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  • Articles  (154)
  • 2010-2014  (154)
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  • Articles  (154)
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  • 11
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    Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of Tamarix ramosissima along a salinity gradient in the southwestern United States (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-06-13
    Description: Tamarix ramosissima is a highly salt- and drought-resistant arbuscular mycorrhizal tree species. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization of T. ramosissima roots is reportedly low, but the effect of salt on AMF colonization remains unclear. Here we examined soil and roots of T. ramosissima at five locations with different soil salinity levels to determine the effect of soil salinity levels on AMF colonization. The AMF colonization rate of T. ramosissima was determined as well as the water content, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water-soluble cations, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus of the collected soil. AMF colonization was low at each site (2.4–12.3 %), and a low level of colonization (2.4 %) was even observed in high-salinity areas with a surface soil EC of 14.4 ds m −1 . AMF colonization increased with soil EC at low to medium soil salinity levels (0.4–4.3 dS m −1 ), but it decreased at high salinity levels (〉7 dS m −1 ). Our results showed that the AMF colonization rate of T. ramosissima was affected by soil salinity levels, although colonization was even observed at high salinity levels.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 12
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    Detecting the plant species composition and diversity among the farmers’ settlement types in Shanghai (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-10
    Description: Urbanization has intensified in developing countries in recent years, resulting in a large number of landless farmers. In China, 87 % of them have relocated from scattered villages to collective housing. This study took Shanghai as a case to explore the differences in plant landscapes between farmers’ settlement types. We randomly sampled 22 plots (made up of 294 subplots), consisting of five traditional villages and 17 modern quarters (four low-rise, six multilayer, four mixed-layer and three high-rise). Plant species composition and diversity were surveyed and analyzed. Results showed that: (a) villages had higher percentages of indigenous species, wild species and fruit and vegetable species than quarters, though there were lower species richness and Shannon’ Diversity at villages than at quarters. (b) The defoliation ratio (based on the number of evergreen species to the number of deciduous species) was lower at villages than at quarters (0.73 vs. 1.21, respectively). (c) Metasequoia glyptostroboides (deciduous) was dominant species for villages and Osmanthus fragrans (evergreen) was dominant species for quarters, while Cinnamomum camphora (evergreen) was common dominant species for villages and quarters. Our research suggests that village landscape has advantages of the conservation of indigenous plant species and the relative balance between daylighting and greening adjacent to buildings. Furthermore, the highest species richness at low-rise quarters shows the advantage of multi-stakeholder participation of developers, property companies and resident farmers driving species diversity.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 13
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    Influence of the domestic alien fish Rhynchocypris oxycephalus invasion on the distribution of the closely related native fish R. lagowskii in the Tama River Basin, Japan (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: In Japan, domestic freshwater fish are accidentally introduced into non-native freshwater habitats by human activity, such as the planting of fish. Introduction of the domestic alien fish may have a detrimental effect on native fish inhabitants. However, investigations on the distribution and establishment of such domestic alien fish in non-native river basins and their influence on native fish remains limited. Therefore, we investigated the distribution and establishment of the domestic alien fish Rhynchocypris oxycephalus and its influence on native fish in the Tama River Basin, Japan. Specifically, we used mitochondrial DNA and morphological analyses to clarify the influence of the invasion of this species on the distribution of the closely related fish R. lagowskii , which is native to the river basin. Fish sampled from the upstream section of the main river were mostly R. oxycephalus . This indicates that R. oxycephalus has replaced R. lagowskii in the upstream region. Fish sampled from the downstream section of the main river were mostly R. lagowskii . R. oxycephalus was also captured from agricultural canals linked to the Tama River, and in streams connected to the river via the canals. These observations indicate that the agricultural canal water networks facilitate the invasion of R. oxycephalus to peripheral habitats, such as canals and streams. In contrast, R. lagowskii was found in streams that flowed into the upstream section of the Tama River, with these streams having many large drop structures, indicating that drop structures prevent R. oxycephalus from invading aquatic habitats in these streams.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 14
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    Effects of management on vegetation dynamics and associated nutrient cycling in a karst area, Yunnan, SW China (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The legacies of land use (such as plantations, pastures and coppices) in the Shilin karst area of central Yunnan, SW China have strongly influenced the plant communities’ structure, dynamics, species diversity, litter nutrients inputs, and soil chemical properties. To evaluate the effects of various restoration approaches on ecosystem recovery in the area, we analyzed vegetation characteristics of a Pinus plantation, natural successional plant communities (the shrubland, the secondary forest and the natural premature forest), and their leaf litter nutrients and soil chemical properties. The natural successional plant communities had better regeneration, higher species diversity, higher litter nutrient input, and higher soil fertility as compared with the Pinus plantation. The results indicate that the natural secondary succession facilitates regeneration to young and old secondary forests, promotes recovery of plant diversity and cycling of litter-soil-nutrients, yielding greater ecological benefits. The study will provide guidance for restoration of the vegetation and for forest management planning in this fragile mountainous ecosystem.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 15
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    Creation of paddy levees to enhance the ecosystem service of weed seed predation by crickets (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: The influence of ground cover plants on the ecosystem service of weed seed predation by crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) was evaluated on paddy field levees in Japan in 2010 and 2011. We compared the activity density of crickets and invertebrate seed predation on Lolium multiflorum , a non-native grass weed, among five vegetation types grown on paddy levees: the ground covers Eremochloa ophiuroides , Phyla canescens , Phlox subulata , and Zoysia japonica , and weedy vegetation dominated by Digitaria ciliaris . Camera recordings showed that crickets were the predominant invertebrate seed predators. Cricket density tended to be higher on levees with E . ophiuroides , Phyla canescens , and Phlox subulata [5.8–7.2 individuals/trap/day (individuals/trap/d) (2010); 5.4–7.6 individuals/trap/d (2011)] than in those with Z . japonica and weedy vegetation [1.0–2.2 individuals/trap/d (2010); 2.2–3.2 individuals/trap/d (2011)]. Invertebrate seed predation on levees with Phyla canescens and Phlox subulata tended to be relatively high in both years. These results suggest that E . ophiuroides , Phyla canescens , and Phlox subulata can increase cricket density, and that Phyla canescens and Phlox subulata , in particular, can stably enhance weed seed predation on paddy field levees.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 16
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    The influence of Corvus frugilegus nesting on soil parameters and plant composition in poor and fertile habitats (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-05-03
    Description: The functioning of nesting colonies of birds can significantly affect the flora and the soil. Colony species that modify soil characteristics at their nesting sites include the Rook Corvus frugilegus . In order to assess the effect of this species on poor and fertile habitats, we analysed biogenic element concentrations and soil acidity, and investigated the taxonomic representation of plants under the nests and at control sites without nests. Two-way ANOVA showed that the habitats significantly differed in most of soil parameters. The presence of Rook colonies contributed to increased humidity and acidity of the soil and a higher biogenic element content. A varied influence of Rook colonies on plant species diversity was observed, depending on habitat type. Rook nesting caused a fall in the overall number of plant species in the poor habitats, and a corresponding rise in the fertile habitats. Rooks contributed to a rise in the mean number of ruderal species and a fall in the mean number of meadow species. A synergy between habitat type and collection site was identified in the case of ornithochorous species.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 17
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    Erratum to: Identifying indicator species for bryophyte conservation in fragmented forests (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-23
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 18
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    The effects of urbanization on chemical characteristics of forest soil in Tamagawa basin, Japan (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-03-15
    Description: In order to clarify the effects of urbanization on the chemical characteristics of forest soils, we investigated several surface soil chemical characteristics, including (1) carbon (C) concentration, (2) concentrations of exchangeable bases, (3) cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), and (4) soil pH of forests in the Tamagawa basin, Japan. We defined the road ratio as level of urbanization. Study sites were located in areas with varying levels of surrounding urbanization. Surface soil concentration of exchangeable bases (especially calcium and magnesium), percent base saturation, and pH (H 2 O) increased with an increasing road ratio; in other words, with increased urbanization, C and CEC were unrelated to road ratio. One reason for the observation of increasing exchangeable bases with increasing urbanization appears to be the deposition of dust. The increase in exchangeable bases concentration (and % base saturation) corresponds to increases in soil pH.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 19
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    Declines in catches of Japanese eels in rivers and lakes across Japan: Have river and lake modifications reduced fishery catches? (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-21
    Description: Catches and recruitment of the Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica , have declined for unknown reasons in recent decades, so examination of possible factors contributing to the declines is needed for resource management and conservation. One factor that has not been examined is the effect of habitat loss and alterations to aquatic community structure resulting from modifications of riverbanks and lakeshores. This study examined if there may be a relationship between riverbank and lakeshore revetment constructions and declines of Japanese eel catches in rivers and lakes in Japan, because levels of revetment may be a useful indicator of the degree of modifications to each aquatic system. Long-term trends in catches showed that although eel catches decreased in most locations and in Japan overall, large differences were observed in the rates of declines among locations. Catch reduction rates in 18 rivers and 9 lakes were positively correlated with the revetment rates of the shorelines of the rivers and lakes, suggesting that higher reductions in eel catches occurred in areas with high levels of revetment or other types of modifications. Evidence about the effects of revetment on aquatic community structure also suggests that revetment shorelines would negatively affect juvenile growth habitats for eels. Other types of habitat modifications or the creation of barriers to upstream movement by eels have also likely affected fisheries catches of Japanese eels, so detailed research is needed to determine how modifications have reduced eel production and if some kinds of habitat restorations may help to conserve this species.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 20
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    Does species diversity affect the function of residential greening in the Yangtze River Delta (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-02-18
    Description: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether high plant species diversity could increase the landscape and ecological function of residential greening in a random selection of nine cities, Ningbo, Shaoxing, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Nanjing, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Wuxi and Suzhou, in the Yangtze River delta. A quantitative evaluation system was used to evaluate the landscape and ecological function of green space. The relationship between landscape/ecological function and species diversity was analyzed by linear regression. The results indicated that the average Simpson’s index of the 27 surveyed residential green spaces was 8.74 ± 0.60, while the score for landscape effect/ecological function was 6.25 ± 1.42 and 2.70 ± 0.90 respectively. There was a significant correlation between vegetation species diversity and landscape function, and further investigation indicated that more tree species could have a greater effect than more shrubs and herbs. In contrast, there was no significant correlation between vegetation species diversity and ecological function. Thus, the results suggested that high plant species diversity in the majority of residential areas would only improve landscape, and not ecological, function.
    Print ISSN: 1860-1871
    Electronic ISSN: 1860-188X
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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