Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction and Scope -- Abstract -- References -- 2 Fair-Weather Atmospheric Electrification on Earth -- Abstract -- 2.1…The Global Electric Circuit -- 2.2…Ionisation and Atmospheric Conductivity -- References -- 3 Venus -- Abstract -- 3.1…Ionisation -- 3.2…Ion-Aerosol Interactions -- 3.3…Ion-Induced Nucleation -- 3.4…Is There a Global Electric Circuit on Venus? -- 3.5…Current and Future Missions -- References -- 4 Mars -- Abstract -- 4.1…Ionisation and Atmospheric Conductivity -- 4.2…Electrical Discharges -- 4.3…Dust-Driven Global Circuit -- 4.4…Variability in Martian Atmospheric Electricity -- 4.5…Future Mission Plans -- References -- 5 Jupiter and Saturn -- Abstract -- 5.1…Cosmic Ray Ionisation and Ion-Aerosol Interactions -- 5.1.1 Role of Ion Chemistry -- 5.2…Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit -- References -- 6 Titan -- Abstract -- 6.1…Non-Convective Electrification -- 6.2…Ion Production -- 6.3…Charged Aerosol -- 6.4…Atmospheric Conductivity -- 6.5…Lightning, Schumann Resonances and the Possibility of a Global Atmospheric Electric Circuit -- References -- 7 Uranus and Neptune -- Abstract -- 7.1…Uranus -- 7.2…Neptune -- References -- 8 Triton and Pluto -- Abstract -- References -- 9 Exoplanetary Atmospheric Electricity -- Abstract -- 9.1…Processes Analogous to Solar System Planets -- 9.2…Processes Unique to Exoplanets -- References -- 10 Conclusions -- Abstract.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Introduction -- 1 Definition of Lakes and Their Position in the Romanian Territory -- Abstract -- 1.1…Concept and Definition -- 1.2…Limnological History -- 1.3…Definition of the Terms Lake and Pool -- 1.4…Distribution of Lakes -- 1.5…Types of Lakes -- 1.6…Natural Dam Lakes and Their Spatial Distribution -- 2 Geographic Location and Boundaries -- Abstract -- References -- 3 The Red Lake Within the Bicaz Gorges-Habreveghimascedil National Park -- Abstract -- 3.1…Geologic Sites -- 3.2…Physical-Geographic Sites -- 3.3…Exemplary Objectives -- 3.4…Archaeological Objectives -- 3.5…Protection of Vegetal Special Groups -- 3.6…Protection of the Fauna -- 3.7…Sites Proposed to be Included in the Perimeter of the Bicaz Gorges-Habreveghimascedil National Park -- References -- 4 Paleogeographic Evolution of the Hydrographic Basin and the Lacustrine Basin -- Abstract -- 4.1…The Sedimentation Cycles -- 4.2…Geologic Deposits -- 4.3…Soil Types -- References -- 5 Morphographic and Morphometric Features of the Habreveghimascedil Mountains, the Hydrographic Basin and the Red Lake Lacustrine Basin -- Abstract -- 5.1…The Habreveghimascedil Mountains -- 5.2…The Red Lake Hydrographic Basin -- 5.3…The Red Lake Lacustrine Basinlacustrine cuvette -- 5.3.1 Morpho-Bathymetric Parameters -- References -- 6 The Nature of the Sediments Within the Lacustrine Basin -- Abstract -- References -- 7 Climatic Setting -- Abstract -- References -- 8 The Seasonal Variation of Temperature, pH and Dissolved Oxygen Concentration -- Abstract -- References -- 9 Vegetation and Fauna -- Abstract -- 9.1…The Vegetation -- 9.2…Fauna -- References -- 10 The Red Lake Wetland: Boundary Principles and Ecologic Characteristics -- Abstract -- References -- 11 Water Management -- Abstract -- References -- 12 Conclusions -- Abstract -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Setting the Scene on Cultural Severanceand its Implications -- 1 Cultural Landscapes and Problems Associated with the Loss of Tradition and Custom: An Introduction and Overview -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Conference Topics Included: -- 1.3…Conservation at the Crossroads: Cultural Severance and the End of Tradition -- 1.4…Cultural Severance and Climate Change -- 1.5…As yet Unrecognised and Unspoken -- 1.6…Conclusions -- References -- 2 Cultural Severance and the End of Tradition -- 2.1…Introduction: Cutting the Umbilical Cord -- 2.2…Common Lands and Lands in Common -- 2.3…Human Utilisation and the Cultural Landscape -- 2.4…Landscapes and Ecology---Character and Distinction -- 2.5…So What is 'Cultural Severance'? -- 2.6…The Mechanism of Impacts -- 2.7…Some Examples of Ecological Consequences -- 2.8…Embedding Culture in Nature -- 2.9…Conclusions -- References -- 3 Globalism and the Enclosure of the Landscape Commons -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…The Commons Landscape -- 3.3…The 'Enclosure' of the Commons -- 3.4…The Enclosure of the 'Cultural Commons' -- 3.5…The Enclosure of Landscape as Scenery -- 3.6…Globalism and the Enclosure of the Landscape Commons -- 3.7…Conclusions -- 4 A Natural Origin of the Commons: Interactions of People, Animals and Invisible Biodiversity -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Open Areas in Forests -- 4.3…The Role of Pathogens and Pests -- 4.4…The Role of Fungi -- 4.5…Dispersal of Fungal and Fungal Like Spores by Water and Animals Including of Course Man -- 4.6…Interaction Between Diseases of Grazing Animals and Tree Generation in Open Areas -- 4.7…Oaks and Jays -- References -- Further Readings -- Part II Case Studies of Cultural Landscapes from Around the World -- 5 Valorising the European Rural Landscape: The Case of the Italian National Register of Historical Rural Landscapes. , 5.1…The Italian Case in the European and International Context -- 5.2…The Dynamics of Italian Landscape in the Last Century -- 5.3…Objectives of the Project -- 5.4…Mixed-Cultivation Landscapes -- 5.5…Terraced Landscapes -- 5.6…Integrity -- 5.7…Vulnerability -- 5.8…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Severance of a Traditional Grazing Landscape in the Himalayas: Commons and Ecosystems in Crisis? -- 6.1…Summary and Introduction -- 6.2…Historical Roots of a Culture: Chamba and its People -- 6.3…Part I. A Cultural Landscape -- 6.4…Traditions of Upland-Lowland Commons -- 6.4.1 The Upland Periphery -- 6.4.2 The Lowlands -- 6.5…Mapping Rights and Use in the Grazing Landscape -- 6.5.1 Natural Ecology and Grazing Ecosystems -- 6.5.2 Altitude and Grazing Trails -- 6.5.3 Seasonal Variations and Risk Avoidance in Pastoral Customs -- 6.5.4 Pastoral Traditions of Conservation -- 6.6…Part II. Severance of the Cultural Landscape -- 6.6.1 Tell-Tale Signs of Erosion in the Landscape -- References -- 7 Early Wood Commons and Beyond -- 7.1…Early Medieval Wood-Pasture Commons -- 7.2…Wood-Pasture Woodland -- 7.3…The Loss of the Commons -- 7.4…Landscapes of Conflict -- 7.5…Conclusions: Conservation of the Commons -- References -- 8 What, How, and Why? Collecting Traditional Knowledge on Forest Uses in Switzerland -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Study Area -- 8.3…Materials and Methods -- 8.4…Results and Discussion -- 8.5…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 The History of Utilization and Management of Commons and Consequences of Current Social Change in the Alpine Region of Austria -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Material and Study Area -- 9.3…Results -- 9.3.1 Living Condition of the Rural Population -- 9.4…Natural Factors: Landscape Structure -- 9.5…Social Factors -- 9.6…Benefits and Obligations of Commons : Historical Tasks. , 9.7…Changes in Land Use Management and the Present Role of Commons -- 9.8…Discussion: Future Perspectives in the Context of Migration and Globalization -- 9.9…Conclusions -- 10 Guided Pollards and the Basque Woodland During the Early Modern Age -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Types of Forestry Techniques -- 10.3…Ipinabarres or Guided Pollard Oaks -- 10.4…The Beginnings of the Technique -- 10.5…The Spread of the Technique Throughout Guipúzcoa -- 10.6…The Results of the Application of the Pollarding System -- 10.7…Conclusions -- References -- 11 The Evolution of Forest Landscapes in Spain's Central Mountain Range: Different Forests for Different Traditional Uses -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Types of Forest Use Over the Last Eight Hundred Years -- 11.3…Characterisation of Forest Vegetation Based Upon Their Exploitation: Charcoal, Livestock Farming and Timber -- 11.4…Exploitation of Quercus Pyrenaica Coppices for Charcoal -- 11.5…Livestock Farming in the Guadarrama Mountains: Quercus Pyrenaica Dehesas and Holly Wood With Oak (Quercus Pyrenaica, Quercus Petraea Subsp Petraea) -- 11.5.1 The Quercus Pyrenaica: From Forest to Dehesa -- 11.6…Other Uses of the Oak Forests: Wooden Beams and Pastures -- 11.7…The Holly Woods: Recent Expansion of Anthropic Forests -- 11.8…Guadarrama's Historical Pine Forests for Forestry Use -- 11.9…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Of Commoners and Kings -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…English Commons Since the Norman Conquest -- 12.3…Common Land Before 1066 -- 12.4…The Manorial and Forest Systems -- 12.5…Forest Law -- 12.6…The Introduction of Forest Law to England -- 12.7…The Purpose of the Forest -- 12.8…Laws Relating to the Commons -- 12.9…The Royal Forest of Savernake -- 12.10…A Landscape of Rights, Privileges and Obligations -- 12.11…Reassertion of Rights -- 12.12…Traditional Self-Regulation of the Commons. , 12.13…Tragedies of the Commons -- 12.14…The Private Forest -- 12.15…Other Examples of Timber Depletion in the Royal Forests -- 12.16…Conclusions -- References -- Printed Sources -- Primary Sources---Public Records Office -- Primary Sources---Wiltshire and Swindon Archives -- Primary Sources---Longleat House -- 13 The Cultural Landscape of Royal Hunting Gardens from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Century in Bialstrokowiezdota Primeval Forest -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…Bialstrokowiezdota Primeval Forest -- 13.3…Cultural Landscape of a Royal Hunting Garden in BPF -- 13.4…The Ending of Traditional Utilisation and the Changes in the Hunting Garden Landscape -- References -- 14 The End of Common Uses and Traditional Management in a Central European Wood -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Common Versus Communal -- 14.3…Wood-Pasture and Woodland Meadows -- 14.4…Coppice -- 14.5…Conclusions: Larger Context and Local Colour -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III The History and Use of Landscape Commons -- 15 'A very fair field indeedhellip': An Archaeology of the Common Lands of English Towns -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Archaeological Remains on Town Commons -- 15.3…Governance and Continuing Use -- 15.4…Recent Losses and Response -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 From Pasture Woodland, via Deer Park and Common, to Cultural Severance: A Case Study of the Commons of Ashampstead, Berkshire -- 16.1…The Landscape Setting -- 16.2…Occupation in the Landscape -- 16.3…Woodland History -- 16.4…The History of the Commons -- 16.5…The Deer Park -- 16.6…The Ecological Evidence -- 16.7…Use Made by the Community in the Historic Period -- 16.7.1 The Court Leet, Court Baron and Court of Survey of Roberts(sic) John Hopkins -- 16.8…What of the Future? -- 17 Changing Cornish Commons -- 17.1…Introduction -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 18 The Commons of the Ancient Parish of Sheffield -- 18.1…Introduction -- 18.2…The Parish of Sheffield -- 18.3…Moor and Common -- 18.4…Hamlets -- 18.5…Moors, Greens and Commons -- 18.6…Disputes and Enclosures -- 18.7…Conclusions -- References -- 19 Traditional Uses, Destruction, Survival and Restoration of Common Land: A South Yorkshire Perspective -- 19.1…Traditional Commons and Their Use in South Yorkshire -- 19.2…Destruction of Common Land in South Yorkshire -- 19.3…Survival and Restoration of Common Land -- 19.4…Conclusions -- References -- 20 Abandoned Landscapes of Former German Settlement in the Czech Republic and in Slovenia -- 20.1…Introduction -- 20.2…Historical Approach -- 20.3…Land Use Change -- 20.4…Landscape Structure, Landscape Memory and Landscape Heritage -- 20.5…Environmental and Geo-Ecological Landscape Research -- 20.6…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Datasets -- 21 Land Management and Biodiversity Through Time in Upper Ribblesdale, North Yorkshire, UK: Understanding the Impact of Traditional Management -- 21.1…Introduction -- 21.2…Historic Drivers of Landscape Development and Vegetation Change in the Uplands of Northern England -- 21.3…Ribblesdale: Historical and Environmental Change -- 21.4…Historic Landscape and Environmental Change in Ribblesdale -- 21.5…Pollen Analysis -- 21.6…Discussion -- 21.7…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 22 Policing the Commons in the Vale of York, c.1550--c.1850 -- 22.1…Introduction -- 22.2…Common Fields -- 22.3…Meadows and Ings -- 22.4…Common Woodlands, Marshes and Pastures -- 22.5…Common Infrastructure -- 22.6…Conclusions -- 22.7…Primary Sources -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 23 The Parliamentary Enclosure of Upland Commons in North--West England: Economic, Social and Cultural Impacts -- 23.1…Introduction -- 23.2…Conclusions -- References. , Part IV Issues and Approaches for FutureCommons and Cultural Landscapes.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: A Systems (Holistic) Approach to Sustainable Agriculture -- 1.1 Energy Efficiency -- 1.2 A Systems Definition of Agricultural Sustainability -- 1.3 Is Energy Efficiency the Key to Sustainability? -- 1.4 Why Does Agriculture Need Energy Subsidies? -- 1.5 Energy as a Limiting Factor -- 1.6 Other Views of Sustainability -- 1.6.1 Critique of the Definitions -- 1.6.2 Panarchy -- 1.7 What Is a System? -- 1.7.1 Mechanical Systems -- 1.7.2 Biological Systems -- 1.7.2.1 Human Bodies -- 1.7.2.2 Feedback in Human Bodies -- 1.7.2.3 Ecological Systems -- 1.8 Control in Ecological Systems -- 1.8.1 Homeostasis -- 1.8.2 Optimum Efficiency for Maximum Power Output -- 1.9 Boundaries of Ecological Systems -- 1.10 The Value of a Systems (Holistic) Approach -- 1.10.1 Holism: The Foundation for Ecosystem Analysis -- 1.11 Holistic Properties of Sustainable Systems -- 1.11.1 Energy Use Efficiency -- 1.11.2 Stability -- 1.11.2.1 Resistance and Resilience -- Natural Ecosystems -- Agricultural Ecosystems -- 1.11.3 Nutrient Cycling Efficiency -- 1.11.4 Diversity and Stability -- 1.11.5 Succession -- 1.11.5.1 Succession in the Piedmont -- 1.11.6 Productivity -- 1.11.7 Respiration and Decomposition -- 1.11.8 Pollution Discharge -- References -- Chapter 2: A History of Unsustainability in Agriculture -- 2.1 Pre-History -- 2.2 Mesopotamia -- 2.3 The Mediterranean -- 2.4 The Middle Ages and Medieval Europe -- 2.5 The Mayan Civilization -- 2.6 The Industrial Revolution - Energy Intensification -- 2.6.1 Plows -- 2.6.2 Dams and Levees - Formations Used to Store and Divert Energy -- 2.7 The Agricultural Revolution in North America -- 2.7.1 The Nineteenth Century -- 2.7.2 Subsidies -- 2.7.3 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations -- 2.8 The Green Revolution -- 2.8.1 Commercial Nitrogen Fixation -- 2.8.2 Pesticides. , 2.8.3 Herbicides -- 2.8.4 Social Aspects of the Green Revolution -- 2.9 The Second Green Revolution -- 2.9.1 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 2.9.2 Sustainability of Green Revolutions -- 2.9.3 A Tale of Two Botanies -- References -- Chapter 3: Political and Economic Challenges to Creating a Sustainable Agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dilemmas of Two Farmers -- 3.3 The Large Scale Commodity Farmer -- 3.3.1 Subsidies -- 3.3.1.1 Is a Completely Free Market the Answer? -- 3.3.2 Tariffs -- 3.3.3 Cultural/Mindset -- 3.3.4 Social -- 3.3.5 Transition Costs -- 3.3.6 Lack of Evidence -- 3.3.7 Risk Aversion -- 3.4 The Small Scale Organic Farmer -- 3.4.1 Regulations -- 3.4.1.1 How USDA Regulations Hurt Small Sustainable Farmers -- 3.4.2 Financing -- 3.4.3 Access to Land -- 3.4.4 Competition -- 3.4.4.1 Specialization and Quality Control -- 3.4.5 Marketing -- 3.4.6 Information -- 3.5 Some Intractable Barriers -- 3.5.1 Vested Interests -- 3.5.2 Reductionistic Science -- 3.5.3 Misdirected Government Policies -- 3.5.4 Failure of the Economic System -- 3.5.5 The Law of Supply and Demand -- 3.5.6 A Short-Term Economic Horizon -- 3.5.7 The Abundance of Resources -- 3.5.8 Attitude Toward Nature -- 3.5.8.1 Are Farmers Environmentalists? -- 3.5.9 The Tragedy of the Commons -- 3.5.10 Irrational Exuberance -- References -- Chapter 4: Energetic Services of Nature that Increase Agricultural Sustainability -- 4.1 Types of Value -- 4.2 Nutrient Recycling - A Market Value -- 4.2.1 The Service Rendered: Increasing the Efficiency of Nutrient Cycling -- 4.2.2 Source of the Service: Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.3 The Community of Soil Organisms -- 4.2.3.1 Energy Flow Through the Soil Ecosystem -- Nutrients in the Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.3.2 Why Food Webs Differ -- The Soil Community and Compost -- 4.2.4 How Is Nutrient Cycling Efficiency Increased by Soil Organic Matter?. , 4.2.4.1 Synchronization -- 4.2.4.2 Phosphorus Solubilization -- 4.2.4.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 4.2.4.4 Nutrient Uptake by Mycorrhizae -- 4.2.4.5 Physical Properties of Soil -- 4.2.4.6 Increased Vigor of Plants -- 4.2.5 The Energetic and Economic Value of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.5.1 Value of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.6 Energy Subsidies Replaced by Soil Organic Matter -- 4.3 Pest Control - An Attributable Value -- 4.3.1 The Service Rendered - Controlling Insect Pests -- 4.3.2 Source of the Services -- 4.3.2.1 Beneficial Insects -- 4.3.2.2 Complexity and Diversity of Crop Systems -- 4.3.2.3 Natural Insecticides -- 4.3.3 The Energetic and Economic Value of Insect Pest Control -- 4.3.4 Energy Subsidies Replaced by Nature's Insect Control -- 4.4 Weed Control - An Attributable Value -- 4.4.1 The Service Rendered - Fighting Succession -- 4.4.2 Source of the Services -- 4.4.2.1 Allelopathy -- The Energetic and Economic Value of Weed Control -- 4.4.2.2 Fire -- Fire Research -- 4.5 Pollution Abatement - An Attributable Value -- 4.5.1 The Service Rendered: Prevention of Stream Pollution -- 4.5.1.1 Source of the Service: Bottomland Forests -- 4.6 Pollination - An Attributable Value -- 4.6.1 The Service Rendered - Fertilizing the Ovary of Plants -- 4.6.1.1 Source of the Service - Birds, Bees, Bats -- 4.7 Biodiversity - An Intangible Value -- 4.7.1 The Service Rendered - Increasing Sustainability -- 4.7.2 Source of the Service - Genetic Diversity -- 4.7.2.1 Selective Breeding and Reduction of the Genetic Pool -- 4.7.2.2 Insect Resistance and Genetic Variation -- The Evolutionary Race -- 4.7.2.3 Increasing Efficiency of Ecosystem Function -- Overyielding -- Facilitation and Mutualism -- 4.8 Soil Rehabilitation - An Intangible Value -- 4.8.1 The Service Rendered: Improving Structure of Georgia Red Clay -- 4.8.2 Source of the Service. , 4.9 Ecosystem Services in an Energy-Scarce Future -- References -- Chapter 5: Applied Tools and Practices for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Combating Soil Erosion -- 5.1.1 Cover Crops -- 5.1.2 Conservation Tillage -- 5.1.3 Contour Plowing -- 5.1.4 Hedge Rows -- 5.1.5 Wind Breaks -- 5.1.6 Kudzu ( Pueraria sp.) -- 5.1.7 Perennial Grains -- 5.2 Increasing Soil Fertility -- 5.2.1 Manuring -- 5.2.2 Composting -- 5.2.3 Other Organic Amendments -- 5.2.4 Liming -- 5.2.5 Microbial Priming -- 5.2.6 Crop Rotations -- 5.2.7 Tightening the Nutrient Cycle -- 5.3 Suppressing Weeds -- 5.3.1 Herbicides -- 5.3.2 Plastic Weed Barriers -- 5.3.3 Flaming -- 5.3.4 Soil Solarization (Sterilization) -- 5.4 Controlling Insect Pests -- 5.4.1 Crop Management -- 5.4.2 Beneficial Interactions -- 5.4.3 Natural Pesticides -- 5.4.3.1 Before You Use Pesticides -- 5.5 Increasing Resource Use Efficiency -- 5.5.1 Mixed Species Agriculture -- 5.5.2 Mixed Species Forest Plantations -- 5.5.3 Mixed Species Grazing -- 5.6 Improving Pastures -- 5.6.1 Intensive Grazing Management -- 5.6.2 Rotational Grazing -- 5.7 Increasing Efficiency of Irrigation Systems -- 5.8 Farmscaping -- 5.8.1 Farmscaping at Spring Valley Ecofarm -- 5.8.2 Working with Nature -- 5.9 Organic Agriculture -- 5.9.1 Why Do People Buy Organic? -- 5.9.2 Is It Sustainable? -- 5.9.3 Are High Yields the Answer? -- 5.10 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: An Economic, Ecological, and Cultural Evaluation of Agriculture in the American South -- 6.1 The Invisible Hand of the Marketplace -- 6.2 Why Focus the South? -- 6.3 An Agricultural History of the South -- 6.3.1 The Cultural Context -- 6.3.2 The Colonial Period -- 6.3.2.1 Jamestown -- 6.3.2.2 The Migration Westward -- 6.3.2.3 The Coastal Plain -- 6.3.2.4 The Piedmont -- Piedmont Soils -- 6.3.2.5 The Mountains -- 6.3.3 Carolina and Georgia. , 6.3.3.1 The Rice Plantations -- 6.3.4 The Post-revolutionary War Period -- 6.3.4.1 Agricultural Decline -- 6.3.4.2 The Agricultural Revival: A Reprieve from the Downward Spiral -- Soil Amendments -- 6.3.5 King Cotton -- 6.3.5.1 Settlement of Central Georgia -- 6.3.5.2 The Movement Westward -- Slavery as a Subsidy -- 6.3.6 The Civil War -- 6.3.7 Reconstruction: 1865-1900 -- 6.3.7.1 Pharsalia -- 6.3.8 Southern Agriculture Since 1900 -- 6.3.8.1 Corn -- 6.3.8.2 Tobacco -- 6.3.8.3 Cotton -- 6.3.8.4 Legumes -- 6.3.8.5 Vegetable Crops -- 6.3.8.6 Fruit Trees -- 6.3.8.7 Timber Trees -- 6.3.8.8 Cattle -- 6.3.8.9 Poultry -- 6.3.8.10 Hogs -- 6.3.9 Agriculture in Georgia: 2012 -- 6.4 Southern Conservatism -- 6.5 An Economic Evaluation of Agriculture in the Old South -- 6.5.1 The Colonial Period -- 6.5.1.1 Tobacco -- 6.5.1.2 Subsistence Agriculture -- 6.5.1.3 Rice -- 6.5.2 Settlement of the Georgia Colony -- 6.5.2.1 Early Settlers -- 6.5.2.2 The Cotton Era -- 6.5.2.3 Alabama and Mississippi Territories -- 6.5.3 "How Well did the Invisible Hand Work in the Old South?" -- 6.6 An Economic Evaluation of Agriculture in the New South -- 6.6.1 Agricultural Crops -- 6.6.2 Fruit Tree Crops -- 6.6.3 Forest Products -- 6.7 How Well Is the Invisible Hand Working in the New South? -- 6.8 An Ecological Evaluation of Agriculture in the South -- 6.9 Maximum Power vs. The Invisible Hand (H.T. Odum vs. Adam Smith) -- 6.9.1 Verdict at the Frontier -- 6.9.2 Verdict Beyond the Frontier -- References -- Chapter 7: Case Studies of Contemporary, Sustainable Farms in the South -- 7.1 Sustainable Specialties -- 7.1.1 Free Ranging Livestock -- 7.1.1.1 White Oak Pastures, Bluffton, Georgia -- 7.1.1.2 Polyface Farm, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia -- 7.1.1.3 Grass Roots Farm, Walton County, Georgia -- 7.1.2 Heritage Breeds -- 7.1.2.1 Grove Creek Farm, Crawford Georgia. , 7.1.2.2 Broad River Pastures, Elberton, Georgia.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- Part I: Understanding the Movement of Groundwater in the Coastal Zone -- Chapter 1: Groundwater in the Coastal Zones of the Asia-Pacific Region-A Threatened Resource Needing Integrated Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Structure of the Book -- 1.3 Locations of Case Studies -- 1.4 Content and Objectives -- 1.5 Conclusions -- Reference -- Chapter 2: Hydrogeology and Hydrochemistry Along Two Transects in Mangrove Tidal Marshes at Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve, Hainan, China -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Sites -- 2.3 Methods -- 2.3.1 Field Measurements -- 2.3.2 Laboratory Analysis -- 2.4 Results and Discussions -- 2.4.1 Variations of Salinity, pH, ORP and Temperature -- 2.4.2 Water Quality -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: A Geochemical and Geophysical Assessment of Coastal Groundwater Discharge at Select Sites in Maui and O´ahu, Hawai´i -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Submarine Groundwater Discharge - Field Methods -- 3.2.2 Submarine Groundwater Discharge - Geochemical Tracers -- 3.2.3 Multi-channel Electrical Resistivity -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Submarine Groundwater Discharge - Nutrient Loadings -- 3.3.2 Multi-channel Electrical Resistivity Surveys -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II: Methods in Coastal Groundwater Investigation and Assessment Tools -- Chapter 4: Use of Geophysical and Hydrochemical Tools to Investigate Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Alluvial Aquifer, Andhra Pradesh, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of the Study Area -- 4.3 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 4.4 Materials and Methodologies -- 4.4.1 Major Ions -- 4.4.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.5.1 Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) -- 4.5.2 Major Ion Chemistry -- 4.5.2.1 Ionic Ratios -- 4.5.3 ERT Versus Quality. , 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Geophysical Viewpoints for Groundwater Resource Development and Management in Coastal Tracts -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Geophysical Methods -- 5.2.1 Electrical Resistivity Method -- 5.2.2 Geophysical Logging -- 5.3 Case Study: Digha Area, East Medinipur, West Bengal, India -- 5.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Characterisation of a Coastal Aquifer System in the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Methods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Use of NMR in Groundwater Studies -- 6.2.2 Physical Principles of NMR -- 6.2.3 Surface NMR Soundings -- 6.3 An Introduction to the Case Study: Uley South Aquifer System -- 6.4 Results of NMR Study -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Airborne Transient EM Methods and Their Applications for Coastal Groundwater Investigations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Introduction to AEM Methods -- 7.2.1 A Brief Historical Overview -- 7.2.2 Mapping Aquifers with HTEM Systems -- 7.3 Physical Response from the Ground -- 7.3.1 Basics of the Transient EM Method -- 7.3.2 Typical Response from the Ground -- 7.3.3 Sensitivity of the Method to Ground Resistivity -- 7.4 Noise and Resolution -- 7.4.1 Noise -- 7.4.2 Noise and Measurements -- 7.4.3 Depth of Investigation -- 7.4.4 Model Errors, Equivalence -- 7.4.5 Coupling to Man-Made Conductors -- 7.4.5.1 Coupling Types -- 7.5 Modeling and Interpretation -- 7.5.1 Modeling of the AEM System -- 7.5.2 From TEM Measurement to Ground Resistivity Model -- 7.5.2.1 Iterative Inversion Procedure in Geophysics -- 7.5.2.2 Number of Dimension of the Ground: 1D, 2D and 3D -- 7.6 Field Case: SkyTEM in Mayotte Island -- 7.6.1 Introduction -- 7.6.2 The SkyTEM System -- 7.7 Case Study: Mayotte Island -- 7.7.1 Geophysical Data Acquisition. , 7.7.2 Highlighting Key Geological Structures -- 7.7.3 Hydrogeological Functioning -- 7.7.4 Seawater Intrusion -- 7.8 Conclusion - Perspective -- References -- Chapter 8: Geophysical Investigations of Saltwater Intrusion into the Coastal Groundwater Aquifers of Songkhla City, Southern Thailand -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Seismic Refraction -- 8.3.2 Seismic Reflection -- 8.3.3 Vertical Electrical Sounding Method -- 8.3.4 Borehole Data -- 8.4 Results -- 8.4.1 Cross Sections -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Three-Dimensional Seawater Intrusion Modelling of Uley South Basin, South Australia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Description -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Modelling Software -- 9.3.2 Modelling Strategy -- 9.3.3 Model Set Up -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 GWF Model Calibration -- 9.4.2 Simulation of Pre-development Conditions -- 9.4.3 No-Pumping Scenario - Natural SWI -- 9.4.4 Historical SWI Scenario -- 9.4.5 SWI Scenario Testing - Effects of Pumping and Recharge Changes -- 9.4.6 Uley South SWI Recoverability -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Application of a Rapid-Assessment Method for Seawater Intrusion Vulnerability: Willunga Basin, South Australia -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Theory -- 10.2.1 Analytical Approach -- 10.2.1.1 Unconfined Aquifers -- 10.2.1.2 Confined Aquifers -- 10.2.1.3 SWI Vulnerability Indicators -- 10.2.2 Transient Analysis -- 10.3 Application to the Willunga Basin -- 10.3.1 Conceptualisation and Parameterisation of the Willunga Basin -- 10.3.2 Theoretical SWI Extent in the Willunga Basin -- 10.3.3 SWI Vulnerability Indicators for the Willunga Basin -- 10.3.4 Transient Analysis -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Impacts on Groundwater Conditions. , Chapter 11: Groundwater Composition and Geochemical Controls in Small Tropical Islands of Malaysia: A Comparative Study -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Site Description -- 11.1.1.1 Malaysia -- 11.1.1.2 Manukan Island -- 11.1.1.3 Kapas Island -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.2.1 Sampling and Analyses -- 11.2.2 In-Situ Parameters -- 11.2.3 Major Ions Analyses -- 11.2.4 Data Analyses -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Descriptive Statistics -- 11.3.1.1 Manukan Island -- 11.3.1.2 Kapas Island -- 11.3.2 Saturation Indices -- 11.3.3 Ionic Changes -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Atoll Groundwater Resources at Risk: Combining Field Observations and Model Simulations of Saline Intrusion Following Storm-Generated Sea Flooding -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Harsh Environments, Hardy People -- 12.1.2 The Nature of Atoll Groundwater Resources -- 12.1.3 Atoll Groundwater Vulnerability to Physical and Human Disturbance -- 12.2 Groundwater Observations in the Northern Cook Islands (A Case Study of Storm-Induced Salinisation and Recovery) -- 12.2.1 Introduction -- 12.2.2 Baseline Freshwater Lens Characteristics -- 12.2.3 Cyclone-Induced Impacts on Groundwater and Subsequent Recovery -- 12.2.4 Modelling Approaches -- 12.2.5 Overview of Previous Modelling Studies on Atoll Groundwater Resources -- 12.2.6 Effects of Storm-Wave Washover on Freshwater Lenses -- 12.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 13: Seawater Intrusion Assessment and Mitigation in the Coastal Aquifer of Wadi Ham -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Physical Setting of Wadi Ham -- 13.3 Geological and Hydrogeological Settings of Wadi Ham -- 13.4 Groundwater Modeling in Wadi Ham Aquifer -- 13.4.1 Model Geometry and Boundary Conditions -- 13.4.2 Calibration and Verification of the Flow Model -- 13.4.3 The Transport Model -- 13.5 Pumping Management to Reduce Seawater Intrusion. , 13.6 Effects of the Wadi Ham Dam and Artificial Recharge -- 13.7 Hypothetical Recharge Scenarios -- 13.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Seawater Intrusion Under Current Sea-Level Rise: Processes Accompanying Coastline Transgression -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results -- 14.3.1 SLR-SWI Under a Steep-Sloped Land Surface -- 14.3.2 SLR-SWI Under a Shallow-Sloped Land Surface -- 14.3.3 Applicability of Gamma (Lag Index) to Different Slopes -- 14.3.4 Assessment of Landward Boundary Condition Controls -- 14.3.5 Salinization Rates and Volumes -- 14.4 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV: The Way Forward: Solutions and Outlook for Groundwater Management -- Chapter 15: Integrated Groundwater Use and Management in Vulnerable Coastal Zones of Asia-Pacific -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Groundwater Occurrence, Characteristics and Uses in Asia-Pacific -- 15.3 Natural Groundwater Quality -- 15.4 Groundwater Vulnerabilities and Challenges in Coastal Areas -- 15.4.1 Metropolitan Areas -- 15.4.2 Suburban and Rural Areas -- 15.4.2.1 The Case of the 2004 Tsunami -- 15.5 Integrated Solutions -- 15.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Coastal Groundwater and Its Supporting Role in the Development of Gunungsewu Geopark, Java, Indonesia -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Location -- 16.1.2 Objectives -- 16.2 Method of Study -- 16.3 Geology -- 16.3.1 Stratigraphy -- 16.3.2 Geological Structures and History -- 16.4 Hydrogeology -- 16.4.1 Existence of Coastal Springs and Fractal Geometry -- 16.4.2 Characteristics and Conceptual Model -- 16.4.3 Support for the Development of the Geopark -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Gascoyne River, Western Australia -- Alluvial Aquifer, Groundwater Management and Tools -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 History -- 17.3 Previous Work -- 17.4 Physiography and Climate. , 17.5 Gascoyne River System and Hydrogeology.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter-1 -- Public Policy and Public Resources -- 1.1 Public Policy -- 1.2 Population -- 1.3 Land -- 1.4 Food -- 1.5 Air -- 1.6 Water -- 1.7 Additional topics for research -- 1.8 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Combustion -- 2.1 Biofuels -- 2.1.1 Biodiesel -- 2.1.2 Ethanol -- 2.1.3 Wood -- 2.2 Fossil Fuels -- 2.2.1 Coal -- 2.2.2 Natural Gas -- 2.2.3 Petroleum -- 2.3 Solid Waste -- 2.3.1 Tire-Derived Fuel -- 2.4 Additional Topics for Research -- 2.5 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Heat Exchangers -- 3.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems -- 3.2 Low Grade Geothermal Systems (LGG) -- 3.3 Geothermal Heat -- 3.4 Additional Topics for Research -- 3.5 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-4 -- Nuclear -- 4.1 Additional Topics for Research -- 4.2 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Solar -- 5.1 Passive Solar -- 5.2 Active Solar -- 5.3 Batteries -- 5.4 Additional Topics for Research -- 5.5 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Water -- 6.1 Currents -- 6.2 Dams and Reservoirs -- 6.3 Additional Topics for Research -- 6.4 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Wind -- 7.1 Aviation -- 7.2 Sailing -- 7.3 Wind Turbines -- 7.4 Additional Topics for Research -- 7.5 Assignments -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Ethics -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- List of Abbreviations -- About the Editors -- Chapter-1 -- The History and Current State of Critical Loads and Dynamic Modelling Assessments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The Concept of Critical Loads -- 1.3 The History and Current State of Critical Load Assessments -- 1.4 The Use of Dynamic Modelling -- 1.5 Reading Guideline -- References -- Part I -- Assessment of Indicators for Air Pollutant Impacts -- Chapter-2 -- Geochemical Indicators for Use in the Computation of Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Impacts of Acid Deposition on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems and Critical Limits for Geochemical Indicators -- 2.2.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 2.2.2 Aquatic Ecosystems -- 2.3 Impacts of Metal Deposition on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems and Critical Limitsof Geochemical Indicators -- 2.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 2.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems -- 2.4 Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems and Geochemical Risk Indicators -- 2.4.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 2.4.2 Aquatic Ecosystems -- 2.5 Overview of Critical Limits of Geochemical Indicators and Evaluation -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Plant Species Diversity Indicators for Use in the Computation of Critical Loads and Dynamic Risk Assessments -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Indicators for Plant Species Diversity -- 3.2.1 Weighting Approaches -- 3.2.2 Simple Species Counting -- 3.2.3 Classical Diversity Measures -- 3.2.4 Conservancy Values Per Species -- 3.2.5 Target Species and Communities -- 3.3 Assessment of Critical Limits for Abiotic Conditions on the Basis of a Plant Species Diversity Indicator -- 3.3.1 Available Approaches -- 3.3.2 Niche Models -- 3.3.3 Community-Oriented Approach -- 3.3.4 Species-Oriented Approach -- 3.3.5 Alternative Approaches -- 3.4 Discussion. , References -- Part II -- Empirical and Model-Based Critical Loads and Target Loads -- Chapter-4 -- Effects and Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen for Europe -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Ecosystems -- 4.1.2 History of Empirical N Critical Loads and its Revisions -- 4.1.3 Approach for Determining Empirical Critical Loadsof Nitrogen for Europe -- 4.1.4 Contents of this Chapter -- 4.2 Marine Habitats (EUNIS Class A) -- 4.2.1 System Description -- 4.2.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.3 Coastal Habitats (EUNIS Class B) -- 4.3.1 System Description -- 4.3.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.4 Inland Surface Water Habitats (EUNIS Class C) -- 4.4.1 System Description -- 4.4.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.5 Mire, Bog and Fen Habitats (EUNIS Class D) -- 4.5.1 System Description -- 4.5.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.6 Grasslands and Land Dominated by Forbs, Mosses and Lichens (EUNIS Class E) -- 4.6.1 System Description -- 4.6.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.7 Heathland, Scrub and Tundra Habitats (EUNISClass F) -- 4.7.1 System Description -- 4.7.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.8 Woodland, Forest and Other Wooded Land (EUNIS Class G) -- 4.8.1 System Description -- 4.8.2 Nitrogen Deposition Effects and Critical Loads of N -- 4.9 Discussion and Conclusions -- 4.9.1 Modifying Factors -- 4.9.2 Gaps in Knowledge and Research Needs -- 4.9.3 Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen in the Future -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Effects and Empirical Critical Loads of Nitrogen for Ecoregions of the United States -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition on Ecosystems -- 5.1.2 Approach for Determining Empirical Critical Loadsof Nitrogen -- 5.1.3 Contents of this Chapter. , 5.2 Mycorrhizal Fungi -- 5.2.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.2.2 Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 5.3 Lichens and Bryophytes -- 5.3.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.3.2 Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 5.4 Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs -- 5.4.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.4.2 Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 5.5 Trees/Forest Ecosystems -- 5.5.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.5.2 Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 5.6 Freshwater and Wetland Ecosystems -- 5.6.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.6.2 Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 5.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.7.1 Effects of Nitrogen Deposition -- 5.7.2 Relative Sensitivities of Different Receptors, Ecosystem Types, and Regions -- 5.7.3 Factors Affecting the Critical Load -- 5.7.4 Comparison to Critical Loads in Europe -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Mass Balance Models to Derive Critical Loads of Nitrogen and Acidity for Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Critical Loads of Nutrient Nitrogen for Soils -- 6.2.1 The SMB Model for Critical Loads of Nutrient Nitrogen -- 6.2.2 Critical/Acceptable N Leaching -- 6.2.3 Sources and Derivation of Input Data -- 6.3 Critical Loads of Acidity (N and S) for Soils -- 6.3.1 The SMB Model for Critical Loads of Acidity -- 6.3.2 Chemical Criteria and the Critical Leaching of ANC -- 6.3.3 Sources and Derivation of Input Data -- 6.4 Critical Loads of Acidity for Surface Waters -- 6.4.1 The Steady-State Water Chemistry (SSWC) Model -- 6.4.2 The First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) Model -- 6.5 Calculation of Exceedances -- 6.6 Discussion and Outlook -- 6.7 Annex: Correcting for Sea Salts -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Mass Balance Approaches to Assess Critical Loads and Target Loads of Metals for Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecosystems -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods to Compute Critical Loads and Target Loads. , 7.2.1 Steady-State Model to Compute Critical Loads -- 7.2.2 Simple Dynamic Models to Compute Target Loads -- 7.3 Examples of Critical Load and Target Load Calculations -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- 7.4.1 Reliability of Critical Loads and Target Loads -- 7.4.2 Relevance of the Approach for Policy Making in View of Time Scales -- References -- Part III -- Dynamic Modelling for the Assessment of Air Pollution Impacts at Site Scale -- Chapter-8 -- Dynamic Geochemical Models to Assess Deposition Impacts and Target Loads of Acidity for Soils and Surface Waters -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Model Descriptions -- 8.2.1 VSD -- 8.2.2 MAGIC -- 8.2.3 ForSAFE -- 8.2.4 SMARTml -- 8.3 Model Validations and Site Applications -- 8.3.1 Application of VSD and ForSAFE to Three Swiss Forest Monitoring Sites -- 8.3.2 Application of MAGIC to a Long-term Forest Monitoring Site in the UK -- 8.3.3 Application of ForSAFE to Two Spruce Forests in Sweden and Switzerland -- 8.3.4 Application of SMARTml to a Long-term Norway Spruce Monitoring Site in Germany -- 8.4 Scenario Analyses and Target Loads -- 8.4.1 Scenario Analysis With the MAGIC Model -- 8.4.2 Target Load Calculations Using MAGIC -- 8.4.3 Target Load Calculations With VSD at Multiple Sites -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Dynamic Geochemical Models to Assess Deposition Impacts of Metals for Soils and Surface Waters -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Modelling Approaches -- 9.2.1 SMART2-Metals -- 9.2.2 CHUM-AM -- 9.2.3 SMARTml -- 9.3 Model Applications -- 9.3.1 SMART2-Metals Application on Chronosequences in the Netherlands and Sweden -- 9.3.2 CHUM-AM Application to Upland Catchments in the United Kingdom -- 9.3.3 SMARTml Validation on a Long-Term Forest Monitoring Plot in Germany -- 9.4 Relevance of Dynamic Modelling of Metals -- References -- Chapter-10. , Use of Combined Biogeochemical Model Approaches and Empirical Data to Assess Critical Loads of Nitrogen -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 California Mixed Conifer Forests -- 10.2.1 Methodologies for Empirical and Model-based CLs for Nitrate Leaching and N Trace Gas Loss -- 10.2.2 Empirical and Model-based CLs for Mixed Conifer Forests in California -- 10.3 Desert Scrub and Pinyon-Juniper Woodland -- 10.3.1 Methodologies for Empirical and Model-based CLs in View of Fire Risk -- 10.3.2 Empirical and Model-based CLs for Desert Scrub and Pinyon-Juniper Woodland -- 10.4 High Elevation Catchments of the Colorado Rocky Mountains -- 10.4.1 Methodologies for Empirical and Model-based CLs for Nitrate Leaching, Acidification and Biodiversity Impacts -- 10.4.2 Empirical and Model-based CLs for the Colorado Rocky Mountains -- 10.5 Adirondack Lake Watersheds in New York State -- 10.5.1 Methodologies for Model-based CLs for Nitrate Leaching and Acidification -- 10.5.2 Empirical and Model-based CLs for Adirondack Lake Watersheds -- Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-11 -- Field Survey Based Models for Exploring Nitrogen and Acidity Effects on Plant Species Diversity and Assessing Long-Term Critical Loads -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.2.1 Model Chains: Linking Biogeochemistry to Niche Models -- 11.2.2 Dynamic Biogeochemical Models Relating N & -- S Deposition to Soil Conditions -- 11.2.3 Vegetation Biogeochemistry and Succession -- 11.2.4 Niche Models -- 11.2.5 Transfer Functions From Soil Conditions to Trait-Means -- 11.2.6 Niche Models from Direct Soil Measurements -- 11.2.7 From Niche Model Outputs to Nature Value and Critical Loads -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Model Testing -- 11.3.2 Model Applications -- 11.4 Outlook -- 11.4.1 Model Choice -- 11.4.2 Database Developments -- 11.4.3 Model Validation. , 11.4.4 Delays in Biological Response.

Note: Intro -- Impact of Climate Change on Natural Resource Management -- Editors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Estimation of Carbon Dioxide Emission Contributing GHG Level in Ambient Air of a Metro City: A Case Study for Kolka -- Chapter 2: Impact of Climate Change on the Availability of Virtual Water Estimated with the Help of Distributed Neurogenetic M -- Chapter 3: Use of Forest Index or PLANOBAY in Estimation of Water Availability Due to Climate Change -- Chapter 4: Application of Parity Classified Neurogenetic Models to Analyze the Impact of Climatic Uncertainty on Water Footprin -- Chapter 5: Impact of Climatic Uncertainty on Water Sequestration of a Subtropical River Basin -- Chapter 6: Estimating Spatial Variation of River Discharge in Face of Desertification Induced Uncertainty -- Chapter 7: Determination of Urbanization Impact on Rain Water Quality with the Help of Water Quality Index and Urbanization Ind -- Chapter 8: Identification of Water-Stressed Regions of Two Tropical and Subtropical River Basins with the Help of Representati -- Chapter 9: Estimation of the Spatial Variation of Stream Flow by Neural Models and Surface Algorithms -- Chapter 10: Estimation of the Spatial Variation of Water Quality by Neural Models and Surface Algorithms -- Chapter 11: Estimation of the Spatial Variation of Pollution Load by Neural Models and Surface Algorithms -- Chapter 12: Impact of Stressed Climatic Condition on a Small Tropical Tributary -- Chapter 13: Determination of Evapotranspiration from Stream Flow with the Help of Classified Neurogenetic Model -- Chapter 14: Determination of Urban and Rural Monsoonal Evapotranspiration by Neurogenetic Models -- Chapter 15: Accumulation of Carbon Stock Through Plantation in Urban Area. , Chapter 16: Conservation of Natural Resource with the Application of Carbon Sequestration and Carbon Economy -- Chapter 17: Measurement of Diurnal Carbon Sequestration Rate and Aboveground Biomass Carbon Potential of Two Young Species and -- Chapter 18: Estimation of Soil Carbon Stock and Soil Respiration Rate of Recreational and Natural Forests in India -- Chapter 19: Estimation of Reservoir Discharge with the Help of Clustered Neurogenetic Algorithm -- Chapter 20: Water Availability Analysis and Estimation of Optimal Power Generation for a Fixed Head Multi-Reservoir Hydropowe -- Chapter 21: An Overview of Hydrologic Modeling -- Chapter 22: A Generalized Overview of Artificial Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm -- Chapter 23: Introduction to Climate Change and Climate Models -- Chapter 24: A Brief Introduction to Remote Sensing and GIS -- Chapter 25: An Introduction and Current Trends of Damodar and Rupnarayan River Network -- Index.

Note: Intro -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 How far Ireland reaches and why? -- 1.2 The Irish National Seabed Survey (INSS) -- 1.3 Seabed Features -- 2: INSS Data Processing -- 3: The Irish Seabed -- 4: Below the Irish Seabed -- Bibliography -- 5: On the Irish Seabed -- 6: Above the Irish Seabed -- Bibliography -- 7: Canyons and Channels -- 7.1 Identification -- 7.2 Distribution -- Bibliography -- 8: Seamounts -- 8.1 Identification -- 8.2 Distribution -- Bibliography -- 9: Escarpments -- 9.1 Identification -- 9.2 Distribution -- Bibliography -- 10: Mound Features and Coral Carbonate Mounds -- 10.1 Identification -- 10.2 Distribution -- Bibliography -- 11: Iceberg Ploughmarks -- 11.1 Identification -- 11.2 Distribution -- Bibliography -- Introduction -- 12: Southwest Approaches and Goban Spur -- 13: Porcupine Seabight -- 14: Porcupine Bank -- 15: Northernmost Irish Continental Margin -- 16: Rockall Trough -- 17: Rockall Bank -- 18: Hatton-Rockall Basin & -- Hatton Bank -- 19: A Guide to the Digital Atlas -- 19.1 A Matter of Perspective -- 19.2 Accessing the On-line Data Sets Behind the Atlas -- 19.3 Useful Links and Contacts.