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  • Articles  (24)
  • Natural Sciences in General  (24)
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  • Articles  (24)
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  • 1
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    NODE and SOX-2 promote natural reprogramming [Developmental Biology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-25
    Description: Differentiated cells can be forced to change identity, either to directly adopt another differentiated identity or to revert to a pluripotent state. Direct reprogramming events can also occur naturally. We recently characterized such an event in Caenorhabditis elegans, in which a rectal cell switches to a neuronal cell. Here we have used this single-cell paradigm to investigate the molecular requirements of direct cell-type conversion, with a focus on the early steps. Our genetic analyses revealed the requirement of sem-4/Sall, egl-27/Mta, and ceh-6/Oct, members of the NODE complex recently identified in embryonic stem (ES) cells, and of the OCT4 partner sox-2, for the initiation of this natural direct reprogramming event. These four factors have been shown to individually impact on ES cell pluripotency; however, whether they act together to control cellular potential during development remained an open question. We further found that, in addition to acting at the same time, these factors physically associate, suggesting that they could act together as a NODE-like complex during this in vivo process. Finally, we have elucidated the functional domains in EGL-27/MTA that mediate its reprogramming activity in this system and have found that modulation of the posterior HOX protein EGL-5 is a downstream event to allow the initiation of Y identity change. Our data reveal unique in vivo functions in a natural direct reprogramming event for these genes that impact on ES cells pluripotency and suggest that conserved nuclear events could be shared between different cell plasticity phenomena across phyla.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 2
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    Reduced-dimensionality-induced helimagnetism in iron nanoislands (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-24
    Description: Article Spin textures, such as skyrmions, could be useful in future low-power-consumption memory devices, but they are usually only seen in materials with a strong spin-orbit interaction. Phark et al. now, however, observe such non-collinear magnetic order in nanometre-scale bilayer iron islands. Nature Communications doi: 10.1038/ncomms6183 Authors: S. -H. Phark, J. A. Fischer, M. Corbetta, D. Sander, K. Nakamura, J. Kirschner
    Electronic ISSN: 2041-1723
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 3
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    In situ soft XAS study on nickel-based layered cathode material at elevated temperatures: A novel approach to study thermal stability (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-30
    Description: Tracking thermally induced reactions has always been challenging for electrode materials of electrochemical battery systems. Traditionally, a variety of calorimetric techniques and in situ XRD at elevated temperatures has been used to evaluate the thermal stability of electrode materials. These techniques are capable of providing variations in heat capacity, mass and average bulk composition of materials only. Herein, we report investigation of thermal characteristics of Li0.33Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 by using in situ soft XAS measurements in combination with XRD. Fluorescence yield and partial electron yield measurements are used simultaneously to obtain element selective surface and bulk information. Fluorescence yield measurements reveal no energy change of the absorption peak and thus no valence state change in the bulk. However, electron yield measurements indicate that NiO-type rock salt structure is formed at the surface at temperatures above 200°C while no evidence for a surface reaction near Co sites in investigated temperature range is found. These results clearly show that in situ soft XAS can give a unique understanding of the role of each element in the structural transformation under thermal abuse offering a useful guidance in developing new battery system with improved safety performance. Scientific Reports 4 doi: 10.1038/srep06827
    Electronic ISSN: 2045-2322
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 4
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    Ice-nucleating bacteria control the order and dynamics of interfacial water (2016)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2016-04-28
    Description: Ice-nucleating organisms play important roles in the environment. With their ability to induce ice formation at temperatures just below the ice melting point, bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae attack plants through frost damage using specialized ice-nucleating proteins. Besides the impact on agriculture and microbial ecology, airborne P. syringae can affect atmospheric glaciation processes, with consequences for cloud evolution, precipitation, and climate. Biogenic ice nucleation is also relevant for artificial snow production and for biomimetic materials for controlled interfacial freezing. We use interface-specific sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy to show that hydrogen bonding at the water-bacteria contact imposes structural ordering on the adjacent water network. Experimental SFG data and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that ice-active sites within P. syringae feature unique hydrophilic-hydrophobic patterns to enhance ice nucleation. The freezing transition is further facilitated by the highly effective removal of latent heat from the nucleation site, as apparent from time-resolved SFG spectroscopy.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 5
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    Mucociliary transport in newborn pigs [Physiology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-02-12
    Description: Mucociliary transport (MCT) is an innate defense mechanism that removes particulates, noxious material, and microorganisms from the lung. Several airway diseases exhibit abnormal MCT, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis. However, it remains uncertain whether MCT abnormalities contribute to the genesis of disease or whether they are secondary manifestations...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 6
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    Cell fusion potentiates tumor heterogeneity and reveals circulating hybrid cells that correlate with stage and survival (2018)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-09-13
    Description: High lethality rates associated with metastatic cancer highlight an urgent medical need for improved understanding of biologic mechanisms driving metastatic spread and identification of biomarkers predicting late-stage progression. Numerous neoplastic cell intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms fuel tumor progression; however, mechanisms driving heterogeneity of neoplastic cells in solid tumors remain obscure. Increased mutational rates of neoplastic cells in stressed environments are implicated but cannot explain all aspects of tumor heterogeneity. We present evidence that fusion of neoplastic cells with leukocytes (for example, macrophages) contributes to tumor heterogeneity, resulting in cells exhibiting increased metastatic behavior. Fusion hybrids (cells harboring hematopoietic and epithelial properties) are readily detectible in cell culture and tumor-bearing mice. Further, hybrids enumerated in peripheral blood of human cancer patients correlate with disease stage and predict overall survival. This unique population of neoplastic cells provides a novel biomarker for tumor staging, as well as a potential therapeutic target for intervention.
    Electronic ISSN: 2375-2548
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 7
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    Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of the SWI/SNF complex gene PBRM1 in renal carcinoma (2011)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-21
    Description: The genetics of renal cancer is dominated by inactivation of the VHL tumour suppressor gene in clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC), the commonest histological subtype. A recent large-scale screen of approximately 3,500 genes by PCR-based exon re-sequencing identified several new cancer genes in ccRCC including UTX (also known as KDM6A), JARID1C (also known as KDM5C) and SETD2 (ref. 2). These genes encode enzymes that demethylate (UTX, JARID1C) or methylate (SETD2) key lysine residues of histone H3. Modification of the methylation state of these lysine residues of histone H3 regulates chromatin structure and is implicated in transcriptional control. However, together these mutations are present in fewer than 15% of ccRCC, suggesting the existence of additional, currently unidentified cancer genes. Here, we have sequenced the protein coding exome in a series of primary ccRCC and report the identification of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodelling complex gene PBRM1 (ref. 4) as a second major ccRCC cancer gene, with truncating mutations in 41% (92/227) of cases. These data further elucidate the somatic genetic architecture of ccRCC and emphasize the marked contribution of aberrant chromatin biology.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030920/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3030920/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Varela, Ignacio -- Tarpey, Patrick -- Raine, Keiran -- Huang, Dachuan -- Ong, Choon Kiat -- Stephens, Philip -- Davies, Helen -- Jones, David -- Lin, Meng-Lay -- Teague, Jon -- Bignell, Graham -- Butler, Adam -- Cho, Juok -- Dalgliesh, Gillian L -- Galappaththige, Danushka -- Greenman, Chris -- Hardy, Claire -- Jia, Mingming -- Latimer, Calli -- Lau, King Wai -- Marshall, John -- McLaren, Stuart -- Menzies, Andrew -- Mudie, Laura -- Stebbings, Lucy -- Largaespada, David A -- Wessels, L F A -- Richard, Stephane -- Kahnoski, Richard J -- Anema, John -- Tuveson, David A -- Perez-Mancera, Pedro A -- Mustonen, Ville -- Fischer, Andrej -- Adams, David J -- Rust, Alistair -- Chan-on, Waraporn -- Subimerb, Chutima -- Dykema, Karl -- Furge, Kyle -- Campbell, Peter J -- Teh, Bin Tean -- Stratton, Michael R -- Futreal, P Andrew -- 077012/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 077012/Z/05/Z/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 088340/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- 093867/Wellcome Trust/United Kingdom -- R01 CA113636/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R01 CA134759/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- Cancer Research UK/United Kingdom -- England -- Nature. 2011 Jan 27;469(7331):539-42. doi: 10.1038/nature09639. Epub 2011 Jan 19.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cancer Genome Project, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21248752" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Carcinoma, Renal Cell/*genetics ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Gene Knockdown Techniques ; Humans ; Kidney Neoplasms/*genetics ; Mice ; Mutation/*genetics ; Nuclear Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics ; Transcription Factors/*genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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  • 8
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    Structure of semiconducting versus fast-ion conducting glasses in the Ag-Ge-Se system (2018)
    Royal Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-18
    Description: The transition from a semiconductor to a fast-ion conductor with increasing silver content along the Ag x (Ge 0.25 Se 0.75 ) (100– x ) tie line (0≤ x ≤25) was investigated on multiple length scales by employing a combination of electric force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and neutron diffraction. The microscopy results show separation into silver-rich and silver-poor phases, where the Ag-rich phase percolates at the onset of fast-ion conductivity. The method of neutron diffraction with Ag isotope substitution was applied to the x =5 and x =25 compositions, and the results indicate an evolution in structure of the Ag-rich phase with change of composition. The Ag–Se nearest-neighbours are distributed about a distance of 2.64(1) Å, and the Ag–Se coordination number increases from 2.6(3) at x =5 to 3.3(2) at x =25. For x =25, the measured Ag–Ag partial pair-distribution function gives 1.9(2) Ag–Ag nearest-neighbours at a distance of 3.02(2) Å. The results show breakage of Se–Se homopolar bonds as silver is added to the Ge 0.25 Se 0.75 base glass, and the limit of glass-formation at x ~=28 coincides with an elimination of these bonds. A model is proposed for tracking the breakage of Se–Se homopolar bonds as silver is added to the base glass.
    Keywords: materials science, physical chemistry, chemical physics
    Electronic ISSN: 2054-5703
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Published by Royal Society
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  • 9
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    Coherent two-dimensional nanoscopy (2011)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-13
    Description: We introduce a spectroscopic method that determines nonlinear quantum mechanical response functions beyond the optical diffraction limit and allows direct imaging of nanoscale coherence. In established coherent two-dimensional (2D) spectroscopy, four-wave-mixing responses are measured using three ingoing waves and one outgoing wave; thus, the method is diffraction-limited in spatial resolution. In coherent 2D nanoscopy, we use four ingoing waves and detect the final state via photoemission electron microscopy, which has 50-nanometer spatial resolution. We recorded local nanospectra from a corrugated silver surface and observed subwavelength 2D line shape variations. Plasmonic phase coherence of localized excitations persisted for about 100 femtoseconds and exhibited coherent beats. The observations are best explained by a model in which coupled oscillators lead to Fano-like resonances in the hybridized dark- and bright-mode response.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Aeschlimann, Martin -- Brixner, Tobias -- Fischer, Alexander -- Kramer, Christian -- Melchior, Pascal -- Pfeiffer, Walter -- Schneider, Christian -- Struber, Christian -- Tuchscherer, Philip -- Voronine, Dmitri V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2011 Sep 23;333(6050):1723-6. doi: 10.1126/science.1209206. Epub 2011 Aug 11.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fachbereich Physik and Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universitat Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrodinger-Str. 46, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21835982" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 10
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    Gene therapy: Repair and replace (2014)
    Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fischer, Alain -- England -- Nature. 2014 Jun 12;510(7504):226-7. doi: 10.1038/nature13344. Epub 2014 May 28.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Imagine Institute, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris 75015, France, and at the College de France, Paris.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870243" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Gene Targeting/*methods ; Genome, Human/*genetics ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/*metabolism ; Humans ; Male ; Targeted Gene Repair/*methods ; X-Linked Combined Immunodeficiency Diseases/*genetics
    Print ISSN: 0028-0836
    Electronic ISSN: 1476-4687
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by Nature Publishing Group (NPG)
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