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  • Articles  (409)
  • 2015-2019  (409)
  • 2015  (409)
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  • Articles  (409)
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  • 2015-2019  (409)
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  • 11
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    Fluid Flow through Compressible Soft Particle Beds (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-16
    Description: The fluid flow through a soft particle bed was studied theoretically and experimentally in this report. Several correction factors were introduced to modify the Ergun equation and account for the deformed shape and reduced volume of compressed particles in a compressible soft particle bed. To acquire the correction factors, both uni-compression tests and computational fluid dynamics simulation methods were used. The pressure drop estimated from the customized modeling equation was further compared with the experimental data obtained from a bed composed of calcium-alginate gel particles. In contrast to the conventional Ergun equation, the pressure drop estimated from the customized modeling equation was highly consistent with the experimental data. The result suggests that the customized modeling equation is a convenient tool for accurately predicting the pressure drop across a compressible soft particle bed. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 12
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    Optimal design of renewable energy systems with flexible inputs and outputs using the P-graph framework (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-15
    Description: The P-graph framework introduced by Friedler et al. (1992) is a general mathematical methodology based on Graph Theory which is applicable to many process design problems. We propose an extension of the P-graph framework and the associated MILP model to account for operating units and systems where the inputs and outputs are variable. This is important because the P-graph framework in its current form would otherwise apply only to systems where the ratios of inputs to outputs are fixed. Consequently, it is difficult to apply the method to many emerging systems without the new mathematical model presented here. We discuss and develop the model in detail, and we then illustrate its application with the case study of an energy system. We establish a structure with optimal cost for a baseline heat demand, and we further explore how the energy system structure and the feedstocks change as the heat demand increases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 13
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    A sparse PCA for nonlinear fault diagnosis and robust feature discovery of industrial processes (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-14
    Description: Pearson's correlation measure is only able to model linear dependence between random variables. Hence, conventional principal component analysis (PCA) based on Pearson's correlation measure is not suitable for application to modern industrial processes where process variables are often nonlinearly related. To address this problem, a non-parametric PCA model is proposed based on nonlinear correlation measures, including Spearman's and Kendall tau's rank correlation. These two correlation measures are also less sensitive to outliers comparing to Pearson's correlation, making the proposed PCA a robust feature extraction technique. To reveal meaningful patterns from process data, a generalized iterative deflation method is applied to the robust correlation matrix of the process data to sequentially extract a set of leading sparse pseudo-eigenvectors. For online fault diagnosis, the T 2 and SPE statistics are computed and analyzed with respect to the subspace spanned by the extracted pseudo-eigenvectors. The proposed method is applied to two industrial case studies. Its process monitoring performance is demonstrated to be superior to that of the conventional PCA and is comparable to those of Kernel PCA and kernel independent component analysis (KICA) at a lower computational cost. The proposed PCA is also more robust in sparse feature extraction from contaminated process data. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 14
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    Single gold atoms stabilized on nanoscale metal oxide supports are catalytic active centers for various reactions (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-12
    Description: In this article, we summarize key recent findings that demonstrate that single-site atomic gold, stabilized through –O bonds on various metal oxide supports are the unique catalytic sites for a variety of reactions, including the water-gas shift reaction, methanol partial oxidation and steam reforming reactions, and the selective dehydrogenation of ethanol. Atomic dispersion of gold on various metal oxides was followed with ac-HAADF-STEM imaging and x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XANES/EXAFS). Gold nanoparticles and sub-nanometer clusters are active only through their interfacial atoms directly interacting with the support, hence if present, they entail precious metal waste. From a design perspective, the important feature in these supported catalysts is the creation of many single-site gold species anchored on the oxide support to maximize activity. Atomic gold-centered catalyst designs afford 100% atom efficiency, and more importantly, have distinct product selectivity, different from that of extended metal surfaces. Novel experimental synthesis methods of atomically dispersed Au catalysts are discussed, which pave the way for the efficient use of precious metals, broadening the application of properly designed gold and other precious metals (Pt, Pd) to different reactions in energy conversion and green chemicals production. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 15
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    Flame Synthesis of Mixed Tin-Silver-Copper Nanopowders and Conductive Coatings (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-12
    Description: We report the single-step direct synthesis of tin-silver-copper nanopowders and nanostructured coatings using the flame-based high-temperature reducing jet (HTRJ) process. Nanostructured coatings were deposited and sintered within the HTRJ reactor to study the effect of reductive sintering temperature on their electrical conductivity and surface morphology. Although the ultimate application of these nanoparticles is in printed electronics, which requires dispersing them as stable inks before depositing and sintering them, our approach of direct deposition from the gas phase provides an upper limit on the conductivity achievable with a given composition. The directly deposited coatings had high electrical conductivity, including a value of 2 × 10 6 S/m for 36 wt% Cu - 40 wt% Ag – 24 wt% Sn sintered at 200 o C. This is twice the conductivity of a pure silver coating prepared under similar conditions. Moreover, similarly high electrical conductivity was achieved using only 20% Ag with sintering at 300 o C. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 16
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    Fe-substituted Ba-hexaaluminates oxygen carrier for carbon dioxide capture by chemical looping combustion of methane (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-12
    Description: Fe-substituted Ba-hexaaluninates (BFA-x (x=1-3), x indicates Fe content) oxygen carrier (OC) were found to exhibit excellent sintering-resistance under cyclic redox atmosphere at 800 o C thanks to the reservations of the structure during the CH 4 reduction step, thus preventing the agglomeration of particles during the subsequent re-oxidation step. Lattice oxygen highly active for the total combustion of CH 4 was observed in the hexaaluminate structure and its chemical state was influenced by Fe content. The highest amount of active O coordinated with Fe 3+ in the mirror plane (O-Fe 3+ (M)) for the total combustion was reacted (0.77 mmol/g) for BaFe 3 Al 9 O 19 hexaaluminate OC. As a result, it exhibited the best reactivity with the CH 4 conversion of 83% and CO 2 selectivity of 100%. Moreover, superior regeneration and recyclability was also obtained, which originated from the fully recovery of O-Fe 3+ (M) in the hexaaluminate structure. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 17
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    Rapid Green Manufacture of High Yield CdTe@Ca(OH)2 Nanocrystals and Their Performance on WLED (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-12-12
    Description: The bottleneck of large-scale production of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is how to solve heavy metal ions waste water and the rapid separation during industrial process. We report herein a facile strategy for fabricating CdTe@Ca(OH) 2 nanocrystals exhibiting both improved photoluminescence (PL) stability and prolonged PL lifetime via an economical coprecipitating technology. The procedure on capping CdTe QDs into Ca(OH) 2 crystals can enable the products to be easily filtrating separation and the content of residual Cd 2+ filtrate solution to be reached to 0.238 ppm level. Also, we constructed fluorescent rod-like heterocrystals by addition of saturated CaCl 2 solution. We further utilize the CdTe@Ca(OH) 2 nanocrystals as phosphor powders to construct white light emitting diode (WLED). The WLED presented here has good photoelectric properties with CRI of 82.4 at 350 mA, a color temperature of 4643 k and CIE coordinate of (0.3548, 0.3532), belonging to the white gamut, showing great potential in industrial application. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 18
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    Sublimation as a Function of Diffusion (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Purification of large organic molecules in a tubular sublimator occurs by a combination of laminar flow, Knudsen diffusion, and volume diffusion. For laminar flow, the amount purified per area per driving force varies with pd 2 , where p is pressure and d is tube diameter. For Knudsen diffusion, it varies with d and is not a function of pressure. For volume diffusion, it is constant, consistent with experiment. This volume diffusion mechanism may offer an alternative explanation to slip flow for dilute gas transport of both organic semiconductors and common low molecular weight gases. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 19
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    The formulation of optimal mixtures with generalized disjunctive programming: A solvent design case study (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-10
    Description: Systematic approaches for the design of mixtures, based on a Computer-Aided Mixture/blend Design (CAM b D) framework, have the potential to deliver better products and processes. In most existing methodologies the number of mixture ingredients is fixed (usually a binary mixture) and the identity of at least one compound is chosen from a given set of candidate molecules. We present a novel CAM b D methodology for formulating the general mixture design problem where the number, identity and composition of mixture constituents are optimised simultaneously. To this end, Generalized Disjunctive Programming (GDP) is integrated into the CAM b D framework to formulate the discrete choices. This generic methodology is applied to a case study to find an optimal solvent mixture that maximises the solubility of ibuprofen. The best performance in this case study is obtained with a solvent mixture, showing the benefit of using mixtures instead of pure solvents to attain enhanced behaviour. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
    Electronic ISSN: 1547-5905
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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  • 20
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    Local Hydrodynamic Parameters of Bubble Column Reactors Operating with non-Newtonian Liquids: Experiments and Models Development (2015)
    Wiley-Blackwell
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    Publication Date: 2015-12-09
    Description: This work is aimed at investigating the effects of liquid phase rheology on the local hydrodynamics of bubble column reactors operating with non-Newtonian liquids. Local bubble properties, including bubble frequency, bubble chord length, and bubble rise velocity, are measured by placing two in-house made optical fiber probes at various locations within a bubble column reactor operating with different non-Newtonian liquids. It was found that the presence of elasticity can noticeably increase the bubble frequency but decreases the bubble chord length and its rise velocity. The radial profiles of bubble frequency, bubble chord length and bubble rise velocity are shown to be relatively flat at low superficial gas velocity while they become parabolic at high superficial gas velocity. Moreover, the bubble size and gas holdup are correlated with respect to dimensionless groups by considering the ratio between dynamic moduli of viscoelastic liquids. The novel proposed correlations are capable of predicting the experimental data of bubble size and gas holdup within a mean absolute percentage error of 9.3% and 10%, respectively. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
    Print ISSN: 0001-1541
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of The American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).
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