Exchanger? -- 2.2 Equilibrium -- 2.3 Interphase Mass Transfer -- 2.4 Types and Sizes of Mass Exchangers -- 2.5 Minimizing Cost of Mass-Exchange Systems -- Chapter Three. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks -- 3.1 A Network versus a Unit -- 3.2 Problem Scope, Significance, and Complexity -- 3.3 Mass-Exchange Network Synthesis Task -- 3.4 The Targeting Approach -- 3.5 The Corresponding Composition Scales -- 3.6 The Pinch Diagram -- 3.7 Constructing Pinch Diagrams without Process MSAs -- 3.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs -- Chapter Four. Graphical Techniques for Mass Integration with Mass-Exchange Interception -- 4.1 The Source-Sink Mapping Diagram -- 4.2 Application of Mass Integration to Enhance Yield, Debottleneck the Process and Reduce Wastewater in an Acrylonitrile "an" Plant -- Chapter Five. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks-An Algebraic Approach -- 5.1 The Composition.Interval Diagram "CID -- 5.2 Table of Exchangeable Loads "TEL -- 5.3 Mass-Exchange Cascade Diagram -- 5.4 Example on Dephenolization of Aqueous Wastes -- 5.5 Synthesis of MENs with Minimum Number of Exchangers -- 5.6 Feasibility Criteria at the Pinch -- 5.7 Network Synthesis -- 5.8 Trading Off Fixed versus Operating Costs Using Mass-Load Paths -- Chapter Six. Synthesis of Mass-Exchange Networks: A Mathematical Programming Approach. , 6.1 Generalization of the Composition Interval Diagram -- 6.2 Problem Formulation -- 6.3 The Dephenolization Example Revisited -- 6.4 Optimization of Outlet Compositions -- 6.5 Stream Matching and Network Synthesis -- 6.6 Network Synthesis for Dephenolization Example -- Chapter Seven. Mathematical Optimization Techniques for Mass Integration -- 7.1 Problem Statement and Challenges -- 7.2 Synthesis of MSA-Induced WINs -- 7.3 Case Study: Interception of Chloroethanol in an Ethyl Chloride Process -- 7.4 Developing Strategies for Segregation, Mixing and Direct Recycle -- 7.5 Case Study Revisited: Segregation, Mixing and Recycle for the Chloroethanol Case Study -- 7.6 Integration of Interception with Segregation, Mixing, and Recycle -- Chapter Eight. Synthesis of Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks -- 8.1 Objectives of REAMEN Synthesis -- 8.2 Corresponding Composition Scales for Reactive Mass Exchange -- 8.3 Synthesis Approach -- Chapter Nine. Combining Heat Integration with Mass Integration -- 9.1 Synthesis of HENs -- 9.2 Synthesis of Combined Heat- and Reactive Mass-Exchange Networks "CHARMEN -- 9.3 Case Study: CHARMEN Synthesis for Ammonia Removal from a Gaseous Emission -- 9.4 Case Study: Incorporation of CHARMEN Synthesis into Mass Integration for an Ammonium Nitrate Plant -- Chapter Ten. Synthesis of Heat-Induced Separation Network for Condensation of Volatile Organic Compounds -- 10.1 Problem Statement -- 10.2 System Configuration -- 10.3 Integration of Mass and Heat Objectives -- 10.4 Design Approach -- 10.5 Special Case: Dilute Waste Streams -- 10.6 Case Study: Removal of Methyl Ethyl Ketone "MEK -- 10.7 Effect of Pressure -- Chapter Eleven. Design of Membrane-Separation Systems -- 11.1 Classification of Membrane Separations -- 11.2 Reverse Osmosis Systems -- 11.3 Designing Systems of Multiple Reverse Osmosis Modules. , Chapter Twelve. Environmentally Benign Chemistry and Species -- 12.1 Synthesis of Environmentally Acceptable Reactions -- 12.2 Synthesis of Environmentally Benign Species -- Appendix I: Useful Relationships for Compositions -- Appendix II: Conversion Factors -- Appendix III: Overview of Process Economics -- Appendix IV: Instructions for Software Package -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Nitrogen, the Confer-N-s: First International Nitrogen Conference 1998 -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword by Margaretha de Boer -- Foreword by Lars Nordberg -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Part 1: Summary Statement -- Chapter 1. Summary statement -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General background information -- 3. Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- Part 2: The Global Nitrogen Cycle -- Chapter 2. The global nitrogen cycle: changes and consequences -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen cycle -- Population and resources -- The role of nitrogen -- The consequences of nitrogen -- The future: the nitrogen imperative -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part 3: Effects -- CHapter 3. Impacts and fate of experimentally enhanced nitrogen deposition on a British lowland heath -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4. Effects of nitrogen deposition on field layer vegetation in south Swedish oak forests -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. The relationship between nitrogen deposition, species composition and foliar nitrogen concentrations in woodland flora in the vicinity of livestock farms -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6. Risk of damage to crops in the direct neighbourhood of ammonia sources -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Evaluation -- References -- Chapter 7. Nitrogen pollution on the local scale in Lithuania: vitality of forest ecosystems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References. , Chapter 8. Effects of nitrogen deposition on tree growth and soil nutrients in boreal Scots pine stands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- FEF ('Forest Element Fluxes') model -- Model applications -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Nitrogen deposition in Swiss forests and its possible relevance for leaf nutrient status, parasite attacks and soil acidification -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10. Residual effects of N fertilization on soil-water chemistry and ground vegetation in a Swedish Scots pine forest -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11. On the abundance of epiphytic green algae in relation to the nitrogen concentrations of biomonitors and nitrogen deposition in Finland -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12. Nitrogen response of herbs and graminoids in experiments with simulated acid soil solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13. Towards integrated national modelling with particular reference to the environmental effects of nutrients -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen-related problems in the Netherlands -- DSS Nature Planner -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 14. Monitoring of nitrogen compounds on Yakushima Island, a world natural heritage site -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study sites and analytical methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions/recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 15. Application of nitrogen in production and post-production systems of agriculture and its effect on environment in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Production system -- Nitrate leaching and pollution -- Gaseous emissions of nitrogen -- Ecological consequences -- Post-production system -- Measures for environment protection -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16. Environmental hazards of nitrogen loading in wetland rice fields -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen fertilizer use in rice production -- Nitrogen transformation in rice soils -- Losses of nitrogen from rice fields -- Denitrification -- Volatilization -- Leaching -- Measures to reduce nitrogen losses from rice fields -- Nitrate: an environmental pollutant -- Ammonia: a case study on an environmental pollutant in rice-cum-fish culture -- References -- Chapter 17. Nitrogen efficiency in global animal production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nitrogen balance sheet for animal production -- Grassland production -- Interrelationship between balance sheets -- Present nitrogen efficiency in animal production -- Improving nitrogen efficiency in animal production -- Global food and feed production -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 4: Emissions -- Chapter 18. Global air emission inventories foranthropogenic sources of NOx, NH3 and N2O in 1990 -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Underlying framework for calculating emissions -- Emission inventories for NOx, NH3 and N2O -- Uncertainties -- Use of the emission inventories -- Policy options -- Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 19. The impact of land use on N2O emissions from watersheds draining into the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean and European Seas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Regions considered in this study -- Method for estimating terrestrial emissions -- Method for estimating aquatic emissions. , Input data -- Results and discussion -- Model validation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20. Nitrous oxide flux from irrigated rice fields in West Java -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 21. Nitrous oxide emissions from a wheat field in response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration and open-top chamber enclosure -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 22. Mitigation of nitrous oxide emission from dairy farming systems -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The N cycle and N2O sources in dairy farming systems -- Improvement of N fertilizer management -- Improvement of grassland management -- Improvement of management of livestock production -- Package of measures to mitigate N2O emission -- References -- Chapter 23. Seasonal variability and mitigation options for N2O emissions from differently managed grasslands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and methods -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24. Agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions in Canada -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Emissions sources of agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions -- Environmental effects of agricultural NH3 and NOx emissions -- Abatement of agricultural nitrogen air emissions -- Knowledge gaps/emerging issues -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 25. Modelling the spatial distribution of agricultural ammonia emissions in the UK -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Data sources -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 26. Focus on emission factors: a sensitivity analysis of ammonia emission modelling in the Netherlands -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Estimating ammonia emissions in the Netherlands. , Sensitivity analysis -- Emission factors -- Use of techniques to reduce emission -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 27. Characterization of biogenic nitric oxide source strength in the southeast United States -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods and materials -- Results and discussion -- Conclusions and recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapgter 28. Agricultural nutrient balances as agri-environmental indicators: an OECD perspective -- Abstract -- The objectives and framework for OECD work on agri-environmental indicators -- Measuring trends in agricultural nitrogen use: the nitrogen soil surface balance -- Current situation and recent trends in oecd agricultural nitrogen use and nitrogen balances -- Interpreting trends in agricultural nitrogen balances -- Future challenges -- References -- Chapter 29. The monitoring of nitrogen surpluses from agriculture -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Farm gate balances and soil surface balances -- Method of calculation -- Results -- Validation and accuracy of the results -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 30. Feasibility of national nitrogen balances -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and methods -- Results -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 31. The Manure Model: manure, minerals (N, P and K), ammonia emission, heavy metals and the use of fertiliser in Dutch agriculture -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Manure Model modules -- Data -- Use of the model -- Recommendations -- References -- Part 5: Atmospheric Processes -- CHapter 32. Evaluation of SO2 and NO2 concentrationlevels in Vilnius (Lithuania) using passive diffusion samplers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experiment -- Calculation of the concentration -- Results and discussion -- References. , Chapter 33. Atmospheric peroxyacyl nitrates in urban/remote sites and the lower troposphere around Japan.

Note: Front Cover -- Methods for the Determination of Metals and Inorganic Chemicals in Environmental Samples -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS AND SUBJECT INDEX -- PART I: METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF METALS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES -- Chapter 1. 200.1 Determination of Acid-Soluble Metals -- Chapter 2. 200.2 Sample Preparation Procedure for Spectrochemical Determination of Total Recoverable Elements -- Chapter 3. 200.3 Sample Preparation Procedure for Spectrochemical Determination of Total Recoverable Elements in Biological Tissues -- Chapter 4. 200.7 Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- Chapter 5. 200.8 Determination of Trace Elements in Waters and Wastes by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- Chapter 6. 200.9 Determination of Trace Elements by Stabilized Temperature Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption -- Chapter 7. 200.10 Determination of Trace Elements in Marine Waters by On-Line Chelation Preconcentration and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry -- Chapter 8. 200.11 Determination of Metals in Fish Tissue by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- Chapter 9. 200.15 Determination of Metals and Trace Elements in Water by Ultrasonic Nebulization Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry -- Chapter 10. 218.6 Determination of Dissolved Hexavalent Chromium in Drinking Water, Groundwater, and Industrial Wastewater Effluents by Ion Chromatography -- Chapter 11. 245.1 Determination of Mercury in Water by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- Chapter 12. 245.3 Determination of Inorganic Mercury (II) and Selected Organomercurialsin Drinking and Groundwater by High Performance Liquid Chromolography (HPLC) with Electrochemical Detection (ECD). , Chapter 13. 245.5 Determination of Mercury in Sediments by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- Chapter 14. 245.6 Determination of Mercury in Tissues by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry -- PART II: METHODS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF INORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES -- Chapter 15. 180.1 Determination of Turbidity by Nephelometry -- Chapter 16. 300.0 Determination of Inorganic Anions by Ion Chromatography -- Chapter 17. 335.4 Determination of Total Cyanide by Semi-Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 18. 350.1 Determination of Ammonia Nitrogen by Semi-Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 19. 351.2 Determination of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen by Semi-Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 20. 353.2 Determination of Nitrate-Nitrite Nitrogen by Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 21. 365.1 Determination of Phosphorous by Semi-Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 22. 375.2 Determination of Sulfate by Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 23. 410.4 The Determination of Chemical Oxygen Demand by Semi-Automated Colorimetry -- Chapter 24. 420.4 Determination of Total Recoverable Phenolics by Semi-Automated Colorimetry.