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  • Articles  (439)
  • 2015-2019  (439)
  • 2017  (439)
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  • Articles  (439)
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  • 2015-2019  (439)
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  • 1
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    Experimental Measurement and Thermodynamic Modeling of Cyclopentane Hydrates with NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 or NaCl-KCl Present (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-29
    Description: Consistent phase equilibrium data for cyclopentane hydrates in presence of salts are vitally important to many industries, with particular interest to the field of hydrate-based water separation via cyclopentane hydrate crystallization such as desalination. However, there are very little experimental equilibrium data, and no thermodynamic prediction tools. Hence, we set up a method to generate a great deal of much needed equilibrium data for cyclopentane hydrates in diverse saline solutions with a wide range of salt concentrations. Our method does furnish verified, reliable and accurate equilibrium data. Plus, three thermodynamic approaches are developed to predict equilibrium, and provide tools for simulations, by considering the kind of salt and concentrations. All three models are in very good accordance with experimental data. One method, using a new correlation between occupancy factor and water activity, might be the best way to obtain consistent, quick and accurate dissociation temperatures of cyclopentane hydrate in brine. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 2
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    On reduced modeling of mass transport in wavy falling films (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-29
    Description: In many industrial units such as packing columns, falling film reactors, etc., the liquid phase is designed as a falling film. It is well known that the mass and heat transfer in laminar wavy film flows is significantly enhanced compared to flat films. The kinetic phenomena underlying the increase in mass and heat transfer are, however, still not fully understood. For an efficient design of falling film units, computational models that account for these enhanced transport mechanisms are of key importance. In this paper, we present a reduced modeling approach based on a long-wave approximation to the fluid dynamics of the film. Furthermore, we introduce a new 2D high-resolution laser-induced luminescence measurement technique. Both in the numerical simulation results and in the high-resolution 2D-concentration measurements obtained in the experiments we observe similar patterns of high concentrations locally, especially in the areas close to the wave hump. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 3
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    Nanospace-Confined Synthesis of Coconut-like SnS/C Nanospheres for High-Rate and Stable Lithium-Ion Batteries (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2017-12-29
    Description: Coconut-like monocrystalline SnS/C nanospheres are developed as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) by a micro-evaporation-plating strategy in confined nanospaces, achieving reversible capacities as high as 936 mAh g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 after 50 cycles and 830 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 for another 250 cycles. The remarkably improved electrochemical performances can be mainly attributed to their unique structural features, which can perfectly combine the advantages of the face-to-face contact of core/shell nanostructure and enough internal void space of yolk/shell nanostructure, and therefore well-addressing the pivotal issues related to SnS low conductivity, sluggish reaction kinetics and serious structure pulverization during the lithiation/delithiation process. The evolutionary process of the nanospheres is clearly elucidated based on experimental results and a multiscale kinetic simulation combining the microscopic reaction-diffusion equation and the mesoscopic theory of crystal growth. Furthermore, a LiMn 2 O 4 //SnS/C full cell is assembled, likewise exhibiting excellent electrochemical performance. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 4
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    Determination of Crystalline Thermodynamics and behavior of Anthracene in different Solvents (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-29
    Description: To screen suitable solvents for anthracene crystallization, the solubilities of anthracene and metastable zone width were determined in four different solvents, N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF), xylene, tetrachloroethylene, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether from 30 to 80°C at atmospheric pressure using a self-made crystallizer. The cooling modes, solvents, and the effects of carbazole on the solvent crystallization process of anthracene were also investigated. The composition of mother liquors and solid products were measured by gas chromatography, the solids were analyzed by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, differential scanning calorimetry, granulometer, and fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that a uniform anthracene crystal was obtained when using DMF under the forced circulation cooling mode. Solid solution of anthracene and carbazole was initially detected in solvent crystallization. The existence of carbazole in solution has an obvious effect on the crystal morphology of anthracene, to some extent, is beneficial to the crystal growth of anthracene. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 5
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    Solvent-free polymer emulsification inside a twin screw extruder (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-23
    Description: ABSTRACT Solvent-free extrusion emulsification (SFEE) is new technique for a twin screw extruder to prepare sub-micron sized particles (100-500 nm) without using hazardous solvents. The particle size is reliant upon the thickness of striated lamellae, which can be monitored rheologically based on the viscosity change occurring at the SFEE process. The lamellae coarsening rate is predominantly affected by the interfacial energy of the system when a surfactant is added but shows stronger dependency on viscosity change when interfacial growth between the polymer and water phases is solely determined by the end-groups conversion into carboxylate species. For this latter case, the dissolution of the sodium hydroxide species and the kinetics of end-groups conversion prove to be rate-limiting phenomena to generating thinner striated lamellae. Additionally, the ionic strength of the system is notably important to the viscosity response and particle size produced, particularly when surfactant is not added. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 6
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    Convex Relaxations for Global Optimization Under Uncertainty Described by Continuous Random Variables (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-22
    Description: This article considers nonconvex global optimization problems subject to uncertainties described by continuous random variables. Such problems arise in chemical process design, renewable energy systems, stochastic model predictive control, etc. Here, we restrict our attention to problems with expected-value objectives and no recourse decisions. In principle, such problems can be solved globally using spatial branch-and-bound. However, branch-and-bound requires the ability to bound the optimal objective value on subintervals of the search space, and existing techniques are not generally applicable because expected-value objectives often cannot be written in closed-form. To address this, this article presents a new method for computing convex and concave relaxations of nonconvex expected-value functions, which can be used to obtain rigorous bounds for use in branch-and-bound. Furthermore, these relaxations obey a second-order pointwise convergence property, which is sufficient for finite termination of branch-and-bound under standard assumptions. Empirical results are shown for three simple examples. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 7
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    Dynamics and Scaling of Explosion Cratering in Granular Media (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-20
    Description: Granular cratering is a ubiquitous phenomenon occurring in various natural and industrial contexts. Although impact-induced granular cratering has been extensively studied, fewer experiments have been conducted on granular cratering via low-energy explosions. Here, we study the dynamics and scaling of explosion granular cratering by injecting short pulses of pressurized air in quasi-two-dimensional granular media. Through an analysis of the dynamics of explosion processes at different explosion pressures, explosion durations and burial depths, we identify two regimes, the bubbling and the eruption regimes, in explosion granular cratering. Our experiments explore the distinctive dynamics and crater morphologies of these regimes and show the energy scaling of the size of explosion craters. We compare high-energy and low-energy explosion cratering as well as explosion and impact cratering in terms of their energy scalings. Our work illustrates complex granular flows in explosion cratering and provides new insights into the general scaling of granular cratering processes. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 8
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    Rheological properties and structure of step- and chain-growth gels concentrated above the overlap concentration (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-19
    Description: Cross-linked polymeric gels are widely used in applications ranging from biomaterial scaffolds to additives in enhanced oil recovery. Despite this, fundamental understanding of the effect of polymer concentration and reaction mechanism on the scaffold structure is lacking. We measure scaffold properties and structure during gelation using multiple particle tracking microrheology. To determine the effect of concentration, we measure gelation as polymer interactions are increased in the backbone precursor solution: below, at and above the overlap concentration, c *. To determine structural changes due to the gelation mechanism, we measure gelation between the same polymers undergoing both step- and chain-growth reactions using self-assembling maleimide:thiol and photo-initiated acrylate:thiol chemistries, respectively. We determine the critical relaxation exponent, n , a measure of structure. n decreases with increasing concentration, indicating a change from a percolated ( c  〈  c *) to a tightly cross-linked network ( c * 〈  c ). The gelation mechanism does not have a measurable effect on the scaffold structure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 9
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    Eulerian-Lagrangian Simulations of Settling and Agitated Dense Solid-Liquid Suspensions – Achieving Grid Convergence (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-16
    Description: Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations of solid-liquid flow have been performed. The volume-averaged Navier-Stokes equations have been solved by a variant of the lattice-Boltzmann method; the solids dynamics by integrating Newton's second law for each individual particle. Solids and liquid are coupled via mapping functions. The application is solids suspension in a mixing tank operating in the transitional regime (the impeller-based Reynolds number is 4,000), an overall solids volume fraction of 10% and a particle-liquid combination with an Archimedes number of 30. In this application, the required grid resolution is dictated by the liquid flow and we thus need freedom to choose the particle size independent of the grid spacing. Preliminary hindered settling simulations show that the proposed Eulerian-Lagrangian mapping strategy indeed offers this independence. The subsequent mixing tank simulations generate grid-independent results. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 10
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    Extracting Dynamic Features with Switching Models for Process Data Analytics and Application in Soft Sensing (2017)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-16
    Description: In recent decades, soft sensors have been profoundly studied and successfully applied to predict critical process variables in real-time. While dealing with various application scenarios, data-driven methods with representation learning possess great potentials. Latent features are formulated in these approaches to predict outputs from correlated input variables. In this study, a probabilistic framework of feature extraction is proposed in the context of process data analysis. To address switching behaviours in industrial processes, multiple emission models are utilized to construct latent space. To address temporal correlations from continuously operating processes, a dynamic model is implemented in latent space. Bayesian learning strategy is then developed for parameters estimation, where modelling preferences and uncertainties from multiple models are considered. The effectiveness and practicability of the proposed feature extraction algorithm are illustrated through numerical simulations, as well as an industrial case study. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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